1. Management of goats:-

2. Management of goats:-
Goat is a multi-purpose animal , goat is kept for milk production , meat production , hair , skin and manure . The goat was earliest ruminant domesticated around 7000 to 9000 BC , goats are widely adapted to different climates , they have lower feed requirement compared to cattle because small body size .

3. Origin of goats from animal kingdom
kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Sub-Phylum : Vertebrata Class :  Mammalia Order: Ungulata Sub-Order : Artiodactyla family : Bovidae Sub – Family : Caprinae Genus : Caprus Species : Caprus hircus

4. Terminology of goats
1 - Buck (Billy): - Adult male goat used for mating Doe (Nanny): - Adult female goats used for breeding Kid : Newborn either sexes from birth to weaning Kidding: - Act of giving birth in goat Bucking :- Young male goat .
6- Doeling :- young female goat .
7- Serving :- Act of mating .
8- Flock :- Group of animals .
9- Chevon :- Meat of goats .
10- Colostrum :- Is the first milk produce by mother after birth , it contain vital nutrients and antibodies for the newborn .

5. Breeds of goats :-
Goats are classified into three basic groups depending on their purpose . The three classes are dairy , meat and fiber , some breeds are considered dual purpose :-

6. (1)- Dairy goat breeds :-
Dairy goats have been selected primarily for productivity of milk quantity and milk fat percentage as well as efficiency of production and longevity .
Morphological traits closely related to milk production include : large body capacity . Dairy goats are like cattle counter parts , having amore refined body shape , putting the energy into producing milk .

7. breeds of dairy goats:- 1- Saanen :- Originated in Switzerland

8. 2- Nubian :- Originated in Africa

10. 3- Anglo-Nubian :- Crossbred of Nubian (Sudan) and English goats .

11. 4- Damascus or Shami goats :- This breed is spread in the middle east , especially Syria and Lebanon.

12. 5- Toggenburg Goats :- Originated in Toggenburg valley in Switzerland

13. 5- Toggenburg Goats

14. 6- Alpine :- The Alpine breed Originated in Switzerland .

15. (2)- Meat goat breeds ( Chevon breeds )
-Goat meat is commonly called (chevron) and is usually low in fat , less tenderness than sheep meat. Goat meat characterized:-
1- by special flavour resulted from sexual odour .
2- Best quality meat is obtained from 6-12 months age goats .
3-There are several breeds of meat goats that have a thicker less refined body structure .

16. Meat goat breeds :- 1- Boer :- Origin in south Africa

17. 2- Matos :- The Matos goat is one of the most prevalent of the Chinese indigenous breeds .

18. 3- Jamanpari :- It is the biggest and most majestic breed of goats in India.

19. (3)- Fiber goat breeds :-
Characteristics of fiber goat breeds :-
-Quantity and quality of fiber produced have been emphasized in selection of these breeds .
-Fiber goats generally are smaller in stature than meat and dairy goats .
- Most prominent fiber goat breeds are listed below .

20. Examples of Fiber goat breeds:- 1- Angora goat:-Originate in (Ankar,Turkey)

21. 2- Cashmere goats :- Originated in Cashmere a mountainous region in north west India bordering Pakistan .

22. 3- Cashgora :- Cashgora is produced by goats that are the result of crossing Angora goats with Cashmere .

23. Breeding of goats ( Reproduction) :-
Reproduction pastern of goats :-
-The goats are seasonally poly oestrus animals ( Multiple oestrus cycle take place only during certain times in year ) .
-The breeding season beginning in spring and autumn . ( associated with the increasing length of day light ) .
* Age of puberty in doe is (8-9) months( age at which doe becomes able to produce germ cells ( ovum ) .
-Sexual maturity :- it is the time when the animal expresses its full sexual reproduction capacity . Age of sexual maturity in Doe is
(1 – 1.5) year .
* Oestrus cycle :- The length of oestrus cycle in Doe is ( 17 – 21 ) days .
* Oestrus period :- The length of oestrus period in goat is ( 6 – 48) hours .
-Ovulation take place spontaneously at the end of oestrus .

