MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN

MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN
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CHAPTERS 1) INTRODUCTION 2) OPENCAST MINING 3) UNDERGROUND MINING
4) EQUIPMENT PLANNING 5) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

INTRODUCTION –SCOPE - REFERENCES
Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION PLAN: “Premeditated course of action.” Life of the mine:
1) Taylor’s formula.. T (years) = 0.20 R 0.25 where, R= Mineable Reserves in tonnes. So obviously annual production is Q=R/T=5R0.75 2)Modified Taylor’s rule: T=0.165R0.25

IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING

REFERENCES: 1)Jayanta Bhattacharya , “Principles of Mine Planning”-Allied publishers ,Delhi 2003. 2) Hustrulid.W and Kucha.M , “Fundamendals of openpit planning and design” ,1995. 3) SME handbooks,vol 1,2,3. 4)Hartman.H.L.,”Introductory to Mining Engineering”

TECHNICAL FACTORS IN MINE PLANNING
Lecture 2

Geological and mineralogy information Size of the area to be mined(length ,width ,thickness) Dip/plunge ,depth Discontinuities Variation of thickness and width within the mineralised zone. Boundaries between cut off and waste.

Structural information(physical & chemical) Depth Structure features-both OB and mineral Type of rock Approximate strength Porosity and permeability, swelling nature. RQD SILICEOUS CONTENT OF THE ORE

Economic information Tons of mineral reserve of various grades in all of the mining zones, seams.(proven,probable,inferred) Details of ownership, Royalties to be paid Availability of water and its ownership on or near the property. The details of the surface ownership and surface structure that be effected by subsidence. The location of mining area in relation to ;any existing roads railroads ,rivers; power , infrastructure and available commercial supplies. The local ,regional and national political situations.

LIFE OF THE MINE Life of the mine: 1) Taylor’s formula..
T (years) = 0.20 R 0.25 where, R= Mineable Reserves in tonnes. So obviously annual production is Q=R/T=5R0.75 2)Modified Taylor’s rule: T=0.165R0.25

METHODOLOGY OF MINE PLANNING
Lecture 3

STEPS........ PRELIMINARY SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT OF MINE AREA
PRELIMINARY MINE PLANNING ASSESSMENT DETAILED SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT DETAILED MINE PLANING MINING APPOROVAL APPLICATION

Assess stakeholder sensitivity to legal constraints and mining impacts
Identify underground and surface features e.g. cliffs, streams, homes, and geology Assess stakeholder sensitivity to legal constraints and mining impacts Preliminary sensitivity assessment of mine planning and surface features Develop alternative mine plans Preliminary assessment of alternative mine plans Select preferred mine plans Step : 1 PRELIMINARY SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT OF MINE AREAS Step : 2 PRELIMINARY MINE PLANNING ASSESSMENT

Infrastructure Natural features Private properties
Baseline assessment and identify mine planning constraints Natural features Baseline environmental assessment and mine planning constraints Update sensitivity assessment Subsidence impact assessment Private properties Baseline assessment and identify mine planning constraints Step : 3 DETAILED SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

MINING APPOROVAL APPLICATION
Detailed assessment of alternative mine plans Select preferred mine plan Infrastructure Infrastructure management plans Natural features Subsidence management plan Prepare and submit application to DMR DMR’s subsidence management plan process Private properties Property subsidence management plan Step : 4 DETAILED MINE PLANING Step : 5 MINING APPOROVAL APPLICATION

MINE PLANNING –SHORT RANGE AND LONG RANGE
Lecture 4

The planning process have been typically broken down into 3 categories
Short range planning short range planning where the day-to-day planning process is involved. This time frame can typically range from one day to one or two months depending on the type of operations and the tonnage of ores extracted. Address the daily problems and concerns with specific solutions. These are reality operational plans ;they require a great amount of detail. Medium range planning Medium range planning may extend from one month to two years. It is here that the conceptual pit designs are turned into detailed designs to be given to the short range planners. The plan often deals with the portion of the mine area. They are undertaken to deal with a specific problem in the mine or used in choosing a new piece of mining equipment. Long term planning long term planning which assesses the overall profitability of a proposed mining operation. Here pits are designed with sufficient detail to provide the necessary information as to whether a deposit is of value to consider a more detailed analysis. The time frame is extended to life of the mine.

LONG RANGE PLAN: Looks at providing mineral for a finite number of years and a specific size of power (coal) or mineral beneficiation plant. 4 objectives of long range plans: 1) the plan must be feasible. 2) potential mining problems must be resolved 3)the plan must identify the major capital expenditures, equipment acquisition, lead times required for implementation. 4)all reclamation and other mining related environmental questions must be identified and answered. In general this plan is prepared for one or two the following reasons 1) consideration is being given to increase the number of units (size of power plant/smelters). 2)the previous plan is outdated due to technological or economical changes.

INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT GROUPS ON THE PLANNING PROCESS
Data and analysis group Conceptual Long range Intermediate range Short range Geology High Very high Hydrogeology Low moderate geotechnical High to Very high Financial analysis Moderate Environmental science Moderate to high low Civil, mechanical and electrical engineering Low to moderate Operation research high Mining engineering This is the group that pulls all the relevant data together.

MINE MODELLING-SIMULATION AND SYSTEM APPROACH.
Lecture 5

ELEMENTS OF MINE MODEL Mine Modeling involves spatial location and interconnection of the basic elements. Graphical modeling is designing by drawing like sketches, technical diagrams etc. Physical modeling is illustration of shape and structure either 2D or 3D on a suitable scale. Physical models are used for conducting tests and measurements, Visual illustration like seam depth, location and disturbances etc, Mathematical modeling involves simulation and optimization using mathematical techniques. Analytical modeling is basically subset of mathematical modeling. Systems approach in mine planning conception, planning, design and engineering of any interrelated elements so that objective is automatically optimized.

