2. Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
Chapter 22
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

3. Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful
A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species
The Origin of Species focused biologists’ attention on the great diversity of organisms

4. Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species
Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification
Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process

5. Fig. 22-1
Figure 22.1 How can this beetle survive in the desert, and what is it doing?

6. Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
To understand why Darwin’s ideas were revolutionary, we must examine them in relation to other Western ideas about Earth and its life

7. Figure 22.2 The historical context of Darwin’s life and ideas
Linnaeus (classification)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lamarck (species can change)
Malthus (population limits)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1750
1800
1850
1900
1795
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
1798
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
1809
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
1830
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
Figure 22.2 The historical context of Darwin’s life and ideas
1831–1836
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
1837
1837
Darwin begins his notebooks.
1844
Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
1858
Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
1859
The Origin of Species is published.

8. Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae
The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect

9. Carolus Linnaeus interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose
Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms

10. Ideas About Change over Time
The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas
Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata
Video: Grand Canyon

11. Layers of deposited sediment Younger stratum with more recent fossils
Fig. 22-3
Layers of deposited
sediment
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Figure 22.3 Formation of sedimentary strata with fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils

12. Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier
Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe

13. Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today
Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time
This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking

14. Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence

15. Fig. 22-4
Figure 22.4 Acquired traits cannot be inherited

16. Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
As the 19th century dawned, it was generally believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation
However, a few doubts about the permanence of species were beginning to arise

17. Darwin’s Research
As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin had a consuming interest in nature
Darwin first studied medicine (unsuccessfully), and then theology at Cambridge University
After graduating, he took an unpaid position as naturalist and companion to Captain Robert FitzRoy for a 5-year around the world voyage on the Beagle

18. The Voyage of the Beagle
During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected specimens of South American plants and animals
He observed adaptations of plants and animals that inhabited many diverse environments
Darwin was influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6000 years old

19. His interest in geographic distribution of species was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands near the equator west of South America

20. Figure 22.5 The voyage of HMS Beagle
GREAT
BRITAIN
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The
Galápagos
Islands
AFRICA
Pinta
Genovesa
Marchena
Equator
SOUTH
AMERICA
Santiago
Daphne
Islands
Pinzón
AUSTRALIA
Fernandina
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Figure 22.5 The voyage of HMS Beagle
For the Discovery Video Charles Darwin, go to Animation and Video Files.
Isabela
Santa
Cruz
Andes
Cape of
Good Hope
Santa Fe
San
Cristobal
Tasmania
Florenza
Española
Cape Horn
New
Zealand
Tierra del Fuego

21. Fig. 22-5a
Figure 22.5 The voyage of HMS Beagle
Darwin in 1840

22. The Galápagos Islands Pinta Genovesa Marchena Santiago Daphne Islands
Fig. 22-5b
The
Galápagos
Islands
Pinta
Genovesa
Marchena
Santiago
Daphne
Islands
Pinzón
Fernandina
Isabela
Santa
Cruz
Santa Fe
Figure 22.5 The voyage of HMS Beagle
San
Cristobal
Florenza
Española

23. Video: Galápagos Islands Overview
Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual
Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual
Video: Galápagos Sea Lion
Video: Soaring Hawk
Video: Galápagos Tortoises
Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana

24. Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes
From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches

25. (a) Cactus-eater (c) Seed-eater (b) Insect-eater Fig. 22-6
Figure 22.6 Beak variation in Galápagos finches
(b) Insect-eater

26. (a) Cactus-eater Fig. 22-6a
Figure 22.6 Beak variation in Galápagos finches
(a) Cactus-eater

27. (b) Insect-eater Fig. 22-6b
Figure 22.6 Beak variation in Galápagos finches
(b) Insect-eater

28. Fig. 22-6c
Figure 22.6 Beak variation in Galápagos finches
(c) Seed-eater

29. In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on the origin of species and natural selection but did not introduce his theory publicly, anticipating an uproar
In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s
Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year

30. The Origin of Species Darwin developed two main ideas:
Descent with modification explains life’s unity and diversity
Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

31. Descent with Modification
Darwin never used the word evolution in the first edition of The Origin of Species
The phrase descent with modification summarized Darwin’s perception of the unity of life
The phrase refers to the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past

32. In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing life’s diversity
Darwin’s theory meshed well with the hierarchy of Linnaeus

33. Fig. 22-7
Figure 22.7 “I think . . .”

34. Figure 22.8 Descent with modification
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees
and relatives)
Moeritherium
Barytherium
Deinotherium
Mammut
Platybelodon
Stegodon
Mammuthus
Figure 22.8 Descent with modification
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta
africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa) 34 24
5.5 2
104
Millions of years ago
Years ago

35. 34 24 5.5 2 104 Millions of years ago Years ago Platybelodon Stegodon
Fig. 22-8a
Platybelodon
Stegodon
Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta
africana
(Africa)
Figure 22.8 Descent with modification
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa) 34 24
5.5 2
104
Millions of years ago
Years ago

36. Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called artificial selection
Darwin then described four observations of nature and from these drew two inferences

37. Terminal bud Lateral buds Cabbage Brussels sprouts Flower clusters
Fig. 22-9
Terminal
bud
Lateral
buds
Cabbage
Brussels sprouts
Flower
clusters
Leaves
Kale
Cauliflower
Figure 22.9 Artificial selection
Stem
Wild mustard
Flowers
and stems
Broccoli
Kohlrabi

38. Observation #1: Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits

39. Fig
Figure Variation in a population

40. Observation #2: Traits are inherited from parents to offspring
Observation #3: All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support

41. Fig
Spore
cloud
Figure Overproduction of offspring

42. Observation #4: Owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive

43. Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

44. Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

45. Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources
If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations
This process explains the match between organisms and their environment

46. Natural Selection: A Summary
Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals
Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time
If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species
Video: Seahorse Camouflage

47. (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A stick mantid in Africa
Fig
(a) A flower mantid
in Malaysia
(b) A stick mantid
in Africa
Figure Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation

48. (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia Fig. 22-12a
Figure Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation
(a) A flower mantid
in Malaysia

49. (b) A stick mantid in Africa Fig. 22-12b
Figure Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation
(b) A stick mantid
in Africa

50. Note that individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time
Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits in a population
Adaptations vary with different environments