24. Sings of oestrus cycle in goats :-
1- The doe (she goat) becomes restless .
2- shake its tail , dislike to eat feed property .
3- Mounting on other goats and seeking the buck .
4- Frequent urination
5- Swollen , red colored vulva .
6- Cervical mucus discharge .
7- sudden drop of milk yield .
8- Cries loudly and some time bleating .

25. Sings of pregnancy in goats :-
1- Absence of heat (oestrus) .
2- Increased elasticity of the skin around the vulva .
3- As light enlargement and smoothing of the wrinkles that normally around the vulva .
4- An enlarging abdomen can be a sign of pregnancy .
5- Development of udder is not proof of pregnancy .

26. Pregnancy diagnoses :-
1- Non return to oestrus :-.
2- Ultrasonography (Sonar):-.
3- Progesterone test :-.
4- Endoscopy :-
5- Laparotamy :-.
Generally gestation period ranges from
( 147 to 153) days with an average ( 150) days .

27. These variety due to some factors such as :
1- Age of dam .
2- sex of birth .
3- type of birth .
4- season of the year .
5- breed .

28. Care of pregnant doe :-
● Must be separated from the flock and kept in individual pen to ensure safety to prevent abortion .
● Must be grazed on separate paddock .
● Doe must be well fed with good grass –legume mixture with minerals as supplements in form of block multi-nutrients if available .
● Concentrates at about200 to 600 gram per day may be given to word latter part of pregnancy
( 6-8 weeks) .

29. Parturition ( Kidding) :-
Sings of approaching parturition :-
Approximately (2)weeks before kidding some change occur :-
1- The udder of doe swells and become longer .
2- Some watery discharge that is yellowish observed from the vulva , and the vulva becomes loose .

30. Sings of parturition :-
Before kidding up to 12 hours can be seen the following sings :-
1- The doe isolates it self from the flock .
2- Doe becomes results and bleats .
3- Paw and scrapes the ground , sit and stands .
4- Stretches and strains with hair neck .
5- Looks back at hair tail to see what is happening .
6- Forces placenta , fetus and fluid to wards the cervix to dilate it .
7- The hollow appearance on the flank region of the loin .
8- White discharge appears .

31. Stages of parturition :-
1- first stage :-
a- Onset :- Contraction of the uterine .
b- End :- Rupture of water bag .
This stage lasts up to one hour .
2- Second stage :- Contraction of abdominal muscles causes :-
a- Onset :- Rupture of water bag .
b- End :- Expulsion of the fetus .
This stage lasting two hours less .
Normal presentation :- The fetus comes out with head laid over the fore legs for ease of passage through the vulva opening .
3- Third stages :- Involves :-
a- Expulsion of the placenta and other fetal membrane the placenta laid down normally with 4 hours .
b- Involution of the uterus .

32. Care of doe after kidding :-
● You must put doe after kidding under observation for several days to ensure their health specially in early lactation .
● Provide sufficient quantities of good quality of roughage (legume) hay and concentrates.
● Provide plenty of clean , fresh drinking water .

33. Care of newborn kid :-
1- If the doe is not licked her kid , you must remove liquids and fetal membranes from mouth and nose for respiration facilitation .
2- Dried the kid after birth to avoid cold .
3- Trimmed the navel cord and dipped with tincture of iodine shortly after is born to a void infection .
4- After stand should be guide to nurse
dam colostrum .
Colostrum: First milk is rich in all essential nutrients , provides antibodies for protection of kid from many diseases , it has got laxative properties .

34. * Care of orphan lamb :-
should be fed with a bottle and nipple warm milk you must receive a colostrum milk soon after being born in order to survive.

35. Weaning :- Separate kids from its mother.
1- Usually doe at (5-6) months of age .
2- When you short to wean young goats they will begin to feed on solid food ( high quality young forage .
3- When kids start eating fodder , let kids try to eat hay and grains early in life to strengthen their stomach .
4- Don’t stop feeding milk suddenly but this should be gradual to avoid indigestion or bloat .