ELEMENTS OF MINE MODEL MINE MODEL model of mine surface section
development of the main mine surface sector development of the auxiliary mine surface sector connection between main and auxiliary surface sectors and their connections with system environment model of mine underground section development of deposit division of levels into levels development of seam

SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT INPUT ELEMENTS OUTPUT ELEMENTS
PERSONNEL MACHINERY MATERIALS ENERGY FRESH AIR WATER INFORMATION PREPARATION WASTE ROCK USED AIR GASES LIQUID WASTE DESIGNED SYSTEM "THE MINE" ECONOMICS EFFECTS DEPOSIT SALEABLE COAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURE INPUT ELEMENTS OUTPUT ELEMENTS DESIGNED SYSTEM ‘THE MINE’. TRANSFORMATION OF INPUT AND OUTPUT ELEMENTS ( system approach)

PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE SUBSYSTEM IN THE DESIGNED SYSTEM “THE MINE”
EXTRACTIONOF SEAMS HAULAGE OF GOTTEN HOIST OF GOTTEN COAL PREPARATION AND DISPATCH NON-PRODUCTIVE SUBSYSTEM GENERAL ENERG MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION AUXILIARY SURFACE FACILITIES COMMUNICATIONS INDIVIDUAL MANGEMENT OF MACHINERY MATERIALS TRANSPORTS VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF PERSONNEL HORIZONTAL TRANSPORT OF PERSONNEL VENTILATION DRAINAGE DEVELOPMENT OF SEAMS FOR EXPLOITATION PRODUCTION FROM FACES COAL RESERVE IN PRODUCTION SEAM PRODUCTION FROM FIRST WORKING PRODUCTION FROM FACES MINE PRODUCTION PRODUCTION FIRST WORKINGS ROCK PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT WORKING MINE PRODUCTION MINE PRODUCTION ROCK ROCK ROCK MINE PRODUCTION ROCK

Mineable reserves Proven + Probable Estimation of resources
Geotechnical engineering Mine plan Budget & evaluation Infrastructure service Metallurgical engineering Mineable reserves Proven + Probable

MINE PLAN Mine plan Methods and layouts Equipment selection
Extraction strategy Mine services Operational supplies Manpower and productivity Cost estimates Production plan schedules

SELECTION OF OC MINE CUTS & SURFACE STRUCTURES
LECTURE 6

FACTORS IN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING:
Topography Existing infrastructure Future operations Ownership of the land Geology Surface ground water Communication available- roads,rail,telecommunication Power Location fir fighting station Dumping yard location

TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURES
DISPERSE TYPE: -Scattered infra-structure - Mostly not preferred due its disadvantages like # land # transportation difficulties # communication BLOCK TYPE: structure are kept as close as possible. ( see figure 5.1 of the principles of mine planning , Jayant Bhattacharya)

LOCATION OF SURFACE STRUCTURES
The starting point for design of the main mine surface area is the siting of the mining plant, preliminary selection of the region or locality being followed by the final decision on the exact location. In general, the siting of the mining plant is dictated by the position of the deposit in the mine concession area. The ultimate location of both the main and auxiliary surface areas depends on: Deposit mining and geological condition Ownership of the land Ground and surface condition Existing infrastructure

Contd.. Before the detailed development plan for the main mine surface is prepared, it is necessary to: Fix the siting and duties of the main shafts in relation to the model of underground section Electric power, configuration of the land Fix the size of the particular facilities and installation and site the individual facilities and installation in relation to the assumed main production streams

For this development plan the following principles must be observed:
Mutual siting of building, facilities and installations Streams of coal, rock, materials, personnel, etc. should follow the routes established Distances between buildings should be big enough to comply with fire fighting regulations Formation of barren rock dumps and spoil tips should be avoided Protection zones and green belts should be established. Regulations concerning protection of natural environment should be rigorously observed.

EXAMINATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND DETERMINATION OF ORE BODY,SELECTION OF SITE FOR BLOCKING,MINE DELINEATION LECTURE 7

GEOLOGY The following points should be considered:
Geology of the mineralized zone; Physical size and shape of the deposit; Quantitative data on grade and tons of material within pertinent cut-off limits; Mineralogical and metallurgical characteristics of the ore; Physical characteristics of the ore and waste; and Data on ground conditions, groundwater and other factors that affect mine design and operation.

BLOCKING OF OREBODY/DELINEATION
BLOCKING: “Delineating the ore body.” For the convenience of mining operation ,sometimes the ore body is divided into blocks. OTHER REASONS FOR BLOCKING: 1) Lease restrictions 2)Geological formations/faults 3) Grade variation 4) Operational Reasons – Very large block may not be mined as a single block. So in a single mine the block may be divided into South block , North block . Example : NLC has Mine 1,1A,2. 5) Depth 6) Safety Aspects 7)Natural/Environmental Restrictions

MINE DESIGN AND PLANNING OF LAYOUT
LECTURE 8

PRINCIPLES OF MINE DESIGN
Mine design techniques focus on three groups of problems Indicating most appropriate investment schemes and program of exploitation. Optimization of basic parameters for new mine for map profit on given investment outlay. Execution of technical design for implementation mine design involves: Analyse feasibility of new design methods and justify choice of suitable ones and their applications. Practical use of modeling techniques

PRACTICAL USE OF MODELING TECHNIQUES..
Graphical modeling – design by drawing –sketches, technical drawings, diagrams(flow sheet) automated computer data processing system. Physical design models- provide a clean objective of proposed design – illustrate shape / structure: two dimentional or three dimentional (block shapes – scaled down). Mathematical modeling – currently more frequently applied. Simulation and optimization models are particularly important. These models tend to elimination of the abstract and hence can stimulate the true situation with considerable accuracy and also the number of parameters to be optimized can be increases more accurately for natural deposit conditions and provide for more objective design decisions

DESIGNING OF OPEN PIT MINE
Determination of pit outline in planning involves finding of pit slope angles, pit bottom width, etc. Designing of open cast mine involves: 1. Height of benches with reference to its stability, strength and its capability to withstand the forces, cleavages 2. Specific gravity, cohesive strength, internal frictional angle 3. Width of the benches 4. Slope of the benches, berm, face angle and bank width, final pit slope 5. Design of the haul roads 6. Planning for production, length of face, etc.

LAYOUT SHOULD GIVE PROVISIONS FOR.....
Vehicle movement and vehicle parks. Contractor’s compounds - temporary canteens ,offices ,site huts. Stores and workshops Site services – boiler house, electrical substation, sewage disposal Pit side facilities – lamp room, report centre , pit offices , rescue room ..etc Clean side facilities – pithead baths, medical centre , canteen ,mine offices , time and wages offices.

CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE LAYOUTS:
1) Dispersed Type The dispersed type contains a large number of facilities located over a relatively large area. This is olden approach ,in those days space was not a constraint and environmental, public reactions were minimum. 2) Block Type –TYPES: BELT FORM,ZONE FORM. Requires smaller site Better space utilization Easy transport REFER : BHATTACHRYA PAGE:133.

LAYOUTS Spiral layouts: -for hilly deposits.
-Iron ore mines in hilly areas and steeply dipping deposits. - gradient > 60*

PLANNING OF LAYOUTS

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LAYOUT OF MINE
Stripping ratio Type of the machinery Local geology of the area – Gradient ,thickness ,depth Terrain – Hilly terrain / Flat terrain. Capital available- Example : NLC in Gujarat they have shovel dumper system due to the shortage of capital available.

BENCH AND HAUL ROAD DESIGN
LECTURE 10

BENCH DESIGN Bench height is depend upon i. Rock type
ii. Reach of the machine. Bench width should not be less than the bench height & also thrice the width of the dumper or twice the width of largest machine ply over the bench and 2m clearance. Bench slope should not be more than the angle of the repose of the material.

HAUL ROAD DESIGN Should transfer travelling load to base
Should seal off the water penetration Should have least friction Should produce least dust Layers of Haul Road: Wearing Surface: To resist abrasion (made up of asphalt or concrete or crushed rock). Base: To resist shrinkage and swelling and should have high stability and density to spread the load acting and distribute the stresses. Sub base (optional): It is required for weak soils. Granular material can be used for both base and sub base layers. Sub grade: Foundation layer which support all the load acting. If the rock is strong, then the ground itself can be used as sub grade layer.

Contd.. Load acting on the Dumper tyres:
33 % on front tyres & 67 % on rear tyres Gradient: 1 in 14 for haul roads & 1 in 10 for ramps Super Elevation Rate: E = (V2/(10 * R)) - F Where, E – Super elevation rate (ft/ft) or (m/m) V – Vehicle speed in (mph) or (kmph) R – Curve radius in m F – Friction factor (0.3 to 0.001)

Contd.. Haul Road Signs Lighting Runaway Precautions Curve Design
Drains and Culverts Road Edge Barriers Sumps & Pumping

SLOPE STABILITY LECTURE 11

SLOPE STABILITY Safety Factor: F = S/Sm
where S = shear strength and Sm = mobilized shear resistance. F < 1: failure can take place, F > 1: safer slope, F=1: under equilibrium. Types of Failures: Planar Failure Wedge Failure Circular Failure Toppling Failure

SLOPE STABILITY

STRESS VS SHEAR STRESS

GRAVITY LOADING - BASIC MECHANICS

WATER LOADING - BASIC MECHANICS

MAIN TYPES OF SLOPE FAILURE - TYPES OF STEREOPLOTS

PRESENTATION OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY INFORMATION

GEOMETRIC CONDITIONS FOR WEDGE FAILURE

BISHOP'S SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF SLICES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR FAILURE IN SLOPES CUT INTO MATTER

COMMON CLASSES OF TOPPLING FAILURES

FAILURE STAGES OF LARGE SCALE TOPPLING FAILURE IN A SLOPE

INTERPRETATION OF SLOPE MOVEMENT MONITORING DATA

ROCK SLOPE REINFORCEMENT METHODS

TENSION LOADING - BASIC MECHANICS

ROCK SLOPE STABILIZATION MEASURES

Contd.. Thumb rule: Slope angle should be always less than the angle of repose. Critical height is the height at which the bank would fail for the given design parameters of the pit slope. Critical Slope = 4C/P * tan (45° - (Φ/2)) Slope Stable angle for: Soft rock (ex: clay) – 25 to 35° Limestone , Shale, Sandstone, Dolomite – 40 to 50° Weathered Igneous rock and Metamorphic rock – 50 to 60° Very hard Metamorphic rock and Igneous rock – 60 to 70°

CALENDAR PLANNING LECTURE 12

CALENDAR PLANNING Calendar Plan is the Plan of various activities related to calendar schedule. a. Instantaneous excavation which indicates the following at any instant: Production of Mineral per year Removal of Waste per year Stripping ratio per year b. Cumulative excavation which indicates the following: Cumulative production of mineral upto that year Cumulative handling of waste upto that year Overall stripping ratio upto that year Stages upto which will be taken, upto that year

OBJECTIVES & NEED OF CALENDAR PLANS
Objectives of a Calendar Plan: To frame/set a definite Production Goals in space, with quantity of material to be moved, To allow better economic evaluation than the phase average period. Need of a Calendar Plan: In a calendar plan, a pictorial representation of stripping ratio with respect to time is made with a view to optimizing the extraction of mineral. In calculation of stripping work, the whole life span of the mine is taken into consideration.

CALENDAR PLANNING

Contd.. c. Instantaneous and Cumulative Machinery Utilization – indicate Instantaneous and cumulative utilization of machinery at various stages of mining. d. Quality – indicates the quality of mineral acquired at various stages of mining work. e. Development and dismantling of haul roads and ramps f. Manpower Requirements.

Contd.. The total life of the mine can broadly be divided into following four stages: 1. Construction Stage 2. Development Stage 3. Remunerative Stage 4. Slack Period. Overall planning of a mine is correlated to all phases of mining operations, which will facilitate and ensure maximum utilization of heavy earth moving machinery(HEMM) and other complementary equipment which will be a function of the total work load of waste rock handling and mineral output within a particular time frame. The yearly productivity of the deployed equipment will indicate the complementary and supplementary manpower required.

PRODUCTION SCHEDULING AND PLANNING
Lecture 13

Production planning: Optimum levels of production is to keep cost of production as low as possible Operational Viability Sufficient exposure of minerals Keep the gap as little as possible between the ore and waste Minimize the pit slope Alternative production rate Proper equipment selection

MINE SCHEDULING: ‘Mine Scheduling is a process of simulating the
extraction of deposit over time’ This process comprises of, Defining the deposit as a group of mining blocks and establishing attributes for these blocks. Establishing rates of removal for the minerals in the mining blocks and the sequence in which the blocks are to be removed. Simulating this extraction sequence.

Cont., Reporting the results of the schedule.
Because of the spatial relationships between mining blocks usually play an important role in the feasibility of an extraction sequence, the mining engineer can benefit from a graphical representation of the schedule.

ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY INDICES
LECTURE 14

TECHNO – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Performance monitoring / analysis Technical analysis includes: Production – achieving target – precession plant efficiency Productivity – OMS Machinery – machine utilization – machine availability – machine efficiency

Contd.. Manpower – skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled
Safey – accidents per million hours or for thousand tonnes of production or man lakh hours Energy –conservation, utilization Environment – green house gas emission – any bank loans – 10% of amount should be availed for environment

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Economic analysis includes all of the above + capital and operating costs Ex: Energy – cost/ tonne produced Safety – compensation and damage Production – cost / tonne ; NPV – techno economic indices Productivity – cost per labor of manpower

Contd.. Capital cost Operating cost
National Productivity Council : For measuring the performance of different organizations Capital cost Ex: for a shovel – dumper : 50 crores for million tonnes per year For a BWE: 90 – 100 crores per million tonne production per year (Neyveli in Gujarat is not using BWE because of lack of capital funds) Operating cost

LOCATION OF UG ENTRIES LECTURE 15

LOCATION OF UG ENTRIES Type of/ mode of entry - Shaft, Decline, Adit
Comparison of calculated construction costs, unit and total costs Unit cost – cost / ton Total cost - construction, maintenance, cost of haulage Objective: to meet the production requirement

SITE CONSTRAINTS Shaft Location – presence of water bodies, forest area etc. Geological Disturbances, Hydrological Disturbances, Topography etc., HFL Loss of Mineral in Shaft Pillar Infrastructure ( in remote areas) – power and materials Purpose of Shaft – production / ventilation / waste pumping Haulage/ Transport – dispatch Energy availability Sand stowing – location of same

Contd.. Algorithms to select shaft / decline: Zian’s method, Vez’s method – Analytical method (Refer Jayantha Bhattacharya)

Optimization of mine parameters
LECTURE 16

Production - In terms of Economics, Safety and Environment – graph
Optimization of mine parameters (Size of panel, length of face, location of levels, level intervals) Optimization is a mathematical operation involving the parameters that influence the objective which can be minimization or maximization. Production - In terms of Economics, Safety and Environment – graph Panel Size – For coal mines – Production * Incubation Period For metal mines – No Incubation Period but production is a problem

Contd.. Level Interval – Graph Dimensions of galleries –
Larger galleries can give lots of advantages but safety problems are also high. Regulations /rules . Face- Length of Longwall Face Let the production / day / shift for 6 hour shift be 330 tonnes Length of Longwall Face = 330/(γ*Area of panel) Where γ = Area of Panel = Panel length * thickness Panel length is dictated by the Incubation Period

LONGWALL FACE LENGTH The chosen length determines:
Rate at which advances/ repeats Tonnage recoverable from panel AFC length Number of supports required. Capital cost of face equipment

ADVANTAGES OF LONG FACE
Output/ shearer greater. Greater cutting time as less time loss at face end measurement. Reduced devi seqts fewer faces per panel Reduced mix of gate side packs. Fewer face moves, reduced interruptions to production Reduced construction work are crossings in, doors, conveyor installation. Important vent effects, lesser leakage points.

ADVANTAGES OF SHORTER FACES
Lower capital requirements/ face Higher speed of face, better strata control, consistent production Light loading on AFC promote reliability, avoids unplanned stoppages Less equipments involved in face transfers. More development work. COAL INDIA has standardized on 150m length faces.

OPTIMIZATION OF MINE PARAMETERS

DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE AND SHAFT PILLAR
Lecture 17

SHAFT PILLAR Consider, D=depth of the shaft in m,
T=Thickness of seam in m, R=Radius of shaft pillar in m. (1) DRON’S rule: Area of shaft pillar = area to be supported + D/6 on all sides (2) FOSTER’S rule: R=3√Dt (3) WADIN’S rule: For shaft upto 100m depth, size should not be less than 36.5m×36.5m. There after for every 36.5m depth, increase size by9m.

Cont., (4) MINING ENGINEERS rule:
For shallow shafts the minimum radius for shaft pillar is 18m. For deeper shaft, √Dt R= (5) DONAHUE’s formula for inclined seams: If D= Depth of shaft, X= angle of dip of coal seam, Then y = D Sinx Cosx S= Margin of safety, usually equal to 5% to10% of the depth, Then width of the pillar on rise side = S+ D/7+ 2y/3 Then width of the pillar on Dip side = S+ D/7 – v/3 Then width of the pillar along strike = S+ D/7

SHAFT PILLAR PROTECTION
Rapid Mining Stowing Harmonic Extraction Partial Extraction

SELECTION OF METHOD OF EXTRACTION
Lecture 19

FACTORS IN SELECTION Spatial characteristics of deposit
Size(dimensions, especially height or thickness) Shape (tabular, lenticular, massive, irregular) Altitude(inclination or dip) Depth (mean and extreme values, stripping ration) Geologic and hydrologic conditions Mineralogy and petrography (sulfides vs. oxides) Chemical composition (primary, by-product minerals) Deposit structure (folds, faults, discontinuities, intrusions) Planes of weakness (joints, fractures, cleavage in mineral, cleats in coal) Uniformity, alteration weathering (zones, boundaries) Groundwater and hydrology (occurrence, flow rate, water table)

Geotechnical(soil and rock mechanics ) properties
Elastic properties (strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio. Etc.) Plastic or viscoelastic behavior (flow, creep State of stress (original, modified by mining) Consolidation, companion, and competence (ability of opening to stand unsupported) Other physical properties (specific gravity, voids, porosity, permeability, moisture content) Economic considerations Reserves (tonnages and grades_ Production rate( output per unit time) Mine life ( operating period for development and exploitation) Productivity (output per unit of labor and time) Comparative mining costs of suitable methods.

