2. GRAM POSITIVE COCCI, NON-SPOREFORMERS
GENUS: Staphylococcus
SPECIES: aureus
epidermidis
saprophyticus

3. Gram Positive Staphylococci in clusters and short chains

4. Gram Positive Staphylococci in sputum sample

5. Electron micrograph S.aureus

6. Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase test
MSA
SBA hemolysis

8. HEMOLYSIS
HEMOLYSIS

9. Pathogenicity:
Due to production of enzymes/toxins
hemolysins es lyse RBCs
Leucocidins lyse WBC
Coagulase clots protein fibrin

10. Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid that binds connective tissue cells) Exfoliatin scalding skin syndrome DNAases breaksdown DNA Lipases breaksdown lipids, Gelatinase breaksdown gelatin

11. Infections occur

12. Superficial infections:
Boils, pimples, infections of the top layers of the skin
Folliculitis inflammation or
infection of one or more of the hair follicles. Can be caused Staphylococcus or fungi
Cellulitis infection of thedermal/subcutaneous layers of the skin. Can be caused by both staph and strep
Abscess (pus filled lesions)
Carbuncles(deeper skin abscess)
Impetigo is a red rash or blister on skin which can turn into an abscess)
All of the above infections can lead to sepsis

13. Structure of the Skin

14. Lesions

15. Boil Folliculitis

16. Cellulitis inflammation of the skin and deep underlying tissues

17. Cellulitis

18. Carbuncle

19. IMPETIGO infectio2-6n of the top layers of the skin and is most common in children ages 2-6. The bacteria enters thru’ a cut, scratch or insect bite.

20. Scalding Skin Syndrome

21. Systemic infections Septicemia: Bacterial infection of the blood
Septic arthritis: inflammation of the joints, joint pain, fever,
Swelling, septic rash

22. Systemic infections Osteomyelitis: bacterial infection of bone

23. Systemic Infections contd
Nephritis: infection/inflammation of the kidney
Enteritis: inflammation/infection of the GI tract

24. ENDOCARDITIS: Infection of the inner lining of the heart

25. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the lining of the pharynx

26. NORMAL LARYNGITIS LARYNX

27. Bronchitis: inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles

28. BRONCHITIS

30. TSS

31. Staphylococcal Toxic Shock 1986- 2001

33. Contact sports Staph bacteria can spread easily through cuts, abrasions and skin-to-skin contact. Amateur and professional athletes have spread staph infections by sharing razors, towels, uniforms or equipment
Go to the doctor if you or your child has:
An area of red, irritated or painful skin
Pus-filled blisters
Fever
You may also want to consult your doctor if:
Skin infections are being passed from one family member to another
Two or more family members have skin infections at the same time

34. Nosocomial infections: most common cause of hospital acquired infections.
Some of these strains are resistant to all antibiotics except vancomycin

35. Nosocomial infection rate with or without the use of chlorohexidine wash cloth.

37. Kaplan–Meier Estimates of Time to Primary Bloodstream Infection
Kaplan–Meier Estimates of Time to Primary Bloodstream Infection.The cumulative probability of a primary bloodstream infection (BSI) is shown for patients who were bathed with chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths as compared with those who were bathed with nonantimicrobial washcloths. The overall protective efficacy of chlorhexidine bathing was 30%. The inset shows a more detailed version of the larger graph, with a cumulative probability of primary BSI of up to 0.25.

38. Treatment:
penicillin, vancomycin draining abscess, removal of prosthetic devices

39. Penicillin and derivatives

41. Prevention 1. good aseptic techniques 2
Prevention 1.good aseptic techniques 2.isolation of infectious patients 3.screening of hospital staff 4.Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and abrasions clean and covered with sterile, dry bandages until they heal. The pus from infected sores often contains staph bacteria, and keeping wounds covered will help keep the bacteria from spreading. 5.Reduce tampon risks. You can reduce your chances of getting toxic shock syndrome by changing your tampon frequently, at least every four to eight hours. Use the lowest absorbency tampon you can, and try to alternate using tampons and sanitary napkins whenever possible. 6.Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. Staph infections can spread on objects, as well as from person to person. If you have a cut or sore, wash your towels and linens using detergent and hot water with bleach, and dry them in a hot dryer.

42. This graph illustrates the trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States from 1900 to With exception of the influenza pandemic of 1918, death rate due to infectious diseases decreased until around 1980, at which time several factors (including HIV-related mortality and antibiotic resistance) caused these rates to rise. This increasing trend in infectious disease mortality continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

46. Handwashing ecard
age.asp?cardid=462

47. What role does Quorum sensing have to play in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis?
Quorum sensing via the accessory gene regulator (agr) system has been assigned a central role in the pathogenesis of staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus is highly dependent upon the
environment in which the organism is grown
is strongly influenced by additional regulators that respond to signals other than cell density.
evidence that the agr phenotype may influence the behavior and pathogenesis of biofilm-associated S. aureus and S. epidermidis and may contribute to the chronic nature of some biofilm-associated infections.

48. Why is the incidence of
MRSA increasing in USA and
among the NFL players?
training partner/s
dirty towel/s
filthy floor/s
Clothes
training equipment/s used by an infected person.
Sharing personal items

49. Staphylococcus epididermis
a normal flora of the skin is associated with conjunctivitis)
Avirulent
usually non –pathogenic
Infections mostly hospital acquired in immunecompromised
Tend to grow on catheters and medical implamts and form bi0films
coagulase negative
gamma hemolysis
white colonies

50. Staphylococcus sapropyticus
S. sapropyticus is the second major cause of cystitis (inflammation of the bladder or bladder infection
Coagulase negative

51. Structure of the Excretory System

52. MRSA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ3ImVU FT48
ZVXE
Time Lapse video of ZONEX antimicrobial catheter dressing inhibting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (NHS clinical isolate).

53. The End

54. MRSA slide show
treatments/slideshow-closer-look-at- mrsa?ecd=ppc_google_mrsaskininfectionpict ures_Skin_MRSA- Overview++Facts++EducationandCauses_sea rch&gclid=CMyK8- 6_9KQCFQITbAod63UvhQ