1. Lecture 4 MULTILATERALISTION OF THE WORLD
In the course of history the inadequacy of the traditional tequinique of bilateral diplomacy to solve major problems involving the interest of more than two countries became evident as a result of complex web of relations between different people and between their rulers.

2. Lecture 4.1
From this state of affairs originate international conference to discuss and negotiate settlement of common problems normally through the conclusion of a multilateral treaty creating legal obligations for the contracting parties. In history since 1648 the conferences have been operating on an ad hoc basis the up to the 1850s were landmark in the dev of IOs, e.g. European commission1856,internationaltelecommunication union 1864, international metrological services 1874.

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The flourishing of multilateral institutions begun in the post 1945 era as a result of the firm commitment of the allies to recognize the network of international relations on the basis of friendship co-operation and equal opportunities for all nations.

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Efforts begun in November 1943 were representatives of the 44 UN at war signed an agreement establishing the UN Relief and Rehabilitation to provide assistance to the areas liberated from German domination.

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United Nation conference on food and agriculture, set up a committee to formulate FAO. The creation of IMF and IBRD was an outcome of another major conference devoted to monetary aid and financial problems.
Dec 1944 saw the establishment of international civil aviation organization (ICAO). June 1945, 50 countries defined the structure and mechanism of the UN. Its various organs were entrusted with various responsibilities-UNESCO,WHO,ILO

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While the basic principles of post war monetary and financial co-operation were eventually embodied in Bretton hoods institution of IMF and IBRD, the UN sponsored plans to set the broad outlines for dealing with trade.

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Subsequently, the organization international trade organization failed to get ratification and resulted in the interim agreement on Trade and tariffs (GATT) which assumed the role of promoting gradual abolition of tariffs and non tariff barriers and improving the mechanics of international commercial relations through multilateral negotiation.

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European countries with the end of WW2 launched the organization for European economic co-operation in 1948, Eastern Europe 1949 Council for mutual economic assistance CMEA) WITH THE SCANDANAVIAN COUNTRIES FORMING THE Nordic council.
-1951 European coal and steal community
1957 European Economic Community
1960 European free trade association

9. Lecture 4.8
In 1960 OEEC was replaced by the Organization for Economic cooperation OECD that had a large membership than its predecessor to include Canada and US. It broadened its aims to include the achievement of highest sustainable growth and the promotion of sound economic expansion in member ass well as non member countries in the process of economic development

10. Lecture 4.9
In the area of defense the 10 European nations, Canada and the US established NATO in 1949 whilst USSR and its allies established the WARSAW PACT in 1955 that obliged contracting parties to assist each other to meet any armed attack on one or more of them in Europe.

11. Lecture 4.10
In America, society organization of American state (OAS) was formed in 1948 to forge Pan-American policies involving all independent countries of the continent in relation to the economy. Latin American countries formed central American common market CACM and Latin American free trade association in 1960 and the inter American bank was set up.

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In the Middle east saw the establishment of the League of Arab states- a loose association favoring polit9ical and economic unity among member countries and promoting the adoption of common policies vis-à-vis non member countries.

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In the Asian Pacific region various international organization were formed to overlook issues of collective self defense, economic co-operation and development assistance. A security treaty was signed in 1951 ANZUS Pact to ensure mutual assistance should any signatory be a victim of an attack in the pacific area. Southeast treaty organization was established in 1954 with the view of defending member countries in Indo China.

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With decolonization of Africa taking shape the organization of African unity was formed in 1963.

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A far-reaching organization between Asia and African continents was laid with the aim of condemning colonialism, racial discrimination and atomic weapons.Non-Alligned Movement (NAM). It refused to be politically and militarily associated with either WEST or the Soviet bloc.
Another significant organization was OPEC WHICH SET UP CARTEL TO REGULATE PRODUCTION AND PRICING OF OIL IN THE WORLD MARKET.