Technological factors
Mine recovery Dilution( amount of waster produced with ore Flexibility of method with changing conditions Selectivity of method to distinguish ore and waster. Concentration or dispersion of workings Capital, labor and mechanization intensities Environmental concerns Ground control to maintain integrity of openings Subsidence, or caving effects on the surface. Atmospheric control (ventilation, quality control, heat and humidity control) Work force(recruitment, training, health and safety, living, community conditions)

Type of ore body Dip Strength of ore Strength of walls
Possible Method of Mining Thin bodies Flat Strong Room and pillar, Casual pillar Open slopes Weak or Strong Weak Top slicing, Longwall Thick bodies Sub-level stoping room and pillar cut and fill Sub level caving Top slicing Square set, Cut and fill Sub level stoping Narrow Veins Steep Reusing in open slopes or sculled slopes

Thick veins Steep Strong Open stopes sub-level stoping shrinkage slopes Cut and fill method Weak Cut and fill stope square –set stope top slicing sub-level caving Open casual pillar square-set slope top slicing Sub-level caving Square-set stopes top-slicing ,sub-level caving Massive Shrinkage stope Sub-level stoping Cut and fill stope Weak or strong Square-set stope Top –slicing Sub-Level caving Block caving

Man Power Management LECTURE 20

List of life Time certificates
List of statutory certificates List of statutory and life time certificates Details of employees – Due date prior 3 months License and PME information details List of employees for selected period whose license, statutory certificates are for renewal List of employees for selected period who did not attend PME List of employees who did not attend PME in their service.

Strikes All strike details For selected month For selected period Cause wise analysis of strike Legal/Illegal wise Strike Details Partial/Total wise Strike Details

Designation Total number of lockouts Month wise/Year wise Charge Sheet Standing Order number wise Charge Sheet Standing Order number wise Status Report All charge Sheet details

Enquiry Submitted /not submitted wise enquiry report Enquiry details based on Duration All enquiries Details Warning Letters/Charge Sheet Information Details

PLANNING ON WATER MANAGEMENT
Lecture 21

Planning on Water Management
1. Expected inflow assessment Open cast relates to exposed area to rain (catchment area vis- a vis mine area), Underground excess inflow due to rain on S/F, underground water generation, water from water bearing strata/aquifer. 2.Plan to prevent ingress to mine Open cast S/F drains, channels, guide run off –underground mine subsidence areas to be protected, S/F drains, consolidation where feasible – such as cracks/ fissures – prevent run off access to mine workings outlets above HFL away from water bodies.

3. Plan for sump capacity Open cast –heaviest showers in the past- required pumping capacity and sump volume without affecting operations. Underground maximum inflow in the monsoon seasons- all sources. Number / location of sumps- special sumps- in particular if water is to be stored for future use by mine in dry season – like spraying/ quenching / colony requirements. Pump capacity – dead / live – type of pumping operation – concentrated spread out all sifts/ night shift.

4.Pumping Plans Pit bottom main sump – open cast sump – single /supplicate drainages in stone may be required – storage capacity 24 hours /2 days/ as required. Cardinal Principle – collect water where it is generated, do not allow or take to lower levels- use maximum of gravity flows to reduce pumping cost. Ample size of delivery lines reduce open cost all points at crucial points to be duplicated with separate (duplicate) delivery to meet any emergency. Layout of pump room and foundations, pump fitting and switch gear- pump and pipe joints – ventilation/ lighting / communication to pump room. Choice of face / intermediate pumps – centrifugal (various types) turbine / MONO / submersible types/piston type, etc

TECHNO ECONOMIC INDICES
LECTURE - 23

BASIC TECHNO ECONOMIC INDICES
UNIT Mine Production (net) t/day Average construction time to produce first coal years Average construction time to reach target production Construction time for an extraction level Numbers of extraction levels in the mine Production from one level Production from one face Production per loading point Intensity of extraction t/km² Overall productivity t (OMS) Index of mechanization of coal getting %

VENTILATION PLANNING Lecture - 24

VENTILATION PLANNING AIR QUANTITY & VELOCITY: Deals with effects of
Methane and other gases Heat Dust

Cont’d VENTILATION PLANNING: Prepare mine working plans
Project at each life stages of mine the proposed extent of mine workings – U/G roadways, working districts, drifts, dev.headings, raise/winze, substations, pump houses, loco garage, first aid rooms, haulage rooms, miners stations etc… Link all these to period of major change – drifts, horizons, stopes, depillaring, etc… Random interval can also be selected – 5 yrs interval upto 25 years.

Cont’d VOLUME FLOW: Quantity of air required at different places estimates based on methane emission, volume of production, no of persons working U/G / man shift, wet bulb temp, dust SPM Calculate the resultant velocities on each roadway to ensure this flow & reqd velocity at working places – not too high / nor too low, adequate to control dust also. Allow for all leakages, S/P at airlock, pit bottom dons, intake to return – which increase with extended working and WG. Estimate VEQ % overall air to air at face. 50% VEQ is good ventilation standard

Cont’d MINE RESISTANCE:
Calculate roadway resistance as per formulae and then series / parallel for all circuits – nodal point resistances. Evaluate total resistance. Chart variation in mine resistance through mine life.

Cont’d VENTILATION PRESSURE:
Small pressure only observed at face – balance due to rest. all along roadways / shafts etc…

Cont’d VENTILATION NETWORK:
Identify nodes, branches, tabulate for all the stage of life plans. Allow for leakages system resistance and equivalent orifice can be calculated.

VENTILATION:

Cont’d STATUTORY REQUIREMENT: Heat and Humidity
Wet bulb temp – 30.5º C Velocity not less than 1 m/s No deployment of mess when wet bulb temp is over 33.5º C

Cont’d Dust is controlled best with velocity 1.5 to 2 m/s. Gas dilution – keep methane below 0.5% at face. Virgin rock temp to be considered. Indian Coal Fields: Geothermic gradient 1º C per 36m depth commencing at 18m depth 27.2º C constant VRT at 100m = (100 – 18) / 36 = 29.42º C

Cont’d CONTROL OF DUST AND GASES: Explosion and Fire hazard
Health risk Nuisance value – irritation of skin, eyes, ears, nose – machine relays, bearings circuitry, Visibility – dust cloud.

Cont’d Primary cause: Mechanical breakage and disintegration during mining operations, also release & dispersion of dust present – slip planes Degradation and agitation of material during transport – respirable dust, is that aims airborne ( less than 10 micron in diameter ).

