1. Backhaul Challenges & Evolution Trends: THE Role of mmW
A view from ETSI ISG mWT
Presented by Debora Gentina Mainz, 2-4 November 2016

2. Diversified challenges and gaps for 5G
Area Traffic Capacity
Latency
Throughput
Connections
Mobility 5G
1 ms
E2E
Latency
10Gbps
/ connection
1,000K
Connections
/ Km2
500km/h
High-speed
railway
10 Mbps/m2
Ultra Dense
Tera Cell
GAP
30~50x
100x
100x
1.5x
Densification
30~50ms
100Mbps
10K
350Km/h
Small Cells
LTE

3. Backhaul - MW and mmW Frequency Bands Use
FDD
100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 6 11 13 15 18 23 26 38
71 – 86 GHz
7/8
42 GHz
50 55
57 – 66 GHz 28 32
92 – 95 GHz
mmW 4% total 2015 market
Low volumes in 28, 32 & 42 GHz
38 GHz stable, replaceable by mmW (e-band)
E-band volume fast increasing (>130 M$), multi-Gbps at reasonable TCO
> 4.5 Million total worldwide links in operation
Source: SLR 2015
Necessity of new, holistic approach to backhaul spectrum efficiently

4. Backhaul - MW and mmW Frequency Bands Use in EU
Source: Huawei internal analysis
26 GHz not deeply used and might migrate to 23 GHz or 32 GHz
38 GHz might be replaced by E-band
42 GHz almost unused and might be replaced by E-band

5. Backhaul topology evolution
Network topology change
Network densification
RAN sharing and operators consolidation
Fiber penetration from core to edge

6. Backhaul topology evolution
Network topology change
Network densification
RAN sharing and operators consolidation
Fiber penetration from core to edge
‘’Shorter networks’’ and shorter hops
wireless backhaul pushed at the periphery
Star topologies from the fiber aggregation point
Source : Huawei
90% of distances is less than 10km

7. How to meet the demand of the capacity increase
Network topology change
Network densification
RAN sharing and operators consolidation
Fiber penetration from core to edge
New network topology drive backhaul to the higher part of the spectrum
‘’Shorter networks’’ and shorter hops
wireless backhaul pushed at the periphery
Star topologies from the fiber aggregation point
Increase channel width
Traditional microwave bands
Band and Carrier aggregation (i.e. 18 or 23 GHz + e-band)
112/224 MHz
Go to millimeter-wave
E-band (10 Gbit/s per carrier NOW)
D-Band (141 to GHz)
In order to use larger channels it is necessary to improve spectrum efficiency at geographical level for higher channel re-usability (antenna directivity, null-forming, ATPC, ..)
Faster and cheaper way to increase capacity, coping with hop length limitations
Technology innovation to increase distances

8. mmW Spectrum mmW already available : V-band & E-band
6L/6U
100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 11 13 15 18 23 26 38
71GHz - 86GHz
7/8
52 55
(TDD) 28 32
200
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
300
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
191.8GHz - 275GHz
92 GHz – GHz
130 GHz – GHz
Traditional Radio Link 60 70 80
71 – 86 GHz
57 – 66 GHz
mmW already available : V-band & E-band
New mmW Spectrum coming: D-band & W-band
Frequency Bands
92-94
95-100
122,
W-Band
D-Band

9. Above 90 GHz in details Very high capacity backhaul (multi-10Gbit/s)
6L/6U
Traditional Radio Link
100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 11 13 15 18 23 26 38
71GHz - 86GHz
7/8
52 55
(TDD) 28 32
200
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
300
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
191.8GHz - 275GHz
92 GHz – GHz
130 GHz – GHz
Very high capacity backhaul (multi-10Gbit/s)
Front-haul
Fixed Wireless Access
H2O O2
Frequency Bands
92-94
95-100
122,
W-Band
D-Band
Rain attenuation of D-band is around 2 dB larger than E-band and is almost flat

10. Network Densification mmW in Urban Environment
Source: ETSI ISG mWT
Macro Backhaul and Aggregation
Roof-top to Roof-top
Traditional planning, co-located with Macro
Part of Macro Backhaul
E-band (71 to to 86 GHz)
Small Cell Backhaul
Macro to Street-Level
Form factor must be suitable for Small Cell
Traffic from a few Small Cells may be aggregated
Street-Level to Street-Level
Links will often be almost parallel to each other
LoS may be challenging in urban environment
V-band (57 to 66 GHz)
Source: ETSI ISG mWT

