1. Fig. 1 The non-genomic effects of E₂ on aggressive behavior are seasonally variable in songbirds and mice. Bar graphs (mean ± SEM) representing a significant rapid (within 20–25 min) effect of E₂ on (A) the number of barrier contacts made by male song sparrows during a 10-min STI and (B) the number of offensive attacks made by male Peromyscus mice during a 7-min resident-intruder test. E2 administration rapidly increased aggressive behavior in non-breeding sparrows and in mice housed under short days, but not in breeding sparrows or in mice housed under long days, suggesting that E2 promotes aggression via a non-genomic mechanism in winter. *P ≤ 0.05 (CON versus E2). Modified from Trainor et al. (2007a) and Heimovics et al. (2015).
From: Rapid Effects of Estradiol on Aggression in Birds and Mice: The Fast and the Furious
Integr Comp Biol. 2015;55(2): doi: /icb/icv048
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