MINE SUPPORT PLANNING LECTURE 24

Supports in UG in mines are designed to support the load coming from the “IMMEDIATE ROOF” only.(not the total load above it). So supports have to be designed to carry the load from pressure arc, not the total load above excavation. CAVABILITY: its the most important factor in designing the supports. CMRI: CAVABILITY INDEX=I=t0.6(∂*m)n Where , t=thickness of the strong bed ∂=compressive strength m=parameter of massiveness=(RQD+10)/100 n=factor depend on RQD=

ESTIMATION OF SUPPORT REQUIRMENT FOR LONGWALL FACE

NCB METHOD FORMULAS: 1) SUPPORT LOAD /UNIT AREA = P= (VLM)/(K-1) Where, V= average density in t/m3 L= Longwall face length in m M= average face length in m K= bulking factor 2)HEIGHT OF IMMEDIATE ROOF=IR=T/(K-1) where, T= thickness of extraction. K= Bulking factor. 3) TOTAL LOAD ACTING Load = Density *Height of immediate roof*(Length of the face + Gate roadway width on both sides)*span

EXAMPLE FOR GIVEN DATA OF : Calculation:
Density of coal = 1.2 t/m3,Bulking factor = 1.2,Length of the face = 120 m , Width of gate roadways=4+4= 8 m, Span = 8 m. Extraction height/thickness=3m. Calculation: Assuming the width of the support is = 1.5 m immediate roof height = t/(k-1)=3/(1.2-1)=15 Load = Density *Height of immediate roof*(Length of the face + Gate roadway width on both sides)*span =1.2*15*(120+8)*8 = t NUMBER OF SUPPORTS REQUIRED =Total face length/width of support =128/1.5= 85 LOAD ON EACH SUPPORT = Load acting/No.of supports =18432/85 = 217 t

To have a factor of safety above one ,
the load bearing capacity of each support is taken as 250 t. THUMB RULE: Loading acting at a particular depth(d) = 0.025*d. If strata is inclined =0.025*d*cos(angle)

MINE RECLAMATION PLANNING
LECTURE 26

Mine Reclamation “Land reclamation is the treatment of the land ,creating conditions for putting the land to its pre-mining use or other useful working.” A reclamation area both aesthetically attractive as well as useful is more desirable. The reclamation process serves a binding agreement between the management and the government agencies. However there may be some changes in the over all life of the project –usually techniques and methodology.

Reclamation plan purpose
Provide detailed guideline for reclamation process and fulfill all the statutory requirements. Plans for the use during entire operational period and subsequent to the cessation of exploration, mining and possessive activities. Reclamation planning should provide direction and standards to assist on monitoring and compliance evaluations.

Reclamation plan content
A logical sequence of steps for the completing the reclamation purpose The specifics of how the reclamation standards will be achieved. As the estimation of the specific costs of reclamation Sufficient information for development of the basis of the inspection.

Reclamation standards
Waste management All undesirable materials(all toxic sub soil contaminated soil , fluids process residue, refuse)shall be isolated \recovered\buried or appropriate disposal A)Area protected from future contamination from mining activities. B)No contamination materials remaining near S\F C)Remove \isolate ]bury inappropriate manner all the toxic substance D)Adopt acceptable waste disposal practices

Reclamation standards
Subsurface To be properly sterilized, holes in U\G working property plugged and sub surface integrity ensured Site stability Reclaimed area should be stable and should not exhibit— large rills or gullies, soil movement, slope instability.

Reclamation planning steps…..
Make an inventory of the pre-mining conditions. Evaluate and decide the post-mining requirements of the region with due considerations of needs and desires of the affected group. Analyze alternative mining and reclamation schemes best of the objective. Develop an acceptable mining, reclamation and land use scheme that is most suitable under technical, social and economic conditions.

Information requirements
Natural land use factor Topography Climate Altitude Exposure Hydrology Surface hydrology Ground water hydrology Geology Soils Agricultural character Engineering character Terrestrial ecology Aquatis ecology

Information requirments
Cultural factors Location Accessibility Size and shape of the site Surrounding land use Land ownership Type, intensity and value of use Population characteristics

Process of Reclamation
TECHNICAL RECLAMATION This includes back filling of the excavations, spreading of the subsoil and top soil, grading of the backfilling and waste dump . BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION Restore the fertility and biological productivity of the disturbed lands This phase takes 3 to 5 years During this favorable spices are grown which depend on the climate depth and nature of the topsoil and subsoil, local type of farming etc.

BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION

TECHNICAL RECLAMATION

PLANNING OF SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
LECTURE 27

Planning and selection of equipment
The process involved are Selection of the apt technology Selection of the primary equipment Selection of the individual equipment Sizing of the equipment Selection of the supplier.

Factors influencing selection of equipment
Type of the deposit Size of the equipment Location of the deposit Production parameters Project life Capital availability Performance factors Geo technical considerations Ergonomics and saftey

Accessible for surface mining
stratified Non stratified horizontal inclined Vertical vein Massive stock\pipe Thick ob Thin ob Gentle inclination < angle of repose Gentle inclination > angle of repose Steep inclination narrow wide irregular Thin seam Thick seam Backfilling around pit Backfilling direct carting Outside dump Outside dump Outside dump Near fixed obratio near fixed depth lateral advance cutoff due to surface variation Increasing ob ratio increasing depth lateral &vertical advance to dip cutoff Increasing ob ratio increasing depth vertical advance lateral advance required for a saftey cutoff

CAPACITY PLANNING AND UTILIZATION
LECTURE 28

Reselect or alternative
PROBLEM STATEMENT Economics Condition Guidelines Encumbared space Activities Operational Geometric design Limits and failures Performence analysis Completion checks Reselect or alternative Equipment Equipment type Equipment size Public policy Selection Evaluation Selection Evaluation Suitable tests

EQUIPMENT FOR DRILLING AND BLASTING
LECTURE 29

Factors in drill performance
Operating variables (drill, rod, bit and fluid) (a) Drill power, blow energy and frequency, rotary, speed, thrust and rod design; (b) Fluid properties and flow rate. Drillhole factors (hole size, length, and inclination) Hole diameters, in surface 6 – 18 in. ( mm) in underground in. ( mm)

Contd… Rock factors Service factors Properties of the rock,
Geological conditions State of stress acting on the drill hole. Service factors Labour and supervision, Power supply Jobsite, Weather

Drill performance parameters
There are four parameters are measured or estimated most frequently: Process energy and power consumption Penetration rate Bit wear (life) Cost(ownership + operating = overall)

DRILL SELECTION Determine and specify the conditions under the conditions under which the machine will be used, such as the job - related factors (lobor, site, weather, etc...), with safety the ultimate consideration. State the objectives for the rock breakage tonnage, fragmentation, throw, vibrations Based on blasting requirements, design the drill hole pattern for surface mining or drill round if underground (hole size and depth, inclination, burden, spacing, etc...)

Contd… Determine the drillability factors, and, for the kind of rock anticipated identify the drilling method candidates that appear feasible Specify the operating variables for each system under consideration including drill, rod, bit, and circulation fluid factors. Estimate the performance parameters, including machine availability and costs, and compare. Cost /meter. Consider the power source and select specifications.

Selection also includes….
Machines capability (pulldown, rotary torque, etc.) must exceed formation penetration requirements. Maximum hole size capability increases with machine size. Larger machines are more rugged and can generally drill in harder formations. A machine that can handle drill pipe long enough to permit single pass drilling can significantly improve productivity. The production rate is dependent both on the actual penentration rate and on the time required for pipe changes and machine repositioning. Electric drives have the lowest operating cost, the longest service life and the best track record for reliability. Electric drives require an in-pit power distribution system.

Three levels of pit and area mobility are available; low speed crawlers (electric machines), medium speed crawlers (diesel machines) and roadable high speed carriers (wheel mounted units) Dust control requirements are dictated by regulations. Optional equipment such as powered cable reels, automatic lubrication, automated controls. Etc., can increase the efficiency of the drilling operations. Long term productivity is dependent on the ruggedness, reliability and maintainability of the design.

Drill selection Type of drill Type of bit Size of bit Power source
Drillability (rate of penetration) Blasting factor Drilling factor

EQUIPMENT FOR EXCAVATION
Lecture 30

CONTINUOUS MINERS – AN UNIVERSAL CHOICE.
Irrespective of the site, Continuous miners are the first choice. -For OC mine: compressive strength of rock - up to 80 MPa it can be used. -For UG mine: Protodyaknov index >2.

SELECTION Idealized output Operating factors - working time
- operating conditions - rock fragmentation Cost of the equipment- both installation and maintenance cost. Availability of spares - local or foreign manufacture.

SELECTION OF EXCAVATOR
1.Idealized output Measure Soil (Tonnes/m3) Rock (Tonnes/m3) Bank (solid) 1.8 2.4 Loose (broken) 1.5

2.OPERATING FACTORS 2A.WORKING TIME AVAILABILITY ACTUAL TIME
Favourable min/hr , 7 hr/shift Average Unfavourable 2B.OPERATING CONDITIONS CONDITIONS CORRECTIONS Favourable % Average % Unfavourable %

Contd… 2C.ROCK FRAGMENTATION FRAGMENTATION TABLE OUTPUT
Well blasted (easy) Larger figure Average (average) Average value Poorly blasted (hard) Smaller figure

ESTIMATING PARAMETERS FOR SURFACE EXCAVATORS
Type of excavator Capacity m3 Estimate wt. Kg/m3 Est. Power kW/m3 Est. Life hr Est. Price $/m3 Rubber tired scraper 19 – 40 1,700 14 12,000 9,500 Front end loader 7,100 51 36,000 Hydraulic excavator 3 - 23 17,800 70 30,000 85,000 Electric power shovel 4.6 – 57 32,000 40 75,000 144,000 Walking dragline 6.9 – 138 68,000 99 100,000 275,000 Bucket wheel excavator -

EQUIPMENT FOR HAULAGE AND TRANSPORT
Lecture 31

In OC mines around 55-60% of the mining cost goes to Transportation.
In UG mines around 30% of the mining cost goes to Transportation. If distance is less than 500m then trucks are preferable than conveyors. Conveyors are advantageous in longer distance. In NLC , Conveyor length = 14.5km(Second largest conveyor in Asia).

EQUIPMENT SELECTION Selection of primary equipment
Selection of individual equipment Sizing Selection of supplier

FACTORS AFFECTING FOR THIS SELECTION
Type of deposit Size of deposit Length Width Depth Location of deposit Production parameter Project life Capital available Performance factors

PRIMARY FACTORS ARE... DISTANCE
GRADIENT/TERRAIN NATURE(FLAT/UNDULATION/SLOPE) TONNAGE CAPITAL AVAILABLE MATERIAL SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS.

NOTE: Average Standard working hour in a year by the HEMM in the surface mining operation. With one shift operation/ day hrs With two shift operation/ day hrs With three shift operation/ day hrs Life of the HEMM depends upon the system of good maintenance, proper handling and working in the normal environmental condition.

Contd…

PRODUCTIVITY AND AVAILABILITY NORMS FOR HEAVY EARTH MOVING MACHINERY (HEMM)
1.Type of material to be excavated S.no Rock type compressive Strength (kg/cm2) category of rock Boundary values of Compaction factor* 1 Alluvium and Soil up to 55 I 0.80 2 Soft shales fireclay, etc.. 55 – 125 II 0.77 3 Shales and soft sandstone 125 – 250 III 0.74 4 Weathered and hard sandstone 250 – 1025 IV 0.71 5 Granite and metamorphic rocks More than 1025 V 0.68

2. Dragline bucket cycle time, 90 degree swing angle
2. Dragline bucket cycle time, 90 degree swing angle. Cat – I material 0.91 minutes Cat – II material 1.04 minutes Cat – III material 1.17 minutes Cat – IV material 1.29 minutes 3. Dragline bucket cycle time, 100 degree swing angle. Cat – I material 1.27 minutes Cat – II material 1.41 minutes Cat – III material 1.54 minutes Cat – IV material 1.67 minutes

Contd… 4. Dragline bucket fill factor for 32m3 and 4m3 buckets.
Category of material fill factor (for 32m3 bucket) (for 4m3 bucket) Cat – I Cat – II Cat – III Cat - IV Fill factor for sizes in between will be proportionate to above. Use of dragline in cat – 5 material is not recommended.