11. How to meet the demand of capacity increase New holistic approach to the use of spectrum (Band and Channel Aggregation)
Necessity, and opportunity, to look at the spectrum in a new way aggregating non adjacent channels:
either in the same band (channel aggregation)
or in separate bands exploiting
different propagation characteristics
different licensing schemes
Example of band aggregation combining on the same link a 55 MHz GHz and a 500 MHz
100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 6 11 13 15 18 23 26 38
71 – 86 GHz
7/8
42 GHz
50 55
57 – 66 GHz 28 32
92 – 95 GHz
Around 500 Mbit/s with highest availability
Around 500 Mbit/s with highest availability
Combine the advantages of two bands with significant differences in propagation & licensing approaches
Extend coverage of E-Band applications

12. E-band Recommended Regulations
E-band recommendations in line with current situation worldwide
V-band recommendations are a clear guidance for Administrations

13. What is a reasonable License fee for E-band?
ISG mWT believes it is important defining relative price point with respect to traditional bands
This chart is comparing 56 MHz 38 GHz (reference price = 100) with different E-Band spectrum usage
Showing that 250 MHz channel in the E-Band should be priced no more than 25% of 56 MHz in the 38 GHz
The larger the E-Band channel the higher is the price, however an upper limit should be set in order not to jeopardize Total Cost of Ownership
Upper limit shall also not exceed existing license fees, especially in case of channel size larger than 500 MHz or in case of light licensing

14. V-band: the FS and FS & SRD perspectives
Why License exempt:
Fully uncoordinated approach is sustainable in the long term
Simulations with 200 links/km2 show that 1 GHz in V-band is sufficient to ensure an acceptable risk of interference (< 2% of cases) even in worst case scenario
In case of ECC scenario (EIRP < 55 dBm) and products compliant to ETSI standard (antenna gain > 30 dBi )
Why Block allocation might be envisaged in the future:
FCC scenario (no minimum antenna gain requirement when EIRP < 40 dBm) and wider channel size (WiGig like equipment going outdoor – high risk of interference)
NLOS connectivity application – interference scattering polluting a wide area
Wide angle of view beam-steering antennas for self organizing meshed networks – higher interference due to higher side lobes
Operators applications that cannot tolerate interference risk
Next.... Co-existence analysis between SRD and FS in unlicensed spectrum:
Conduct interference analysis with tools that take into account the geometry of high dense urban environments
Define KPI (availability,..) for backhaul that take into account the peculiarities of the V-Band
Co-existence with IEEE ay to improve the applicability to outdoor backhaul scenarios

15. MTTx Applications MTTx Now : Microwave for Backhaul
Network Discovery, Multi-Point-to-Point Concept
MTTx Now : Microwave for Backhaul
MTTx Next : mmW for Last Drop
Bring broadband connectivity to as many people as possible improving penetration for villa, rural areas
Complement the wired solutions

16. D-band for 4.5G and 5G
H2O O2
Very high capacity leveraging on wide bandwidth with more than 30 GHz of spectrum available
Backhaul and Front-haul of 4.5G and 5G
Extreme low power leveraging on very high frequency, allowing very compact antennas and form factor
 FWA, safe cities, ultra dense scenarios
D-band can meet expectations of ultra-high capacity for 4.5G & 5G

17. Conclusions
New abundant spectrum in mm-wave pushes to focus investments
The allocation of spectrum for 5G must consider the needs of the operators for backhaul, current (3G & 4G) and future (5G) from rural to dense urban
The allocation of spectrum for 5G cannot be separated by the allocation of sufficient and suitable spectrum to deploy the backhaul network
Necessity of new, holistic approach to backhaul spectrum (BCA, wider channels)
Explore opportunity of co-existence between SRD and FS in unlicensed spectrum
Spectrum usage and appropriate channelization & regulations of D-band are envisaged to facilitate the deployment of high capacity backhaul systems
Regulations remain the critical success factor as it was for E-band

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