16. Lecture 4.15
The political and economic events in the 1960s emphasized the need for a fresh approach to some basic problems of IOs. WHY?

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The UN had changed drastically-increase in members, meeting pressing needs for children, refugees, disaster victims and a variety of problems through initiatives ranging from promotion of new international economic order to encouragement of sound environmental practices, campaign against the remnants of colonialism and apartheid and the negotiation of treaties and other global covenants such as seas and outer space.

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New UN Agencies were formulated. UNDP was formulated as the world’s largest channel for multilateral technical cooperation.
UNIDO (UN Industrial Dev Org) was formed in 1966 to foster and accelerate the industrial development of developing countries.
1963 WORLD FOOD PROGRAMMME (WFP)
1967 UN POPULATION FUND (UNFPA) to provide financial resources for co-operation in population activities.

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Growing solidarity between developing countries led to the formation of NAM, G77 declaring common aims with regard to economic issues and multilateral negotiations.
In Western Europe the EEC managed to form a customs union and free movement of workers. It managed to set up the Commom Agricultural Policy.

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In LATIN AMERICA 1967 saw the signing of Tlateloco prohibiting the nuclear weapons in the region. On the economic field NAFTA was formed Caribbean Free trade Association was formed with an autonomous Caribbean development Bank formed in 1969.

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In Africa failure to handle the Congo crisis by the OAU led the French speaking countries to form in 1965 African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM) to promote economic, social, technical and cultural development. In the financial sphere major move have been the formation of the African Development Bank (AfDB)

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In Asia and the Pacific saw the establishment of ASEAN specifically to encourage co-ordination and cooperation in the fields of the economy, social and cultural matters and ensure political stability in With the Asian Development Bank being established in 1965.

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The monetary events of 1974 i.e. the suspension of the convertibility of the dollar into gold, and its subsequent devaluation altered the condition under which IMF was operating.
The system was encouraging speculation, increasing economic uncertainty and instability hence threatening the orderly development of world trade.

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The monetary turmoil was accompanied by rise in prices for such essentialities as food and fuel cartel, OPEC pressure oil prices, growing burdens of debt and trade imbalances.
The aftermath of the 1973 oil shock brought widespread concerns that experience of OPEC might encourage the producers of other commodities to form cartel to improve their terms of trade with industrializing world.

25. Lecture 4.25
Hence the convening of UNGA in 1974 and subsequent establishment of NIEO which involved reshaping of the world trade and financial dealers. Food crisis led to the formation of world food council in 1974 with the mandate to coordinate policies and activities affecting the world food situation and for INFAD (INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT) to mobilize additional financial resources to help developing countries improve their food and nutrition.

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To avert oil crisis an institution was established mainly by the western countries. International Energy Agency (IEA) to promote stability in the world energy markets as well as security of supplies. It also led to the formation of G7 in 1975, France, Japan, UK and US with Canada joining in In wet Africa ECOWAS was launch in 1976, Economic community of the Great Lakes (CEPGL), SADCC 1979 laid foundation for closer co-operation.

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Arab oil exporting countries decided to use part of their revenue to help developing nations facing oil prices- channeling the funds for implementation of infrastructural, industrial and agricultural projects through financial institutions and development agencies.
1974 Arab Fund for Economic Social Development (AFESD). A large body of organization of the Islamic conference (OIC) was set up to encourage effective, solidality and mutual Assistance in vital fields.

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The South Pacific Bureau for Economic co-operation (SPEC) was formed in 1973 and the phasing out of SEATO which no longer fulfilling is collective security function.

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In the 1970s there was growing problems at the world scale there was deteriorating political environment and the commitment of massive resources to amerments compouded the problems. It led to:
-high unemployment,widespread inflation
-demands for protectionism from external countries, demands for subsidies to ailing for subsidies to ailing industries
This weakened multilateralism.