36. * Care of buck :-
● Generally , buck should be maintained in a good body condition and health through out the year during out of breeding season .
● Buck must provides the supplementary feeding of concentrates ( Energy) (300 gm/day).
● Provides roughage free choice along with minerals and fresh water .
● Annual vaccinations should be administration at least
6 weeks before the start breeding season .
● The hooves trimmed to facilitate easy walking and mounting .
● Foot dipping to prevent foot rot .
● Must give the buck plenty of exercise to prevent fat .

37. Organization of breeding season
1- Application of Hormones :-
- Progesterone can be considered as the ( organizer) of the oestrus cycle .
-Prostaglandin F2α can be used also .
2- The male effect :- ( The buck effect) :
The following factors affect response to male introduction:-
a- Breed:-buck with greater sexual activity induce responses in more does.
b- Does that are on a high plan of nutrition will respond better than those allow plan of nutrition .
c- Buck with highly sexual libido induce oestrus more effectively than buck with low sexual libido .
3- Light control ( photoperiod control ) :-

38. Milking :- ● Goats are usually milked twice per day as cattle .
● Lactation period of goats ranges (7 – 10) months and may be reaches to (20)months .
● production yield reached to peak during (8 -12) weeks after kidding then start to decline gradually .
● usually does drying (6-8) weeks before the next kidding.

39. Milking process :- Before starting milking , the milkier should be :-
● Wash his hands , arms with soap and clean water or disinfectant .
● Keep finger nails cut and clean .
● Wash udder with clean water before milking .
● Use two cloths alternatively for drying the udder .
● The milking place should be cleaned after each milking and disinfectant .
● Always be calm , friendly to the doe and milk at the same time every day .
● After milking use teat dip containing a suitable antiseptic such as tincture of iodine .
● ( A good milking is done by the squeeze method ) ( Hand milking) .

40. Selection and Breeding:-
1- Conformation traits ( leg strength , body capacity , front and rear attachment of the udder teat quality ) .
2- Registered milk productivity .
3- pedigree of animal .
4- Efficiency of converted feed to milk .

41. Characteristics of dairy goats :-
● The udder should have well formed with good attachment and two well formed teats .
● Legs should not be extremely hocked or curved , it should be wide apart and straight when viewed from behind .
● They have longer , thinner neck and a wedge .
● Shaped appearance and tend to have a rectangular shape .
● Body capacity .

42. Characteristics of dairy goats
Saanen goat

43. Grazing Management
● Managed grazing means that the majority of the goats nutritional needs are met on pasture .
● No hay is fed in the barns , except during the winter or in bad wither .
● Grain is fed at milking and only to supplement the forage as needed .
● Managed grazing does not mean feeding hay in the barn and then letting the goats wander through a field .

44. Benefits of grazing :-
1- Grazing offers higher nutritional value than that achieved by haying off the same field .
2- Being out doors prevents disease that thrive in damp , dark barns .
3- Grazing reduces feed waste .
4- Grazing reduce the need for large , expensive machinery costs to bring hay .
5- Grazing increases the flavor in milk products .
6- Goats can clean up a neglected pasture to prepare a place for other animals to graze .
7- Grazing reduces the cost of feeding .

45. Grazing systems :-
1- Continuous grazing :- Is an extensive system of grazing in which animals remain on the same pasture area for prolonged period .
2- Rotational grazing :-
Is an intensive of grass and management practiced on improved permanent or lay pasture , the grazing area is subdivided into a number of paddocks .
3- Strip grazing :- Is amore intensive method of rotational grazing based on the use of electric fence , which is moved for ward once or twice a day .

46. Goat Housing:- ● Housing is an integral part of management .
● Goats should not be overcrowded .
● Should be protected from sun ,wind and rain .
Housing systems and equipment :-
● Design for any housing should be according to climatic conditions and productive systems practice in region .
● Housing goats must provide freedom of a goats natural movements , stretching , resting and feeding , space allowance of 4 m² per goat is adequate when housed in group .
● Equipment may include all type of feeders , waterers , corrals and working facilities .