1. Introduction to Unix Patrick Neary Niki Serakiotou
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Introduction to Unix
Patrick Neary
Niki Serakiotou
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Introduction to Unix

2. What do we mean “Unix”? Let us call it *IX then…
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What do we mean “Unix”?
Flavors, depending on maker:
SUN made SunOS,Solaris
IBM made AIX, now uses SUSE
SGI made IRIX
Linux was open source as Redhat, now Ubuntu is
Let us call it *IX then…
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Introduction to Unix

3. What do we mean “Unix”? Unix 6 and earlier GNU UNIX System V
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What do we mean “Unix”?
Unix 6 and earlier
GNU
UNIX System V
Microsoft Xenix
BSD
Minix
GNU/Linux
AIX
SunOS
FreeBSD
NetBSD
OpenBSD
NeXT
UnixWare
Solaris
Mac OS X
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Introduction to Unix

4. What we will cover in this course
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What we will cover in this course
Concepts
Usage
Rice *IX environment
Ideas on *IX administration
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Introduction to Unix

5. 1. Concepts : Differences from other OSs
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1. Concepts : Differences from other OSs
Single User
Multi tasking
Shared resources
No “services”
Examples: Windows XP
Multi User
“Services” (printing, web, ftp etc)
Examples:
Solaris, SCO, misc Linuxes
Mac OSX
Windows server
Desktop
Other server
Dumb terminal or Console
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6. 1. Concepts : Differences from other OSs
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1. Concepts : Differences from other OSs
Desktops
Other server
Dumb terminal or Console
Talk to user by Login locally
Talk to user by “RemoteDesktop”
Talk to devices, using drivers
Network
Talk to the network using
“daemons” and listening “ports” and using “protocols”
Examples: sshd at port 22, httpd at 80, imapd at 143 etc
Example:
“ssh” is an application that talks to the sshd daemon on port 22.
You need an application to talk to a demon.
ssh
tty
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7. 1. Concepts : Network services and ports
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1. Concepts : Network services and ports #
# Network services, Internet style
tcpmux /tcp
echo /tcp
echo /udp
discard /tcp sink null
discard /udp sink null
systat /tcp users
daytime /tcp
daytime /udp
netstat /tcp
chargen /tcp ttytst source
chargen /udp ttytst source
ftp-data /tcp
ftp /tcp
telnet /tcp
smtp /tcp mail
time /tcp timserver
time /udp timserver
name /udp nameserver
domain /tcp
bootps /udp
bootpc /udp
hostnames /tcp hostname
pop /tcp pop-2
pop /tcp
Port(service) 110/tcp “listens” for
IP packets with 110/tcp in their header
IP Packet
Data
Trailer
header
Network
110/tcp
Server with port 110 “open”
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8. 1. Concepts : File systems local and remote
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1. Concepts : File systems local and remote
File systems (NFS, AFS, CIFS, SMB)
Reading file systems (fsd)
Mounting file systems (mountd)
Exporting filesystems (exportd)
Disk
Local (boot) file system: Hard disk or CD, seen at boot
Network
Other local disk
Fsd:
This service handles
local filesystems
Mountd:
This services
Mounts
remote
filesystems
Exportd:
this service
Handles filesystems that it exports
to other machines
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9. 1. Concepts : File systems types and structure
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1. Concepts : File systems types and structure
Miscellaneous Disk Filesystems
ADFS – Acorn's Advanced Disc filing system, successor to DFS.
FATX – A modified version of Microsoft Windows FAT system that is used on the original Xbox console.
PFS – and PFS2, PFS3, etc. Technically interesting file system available for the Amiga, performs very well under a lot of circumstances. Very simple and elegant.
AdvFS - Advanced File System, designed by Digital Equipment Corporation for their Digital UNIX/Tru64 UNIX operating system.
FFS (Amiga) – Fast File System, used on Amiga systems. This FS has evolved over time. Now counts FFS1, FFS Intl, FFS DCache, FFS2.
Qnx4fs - File system that is used in QNX.
ReiserFS – File system that uses journaling
AFS (Not to be confused with Andrew File System, below) – Acer Fast Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
Reiser4 – File system that uses journaling, newest version of ReiserFS
FFS – Fast File System, used on *BSD systems
AthFS - AtheOS File System, a 64-bit journaled filesystem now used by Syllable. Also called AFS
Fossil – Plan 9 from Bell Labs snapshot archival file system.
