1. By : Raffi , Manal , Shayla , Luana & Abhi
MD2B
By : Raffi , Manal , Shayla , Luana & Abhi

2. Specific OBJECTIVES
What are stem cells? What is Regeneration?
What are the ramifications for disease treatments using regeneration?
 What are the ramifications for Cancer treatments using regeneration?
How can regeneration be used in the treatment of Leukemia?

3. FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS
1) How can we reduce the chance of graft-vs-host disease in autologous SCT, is there a way of controlling the differentiation of T-cells from the lymphoid stem cells? 2) What further developments or research will be necessary in order to develop Stem Cell Transplants from an experimental procedure into a common successful procedure? 3) How can SCT be made more accessible to patients who are not as young, or healthy? What factors would have to be modified? 4) How can Cord Blood SCT be developed into a safer alternative with a lower risk of infections? Can engraftment be artificially induced in Cord Blood SCT so that it may happen at a faster rate therefore eliminating high risks of infections?

4. The definition of Stem Cells & Regeneration
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that is able to undergo cell division. Once the cell divides, its daughter cells either continue as stem cells or possess undifferentiated behavior which allows the cells to have a specialized function. Stem cells are vital because they can replace damaged cells and thus can treat diseases such as diabetes, and heart disease. 

5. 1 - Embryonic stem cells 2 major types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a mammalian embryo at the early stages of development. These cells are totipotent and can be grown in tissue culture and can also become different cells.
2- Adult stem cells.
Adult stem cells are pluripotent, as they possess undifferentiated behavior and undergo continuous cellular turnover.

6. Regeneration refers to when specific cells are delivered to diseased organs and tissues. These specific cells work to restore the organ and tissue function. Cell-based therapy is an example of how function can be restored. Essentially, cellular material is injected into a patient where the cells move to specific sites in the body. Once the cells reach the site, they wait for a signal that allows them to come up with an appropriate response. The response works to restore damaged functions.

8. the ramifications for disease treatments using regeneration
The results for disease treatments using regeneration can begin with the transplant of bone or replacement of soft tissues and organs. There are many diseases that are involved in the treatment using regeneration. Regeneration used for disease treatments can result with various outcomes in diseases in healing the bodies. the operation can be done with surgery or without. Regeneration can alter the functions of cells to help heal the body. Regenerating new cells to replace lost or damaged cells can treat or heal diseases. It can also kill certain cells or bone marrow cells, then replacing them with new cells. Regeneration can also help slow down the disease or reverse it. The result of the use of regeneration in the treatment of diseases can also remove misguided immune cells and reviving normal immunity functions. Regeneration can also go through the process to rescue, repair and replace tissues to help.

9. The ramifications for Cancer Treatments using Regeneration
Gene Augmentation- Reverts genes of abnormal cells.
Gene Inhibition-  Destroys gene of malfunctioning cell allowing it to be completley manipulated or destroyed.

12. The way regeneration is used in the treatment of leukemia
Chemotherapy can be used in the treatment of leukemia
Intensification chemotherapy destroys leukemia cells.
Maintenance chemotherapy reduces risk of recurring leukemia cells.

13. Chemotherapy destroys dividing cancer cells very quickly, it can also affect normal fast-growing cells, such as hair, mouth and bone marrow. Chemotherapy for leukemia may also temporarily interfere with the ability of the bone marrow to produce adequate numbers of blood cells. Depending on the medications used and your individual response, since everybody has a specific response and has a side effect because of chemotherapy.
In order to replace damaged cells from the chemotherapy a Stem Cell Transplant is needed. Leukemia is when the cancer is in the cells that would normally develop into different blood cells, and acute means that the cancer will progress quickly if left untreated, most fatal in short span of time a few months maybe, myeloid is just referring to the type of cell this leukemia starts from

15. . GVHD- "Graft-Versus-Host-Disease" - A serious complication risk after a bone marrow stem cell transplant -Each donor and patient requires a certain amount of cells to be successful in the procedure.

17. CONCLUSION
Stem cells play an important role for medical purposes. They can be used to replace damaged cells which can help in treating many diseases. Diseases can be treated with the regeneration of stem cells to help replace, reverse, rescue and repair tissues. One of many diseases that regeneration has for medical purposes is Cancer, specifically Leukemia. The process to treat Leukemia starts with Chemotherapy. This allows the dividing cancer cells to be destroyed but it also affects other normal fast growing cells which leads up to Stem Cell Transplant. The Stem Cell Transplant allows cancerous cells to be destroyed and other cells to be restored to the bone marrow. Regeneration is a huge factor for medical reasons such as helping treat Leukemia and allowing more opportunities to treat diseases through regeneration would also benefit others waiting for aid.

18. WORK CITED
1] NIH Stem Cell Information Home Page. In Stem Cell Information [World Wide Web site]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016 [cited October 12, 2016] Available at <stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/1.html> 2] "Center for Regenerative Medicine." About Regenerative Medicine. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, n.d. Web. 12 Oct < regenerative-medicine> 3] Fischbach, Bluestone, and Lim. "Cell-Based Therapeutics: The Next Pillar of Medicine." Science Translational Medicine. American Association for the Advancement of Science, n.d. Web. 12 Oct < 4] Slack, Jonathan. "Stem Cell." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 13 Oct < 5] "Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering." Fight Aging Stem Cells Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Comments//. N.p., Web. 11 Oct ] "Center for Regenerative Medicine." About Regenerative Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct ] Oviedo, Néstor J., and Wendy S. Beane. "Regeneration: The Origin of Cancer or a Possible Cure?" Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Web. 11 Oct ] "What Is Gene Therapy?" Yourgenome.org. The Public Engagement Team at the Wellcome Genome Campus, Web. 11 Oct ] "Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation." The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society: Fighting Blood Cancers. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Aug Web. 10] "What Is Cord Blood?" What Is Cord Blood? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct ] By considering Whether Leukemias Are Acute or Chronic and Whether They Are Myeloid or Lymphocytic, They Can Be Divided into 4 Main Types:. "What Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?" What Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct ] "Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct