1. Time to make some sense of all of this – leave your shame in the past!
Parts of Speech
Time to make some sense of all of this – leave your shame in the past!

3. What is a NOUN?
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.

4. What are the types of NOUNS?
A common noun is a noun that does not name a particular person, place, or thing.
Common nouns are not capitalized
Examples:

5. What are the types of NOUNS?
A proper noun is the name of a particular (specific) person, place, or thing.
Proper nouns are capitalized
Examples:

6. What are the types of NOUNS?
An abstract noun names a quality, a characteristic, and/or an idea
Examples:

7. What are the types of NOUNS?
A concrete noun names an object that can be seen, heard, touched, etc.
Examples:

8. What are the types of NOUNS?
A collective noun names a group
Examples: class, team, crowd
A compound noun is a noun of more than one word: world history, literary analysis, Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School

9. What is a PRONOUN?
A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
An antecedent is the word that a pronoun replaces or refers to
Ex. Tim forgot his book in his locker and so was given 10 Saturday detentions.
Antecedent
Pronoun

10. What are the types of PRONOUNS?
Pronouns: personal, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, and indefinite

11. What are the types of PRONOUNS?
Personal – first, second, and third person
Singular pronouns: one person
Plural pronouns: more than one person
Possessive personal pronouns – show ownership

12. What are the types of PRONOUNS?
Personal:
Singular
Plural
*First Person
(possessive)
I, me
(my, mine)
we, us
(our, ours)
*Second Person
you
(your, yours)
Third Person
he, him, she, her, it
(his, her, hers, its)
they, them
(their, theirs)
Big Tip! When you are writing papers in the Honors English class you may NOT use first or second person personal pronouns!

13. Other Kinds of Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns: reflects the subject of the sentence – there will always be at least one word between a reflexive pronoun and its antecedent.
Ex. Luke Skywalker made himself a lightsaber.
Intensive Pronoun: emphasizes a noun or pronoun in the same sentence – almost always comes right after its antecedent.
Ex. Luke Skywalker himself blew up the Death Star.
Reflexive and intensive pronouns are formed by adding –self or –selves to personal pronouns.

14. Other Kinds of Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns: point out specific things: this, these, that, and those
Ex. I prefer my chair to that over there.
Indefinite Pronouns: refer to things not specifically identified – usually don’t have antecedents – another, nothing, only, both, all, any, more, etc.
Ex. Everyone loves Star Wars!
These are important! MORE ON THIS LATER!

15. Other Kinds of Pronouns
Relative Pronoun: introduces a noun or adjective clause – who, whom, which, that, what, whose
Ex. Luke Skywalker, who is the coolest person ever, flies in space.
Interrogative Pronoun: introduces a question – who, whom, which, what, whose
Ex. Who is Luke Skywalker?

16. What is a ADJECTIVE?
An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun
Modify: give a more specific or definite meaning to a word (change the meaning)
Adjectives modify nouns/pronouns in 3 different ways
By telling what kind
Blue eyes, large city
By pointing out which one
This man, That suggestion
By telling how many
Several reasons, ten players

17. What is a ADJECTIVE?
Normally, adjectives come before the word it modifies
Predicate adjective
From time to time, the adjective will come after the word it is modifying
The predicate adjective is separated from the word it modifies by a verb
Stephen is motivated.
He looks tall.

18. Warning! Confusion to follow…
Sometimes, the same word could be an adjective or a pronoun
Which pen do you want?
Adjective because which modifies pen
Which do you want?
Pronoun because it takes the place of the noun that was likely mentioned before
Sometimes nouns can be used as adjectives
Examples: table tennis, dog house (bolded words modify nouns)
WHAT IS THE WORLD COMING TO?!?

19. What is a VERB?
A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement.
Action Verbs:
Actions can be physical, such as hit, play, jump, and run
Actions can be mental, such as think, know, imagine, and believe

20. More on Action Verbs
Transitive Verbs: verbs that have (or take) an object
Object: a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb
Example: The catcher dropped the ball.
The ball is the object because it is the thing being dropped.

21. More on Action Verbs
Intransitive Verbs: verbs that can express action without objects
Example: Mr. Jones snores at night.
Notice that the verb does not have an object that takes the action

22. Linking Verbs Linking Verbs: verbs that express a state or condition
These verbs link to the subject a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes or identifies it.
Ex: Grammar is important.
Subject
Linking Verb
Adjective

23. More on Linking Verbs The most common linking verb is the verb be
Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been (and all verb phrases ending in be, being, or been, such as can be, is being, and could have been)
Ex: Ms. Howell’s students are super smart.
are is a linking verb

24. Other Common Linking Verbs
Appear
Seem
Become
Smell
Feel
Sound
Grow
Stay
Look
Taste
Remain
Some of the verbs in this list can also be used as action verbs. In general, a verb is a linking verb if you can substitute it with a form of the verb seem.

25. For Examples… The detective looked puzzled.
Linking  you can replace looked with seemed
The detective looked for clues.
Action  the object of the action verb is clues

26. Helping Verbs & the Verb Phrase
A verb phrase is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.
Helping verbs are called this because they help the main verb to express action or make a statement.
Helping verbs combine with other verbs to create verb phrases
The helping verbs in the following phrases are bolded:
has played will be coming should have paid

27. What is an ADVERB?
Adverb: a word used to modify (further define) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
Often (but not always) ends in –ly.
Mike scrambled quickly from the bee hive.
He was extremely upset.
He had knocked down the hive quite accidentally.

28. A Little More on ADVERBS
Adverbs may tell how, when, where, or to what extent (how often or how much) the action of the verb is done
In other words, they tell us when, where, how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is performed
Some examples:
When: He ran yesterday.
Where: He ran here.
How: He ran quickly.
In what manner: He ran barefoot.
To what extent: He ran fastest.

29. What is a PREPOSITION?
A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence.
Prepositions are important and should be memorized.
They are usually words that show direction (above, across, around, etc.) or a connection/relationship (along, among, except, of, with, etc.)

30. Here they all are!
Highlight the important ones that I tell you.

31. More on Prepositions
A preposition always appears in a phrase, usually at the beginning (we are going to talk about phrases on Wed/Thurs)
The noun or pronoun at the end of the prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition that begins the phrase
Examples: before lunch, in the hall, during class, with my friend, of my time

32. PREPOSITIONS MAKE THE CONNECTIONS
Examples
Put your paper on my desk.
“on” shows a connection between paper and desk
Ms. Howell teaches grammar during class.
“during” shows a connection between grammar and class
Ms. DeSalvo talked to Ms. Houwen during 4th period.
“to” shows a connection between Ms. DeSalvo and Ms. Houwen; “during” shows a connection between Ms. DeSalvo and Ms. Houwen and 4th period
PREPOSITIONS MAKE THE CONNECTIONS

33. What is a CONJUNCTION?
A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.
Ms. Howell likes grammar and homework.
There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.
I will go over coordinating and correlative now; subordinating will come either later this week or early next week.

34. Coordinating Conjunctions
FANBOYS (easy to memorize!)
F: For
A: And
N: Nor
B: But
O: Or
Y: Yet
S: So

35. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are ALWAYS used in pairs (you need to use them both)
either… or
neither… nor
both… and
not only… but (also)
whether… or

36. What is an INTERJECTION?
An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.
Oh!
Ouch!
Ah!
A strong interjection (Stop!) is followed by an exclamation point.
A mild interjections (Oh,) is followed by a comma.
Ex. Wow! This was the most exciting slide ever!
Ex. Um, not really

37. The Article
Some say this is its own part of speech, some claim it is a special kind of adjective
The articles are a, an, the