S51K – AT&T UNIX System V 1KB Filesystem, used by SCO OpenServer
Files-11 – OpenVMS file system; also used on some PDP-11 systems; supports record-orientated files
AFS - Ami File Safe, a commercial filesystem shipped on Amiga in the 90's (AFS is structure compatible with PFS)
SpadFS - Linux - non-journaling, hashing lookup
HFS – Hierarchical File System, used on older Mac OS systems. Successor to Macintosh File System (MFS) and predecessor to HFS+.
SFS – Smart File System, journaling file system available for the Amiga platforms.
BFS – the Be File System used on BeOS, occasionally misnamed as BeFS
SkyFS - Developed for SkyOS to replace BFS as the operating system's main file system. It is based on BFS, but contains many new features.
Btrfs - A filesystem based on B-Trees, created by Oracle Corporation.
HFS Plus – Updated version of HFS, used on newer Mac OS systems. Also called HFS+. Recent versions allow journaling.
CBMFS – The filesystem used on most Commodore 64-compatible floppy drives including the venerable 1541.
HPFS – High Performance File System, used on OS/2
UDF – Packet based file system for WORM/RW media such as CD-RW and DVD.
HTFS – High Throughput Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
CMDFS – A filesystem extension added to CBMFS by Creative Micro Designs, for use in their 3.5 inch floppy drives, RAM disks, and hard drive controllers.
ISO 9660 – Used on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs (Rock Ridge and Joliet are extensions to this)
UFS – Unix File System, used on older BSD systems
UFS2 – Unix File System, used on newer BSD systems
JFS – IBM Journaling file system, provided in Linux, OS/2, and AIX. Supports extents.
VxFS Veritas file system, first commercial journaling file system[citation needed]; HP-UX, Solaris, Linux, AIX
DTFS – Desktop File System, featuring file compression, used by SCO OpenServer
LFS – 4.4BSD implementation of a log-structured file system
VLIR (Variable Length Indexed Record) – a filesystem extension added by Berkeley Softworks to CBMFS, allowing full random access read and write operations, for computers running GEOS.
EAFS – Extended Acer Fast Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
MFS – Macintosh File System, used on early Mac OS systems. Succeeded by Hierarchical File System (HFS).
Extent File System (EFS) – an older block filing system under IRIX.
Minix file system – Used on Minix systems
WinFS - Windows Future Storage, currently still in beta and in use internally at Microsoft, it is planned as the successor to NTFS. It is uncertain whether it will be available as a service pack for Windows Vista or if it will be shipped with a later version of Windows.
NILFS – Linux implementation of a log-structured file system
ext – Extended file system, designed for Linux systems
NTFS – (New Technology File System) Used on Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista systems
ext2 – Second extended file system, designed for Linux systems.
ext3 – A journalled form of ext2.
ext3cow – A versioning file system form of ext3.
NetWare File System - The original NetWare 2.x - 5.x file system, used optionally by later versions.
WAFL – Write Anywhere File Layout. High performance, log-structured like file system. WAFL heavily uses RAID 4, and NVRAM for transaction log replays. Used on Network Appliance systems
ext4 – A new version of ext3, with support for extents.
FAT – File Allocation Table, used on DOS and Microsoft Windows, 12-, 16- and 32-bit table depths.
NSS – Novell Storage Services. This is a new 64-bit journaling file system using a balanced tree algorithm. Used in NetWare versions 5.0-up and recently ported to Linux.
VFAT – Version of Microsoft Windows FAT system with extension to allow long (up to 255 character) filenames instead of only the 8.3 filenames allowed in the original FAT.
XFS – Used on SGI IRIX and Linux systems
OFS – Old File System, on Amiga. Nice for floppies, but fairly useless on hard drives.
ZFS – Used on Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris, ported to FreeBSD 7.0 and to FUSE (not to be confused with zFS from IBM)
STL (standard language file system) - a file system developed by IBM [1].
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10. 1. Concepts : File systems types and structure
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1. Concepts : File systems types and structure
Network Distributed Filesystems
9P, the Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno distributed file system protocol. One implementation is v9fs. No ACLs.
Andrew File System (AFS) is scalable and location independent, has a heavy client cache and uses Kerberos for authentication. Implementations include the original from IBM (earlier Transarc), Arla and OpenAFS.
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) from Apple Computer. AFP may use Kerberos authentication.
DCE Distributed File System (DCE/DFS) from IBM (earlier Transarc) is similar to AFS and focus on full POSIX file system semantics and high availability. Available for AIX and Solaris under a proprietary software license.
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) from Novell is used in networks based on NetWare.