30. Lecture 4.30
Questions were raised as to the role of the UN System. Un took an effective role begging with pressing issues of Disarmament with UN declaring in 1980 international Dev FOR Third World Decade.
1985 the GATT round of multilateral trade negotiation was launched opening up prospects of curbing protectionism tendencies and strengthening trade system.

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On the final since there was increase in the flow of concessional assistance to low-income countries particularly sub-Saharan Africa.The need to expand world bank ‘s lending programme war revised. Substantial financial assistance was provided by IMF to continue undertaking adjustment programme.
The UN system became active especially UNIDO but UNESCO was let down by withdrawal of the US, UK and Singapore.

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A number of new developments took place in various regional bodies to reflect the changes in the global politics and economy. The Pacific was hit by a crisis ANZUS which arose because of divergent views of US and New Zealand over use of Nuclear war ships but bilateral relation with Australia led to Australian New Zealand Closer Economic Relationship Trade agreement (ANZLERTA of CER)

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POST COLD WAR
With the end of cold war brought much hope to multilateralism as the gulf that had developed between countries in all region ended. Thus UN was to carry out its mandate without much political limitation.

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The UN conference managed to hold conferences and established a number of bodies- to include 1995 Seabed Authority- charged with overseeing all exploitation and exploration activities in the international sea bed; international tribunal on the law of the sea, organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons (OPCW) ensuring implementation of the provisions and promulgation of the development, production and stockpiling and use of chemical weapons (CWC).

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UN extended treaty on Non Proliferation of nuclear weapons 19990s followed by the adoption of Comprehensive Nuclear test Ban treaty.
1995 WTO was formed as a successor to GATT with a wider mandate, powers and functions. The restoration of globalism with the WTO may seem to clash with the proliferation throughout the world of regional arrangements for co-operation and interaction.

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The developing countries have continued to use NAM and G77. Commonwealth has extended membership to Namibia 1990, Cameroon and Mozambique in Lusophone commonwealth was born in 1996 in Lisbon- Commodity of Portuguese Speaking countries (CPLP) determined to reinforce their cultural, political and economic links and influence international institutions.

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Europe 1995 Organisation for security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) for political and securing consultation and co-ordination including long term missions in troubled areas and supervision of elections and referendums.

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In Europe old organization are striving to adopt their objectives and functions to the challenges of a fast changing European architecture, new sub regional organisation focused on specific areas and with loose institutional frameworks are being established on the periphery of Europe CEFTA, Central European Initiative (CEI), Baltic Sea States.

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Western hemisphere, north and south America, US, Mexico and Canada NAFTA came into fore 1994 and has since called for negotiations to construct Free trade of the America (FTAA) in which barriers to trade and investment will be progressively eliminated Latin America has moved. Central America formed Central American Integration System (SICA) to co-ordinate efforts towards political and economic integration.

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Andean group of countries formed Adrian Community revive launch of co-operation of founding associations of Caribbean states Group of 3 G 3 Columbia, Mexico and Venezuela. In Asia efforts are continuing to build institutional mechanism in the prospects of enhanced cooperation.

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African economic community was adopted by OAU in 1991 and 2001 marked the transformation of OAU into AU. The SADACC established to reduce dependence of the frontline states on south Africa has met the challenge of a number of co-operation effort with new democratic south Africa and gave way to new SADC in 1992, COMESA came out of PTA in The treaty of Pelindaba established an African nuclear weapons free zone.

42. Lecture 4.42
The independence of five central Asian republic of former USSR was neccessited the establishment of economic co-operation organisation (ECO) five republics + America and Afghanstan joined in 1992, principally set up in 1985 by Iran , Pakistan and Turkey.
Damascus Declaration formed to develop a regional defiance framework after the conclusion of the Gulf War by Egypt and Syria.

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In Asian Pacific region there has been the strengthening of Asian- Pacific community co-operation (APEC) with liberalization commitments generally moving from the political to legal framework.
ASEAN has enlarged- full participation of all ten nations of South Asia. East Timor being expected to join as soon as it achieves full independence.