Network File System (NFS) originally from Sun Microsystems is the standard in UNIX-based networks. NFS may use Kerberos authentication and a client cache.
Self-certifying File System (SFS), a global network file system designed to securely allow access to file systems across separate administrative domains.
Server Message Block (SMB) originally from IBM (but the most common version is modified heavily by Microsoft) is the standard in Windows-based networks. SMB is also known as Common Internet File System (CIFS) or Samba file system. SMB may use Kerberos authentication.
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11. 1. Concepts : File systems types and structure
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1. Concepts : File systems types and structure
REMOTE
(NETWORK) DISK
PHYSICAL
DISK 1
LOCAL DISKS /
(root)
PHYSICAL
DISK 3
file
usr
bin
var
homeA
homeB
file
user2
local
bin
user1
file
PHYSICAL
DISK 2
file
file
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12. 1. Concepts : Shells vs. Windows
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1. Concepts : Shells vs. Windows
On a Unix like machine: The OS starts interfacing with the userwith ”shells”.
Shells are command-line environments.
Shells listen to commands and have a configuration file
where one can set values to “variables”
Windows Managers are “optional” applications on Unix.
Login Shell:
Prompt> command
Command output …
Prompt>
On a Windows machine:
The OS starts interfacing with the user
with windows and GUIs available
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13. 1. Concepts : Processes vs. Task manager
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1. Concepts : Processes vs. Task manager
Task manager
Process Management
ps -ax
PID TT S TIME COMMAND
0 ? T 0:11 sched
1 ? S 23:20 /etc/init -
2 ? S 0:01 pageout
3 ? S 3750:09 fsflush
71 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/sysevent/syseventd
122 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/picl/picld
233 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -R
235 ? S 0:03 /usr/sbin/sshd -R
236 ? S 0:04 ipmon -s
267 ? S 0:00 /usr/site/clamav/sbin/clamd
272 ? S 72:34 /usr/sbin/rpcbind
275 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/keyserv
283 ? S 294:53 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypserv -d
285 ? S 6:29 rpc.nisd_resolv -F -C 8 -p t udp
290 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbind
293 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypxfrd
298 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/rpc.yppasswdd -D /var/yp -m
300 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/rpc.ypupdated
319 ? S 2:29 /usr/sbin/inetd -s -r
335 ? S 0:03 /usr/lib/nfs/lockd
339 ? S 0:36 /usr/lib/nfs/statd
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14. 1. Concepts : Configuration files vs. menus
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1. Concepts : Configuration files vs. menus
Example of configuration file for exportd
/usr/local # export to the world
/usr clients # export to my clients
/usr2 bonnie clyde # export to only these machines
/usr anon=guest # map client root & anonymous to guest
/ ro # export the root filesystem
/usr ro,nohide # export all local filesystems read-only
/ng ro,access=%groupA:groupB # Two groups - A and B
/nofoos -ro,access=-foo.bar.com:.bar.com # exclude foo,
/d/local/src -rw,anon=guest,root=bonnie # multi-line example
Notice:
Different OS flavors
May take different approaches
To configuring processes
Example: files vs. databases
You need a GUI or to issue commands
to configure a database
Sample passwd File:
root:5I2ESdPMj6rhc:0:1:Operator:/:/bin/csh
daemon:*:1:1::/:
sys:*:2:2::/:/bin/csh
bin:*:3:3::/bin:
uucp:*:4:8::/var/spool/uucppublic:
sysdiag:*:0:1:Old System Diagnostic:/usr/diag/sysdiag:/usr/diag/sysdiag/sysdiag
sundiag:*:0:1:System Diagnostic:/usr/diag/sundiag:/usr/diag/sundiag/sundiag
nobody:NoLoginAllowed:-2:-2:Account with no privelege:/tmp:/bin/csh
dao:dn2dbqtIcZ/9I:323:8006:Debbie Ortiz, :/home/sunclass1/dao:/bin/csh
psn:1z.sMh0vow65w:7500:8008:Paul Norris, c-8, :/home/sunclass1/psn:/bin/csh
pam:*:1016:8008:Pat Max:/home/sunclass1/pam:/bin/csh
pav:B7SdcWEcSeKSU:1002:8006:Pat Vucenic:/home/sunclass1/pav:/bin/csh
ths:6q3y/n8TQ:1059:8006:Ted Spitzmiller,081347,8006x33d:/home/sunclass1/ths:/bin/csh
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15. in the Rice computing infrastructure.
Information Technology
1. Concepts : Connecting with other machines
Some Unix parts
in the Rice computing infrastructure.
Network
Storage
(CIFS)
Service:
Authentication
gh.owlnet.rice.edu
Kennel.ruf.rice.edu
Printer.rice.edu
ldap.rice.edu
mail1.rice.edu
Mail
Applications
Printing
Services:
Mail, Storage,Web hosting. Apps
ece.rice.edu
math.rice.edu
Mailboxes (MBX)
Mount
using
SMB
Using
NFS
“Owlnet” and “Ruf”
Department Servers
Student
laptops
Owlnet
& College
Labs
Lab printers
and plotters
Lpd
smbd
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16. 2. Usage : “Login in, working in the shell”
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2. Usage : “Login in, working in the shell”
Login Shell:
Prompt> command
Command output …
Prompt>
SSH
Login Shell:
Prompt> command
Command output …
Prompt>
Login Shell:
Prompt> command
Command output …
Prompt>
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17. 2. Usage : “Login in, working in the shell”
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2. Usage : “Login in, working in the shell”
SSH Or
PuTTY
Login Shell:
Prompt> command
Command output
Prompt>
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18. 2. Usage : “Login in, working in the shell”
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2. Usage : “Login in, working in the shell”
From a Windows machine use:
SSH Communications Suite for Windows
(download from software.is.rice.edu)
PuTTY (hint: Google putty)
Run the program once downloaded
Type in le.owlnet.rice.edu to “Host Name” box
Hit “Open”, then type NetID, then password
From an Apple OS machine use:
Utilities / Terminal
at the prompt type
ssh then type password
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19. 2. Usage: Job control Unix allows you to run many things at once
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2. Usage: Job control
Unix allows you to run many things at once
A program interacting with you is in the foreground
If the program is running, but you still have shell control, it is in the background (One job in foreground at a time)
Methods of interacting with your jobs
<Ctrl>+C kills a running job
<Ctrl>+Z backgrounds a running job
jobs – Lists all jobs you have running
fg %<num> – Brings job number <num> to foreground
kill % <num> - Kills job number <num>
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20. 2. Usage: File and Directory permissions
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2. Usage: File and Directory permissions
Use ls -a to see hidden and normal files
Use ls -l to see the permissions on files
Gives you something like this:
r = read, w = write, x = execute
chown – Changes file’s owner/group
chmod – Changes file’s permissions
= normal file
d = directory
l = link
User Group Other
drwxrwxrwx
Assign r=4, w=2, x=1
to get octal values:
So, -r-xrw-w- is 562
Examples:
drwxr-xr-x is …755
-r-xr--r-- is … 644
-r---w--wx is … 423
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21. 2. Usage: Printers lpd printing daemon
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2. Usage: Printers
lpd printing daemon
lpq –P <printer> - Lists jobs for printer
Find printer Unix names from docs printer page
Look at the Rank to find errors
Delete all errored jobs to clear a print queue
lprm –P <printer> <job> - Deletes job from printer
Get job number from lpq
Deleted jobs shouldn’t charge the account
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22. 2. Usage: manuals and google (teach yourself)!
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2. Usage: manuals and google (teach yourself)!
Man – command
Example: man ls
Google – how to do the task
Example: how to list files in Rdehat linux
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23. 2. Usage: Environment and settings
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2. Usage: Environment and settings
Profiles, shells, variables
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24. 2. Usage: Handling files (editors, utilities)
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2. Usage: Handling files (editors, utilities) Vi
Grep
Awk
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25. in the Rice computing infrastructure.
Information Technology
3. Rice *X: What servers are available at Rice
Some Unix parts
in the Rice computing infrastructure.
Network
Storage
(CIFS)
Service:
Authentication
gh.owlnet.rice.edu
Kennel.ruf.rice.edu
Printer.rice.edu
ldap.rice.edu
mail1.rice.edu
Mail
Applications
Printing
Services:
Mail, Storage,Web hosting. Apps
ece.rice.edu
math.rice.edu
(NFS)
Mailboxes (MBX)
Mount
using
SMB
Using
NFS
“Owlnet” and “Ruf”
Department Servers
Student
laptops
Owlnet
& College
Labs
Lab printers
and plotters
Lpd
smbd
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26. 3. Rice *X: Storage, home directories and
Information Technology
3. Rice *X: Storage, home directories and
Things to be careful about!
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27. 4. *X administration: How to load your own Linux machine at Rice
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4. *X administration:
How to load your own Linux machine at Rice
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