5.(a) electric rope shovel bucket cycle time:
Contd… 5.(a) electric rope shovel bucket cycle time: Category of material (time in minutes) (1800 swing angle) (900 swing angle) Cat – I Cat – II Cat – III Cat - IV Cat – V

Contd… Category of material (time in minutes)
(b) Hydraulic Shovel Bucket cycle time: Category of material (time in minutes) (1800 swing angle) (900 swing angle) Cat – I Cat – II Cat – III Cat - IV Cat – V

Contd… 6. Time for spotting the dumper for shovel loading, 0.5 minutes for 35 t dumper and 0.6 minute for 120 t dumper. For all bottom – discharge dumpers it is taken as 0.6 minutes. 7. Time at dumper yard for dumper waiting, spotting and unloading minutes for 35t dumpers and 3.4 minutes for 120 t dumper. 8. Average dumper speed depends on type of dumper (electric wheel drive or mechanical drive ) and the distance of haul. For 2 km lead, it is 22 and 20 km/hr respectively, for 4 km lead, the figures are 27 and 25 km/hr respectively

Contd… 9. Availability of dumpers Type 2 shift operation 3 shift operation Mechanical 87% 67% Electrical 89% 72% In practice, it is found that practical availability figures for indigenous dumpers is much below the above norms.

10.Annual output norms for commonly used draglines and shovels on 3 shifts a day and 300 days a year basis. Draglines size Swing angle Assuming 50% OB : CAT – III 5O% OB : CAT – IV Annual output in million cubic metre 10/70 900 1200 1.30 1.18 20/90 2.72 2.46 24/96 3.31 3.00

Contd… Shovel size (Rope shovel) Dumper size Assuming
50% OB : CAT – III 5O% OB : CAT – IV Annual output in million cubic metre 4.6 cu m 35 t RD 0.79 (RD) 5.0 cu m 0.86 10.0 cu m 85 t RD 1.80 120 t RD 1.89

commensurate with safe protection
commensurate with safe protection. PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF MINING EQUIPMENTS Lecture 31

Monitoring parameters...
Availability Availability = Available hours + downtime Where available hours = Rostered hours – (downtime+ lost time) if per day 2 hours is downtime.available hours is 22 hours , then availability is 22/24 = .91*100=91%. Utilized hours Utilization of availability = Available hours Where utilized hours = available hours – equipment idle hours. In the above stated 22 hours of available time,if 20 hours are utilised the, utilisation of availability is 20/22=.90*100=90%.

Utilized hours Utilization = Rostered hours – lost time MTBF = Failure frequency Where MTBF is Mean Time Between Failures that describes reliability of the equipment. Example: if in a month 630 hours the equipment is utilized and 2 times it met a breakdown then MTBT is 630/2=315 hours. Repair hours MTTR = Where MTTR is Mean Time To Repair that describes the maintainability of equipment and maintenance efficiency of the organization. Example: if the equipment fails 3 times and 5 hours ,2 hours,8 hours takes to repair it respectively , then MTTR=(5+2+8)/3=5 hours. So at average it takes 5 hours to repair if it fails.

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR EQUIPMENT PLANNING AND UTILIZATION
LECTURE 32

EXPERT SYSTEM: DEFINITION:
“A program which uses AI techniques to do the same type of task an expert does.” “A computer program that behaves like a human expert in some useful ways.”

IMPORTANCE To preserve the knowledge that might be lost if a company expert retires, resigns or dies. To clone a specialist’s expertise.

Components of an Expert System
Knowledge Base The part of expert system that stores the knowledge of an expert. Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the expert system Inference Engine The part that applies the knowledge to the problem . Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions in the way a human expert would. User interface Rule A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes

Knowledge base acquisition facility
COMPONENTS: Explanation facility Inference engine Knowledge base Knowledge base acquisition facility User interface Experts User

Participants in Expert Systems Development and Use
Domain expert The individual or group whose expertise and knowledge is captured for use in an expert system Knowledge user The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system Knowledge engineer Someone trained or experienced in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system

Expert system Knowledge engineer Domain expert Knowledge user

ES in planning.... Selection of method of mining
- whether to go for opencast mining or underground - what method is best suited to the particular condition among the available methods. Selection of equipment - in opencast : Shovel – Dumper system / Dragline / Bucket Wheel Excavator(BWE). - In underground: Shuttle cars with Conveyors/Rope Haulage/LHD with Conveyor

RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN MINING EQUIPMENTS
LECTURE 33

INNOVATIVE MINING EQUIPMENT
LECTURE 34

INNOVATIONS... Rock breakers Highwall mining Deep opencast mining
Ocean mining Manless mining ROLF= remotely operated longwall face Robotics in mining – caterpillar is developing robots for mining operations ( AUTODIG).

FEASIBILITY REPORT and DETAILED PROJECT REPORT(DPR)

FEASIBILITY REPORT “Feasibility Report is studying a situation and a plan to do something about it, and then determines whether the plan is "feasible" and whether it is practical.” Feasibility Report answers the question of whether a plan should be implemented by stating "yes", "no", and sometimes "maybe". Not only recommendation, Feasibility Report should also provide the data and the reasoning behind that recommendation.

FEASIBILITY REPORT CONSISTS OF ….
Information on deposit Information on general project economics Mining method selection Processing method Capital and operating cost estimates

Information on deposit:
Geology Geometry Geography Exploration

Information on general project Economics:
Markets Transportation Utilities Land and mineral rights Water Labor Governmental consideration Financing

Mining method selection:
Physical control Selectivity Preproduction requirement Production requirement

Processing method: Mineralogy Alternative process Recoveries
Plant layout

Capital and operating costs:
Capital cost: Exploration Mining Mill Operating cost: Labor Development Maintenance Administration Overhead charges Irrecoverable social cost

BANK FEASIBILITY REPORT:
The FR prepared for getting finance for the project has to be submitted to the bankers/financers ,that is called BANK FR.

DPR Detailed project report gives all the break ups of the feasibility report parameters…like cost of mining will be given in FR ,but in DPR in the cost of mining category all the break ups like cost for equipment,maintenance,wages…etc everything will be there. At the end of the DPR , no reader should have doubts about the project, everything should be explained.

SOURCES OF FUNDS LECTURE 38

Major source of funding is Government- state and central.
Planning commission of Government of India allocates the funds for mining projects. About 2/3 or 60% of mine funding is by government. Sources: 1)by government(CIL,NLC,NMDC,TAMIN,TANMAG..) 2)by private (ADANI,RELIENCE,GRANITE COMPANIES...) 3)by government and private ( VEDANTA..) 4)FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)-up to 51%.

5) International funding ( world bank
5) International funding ( world bank..) 6)Soft loans - interest is very low(<1%) - period of repayment of the money is higher. 7)Venture capital funding by a sole entrepreneur. 8)Contract funding mine the mineral and give the mineral to that country and return the money. example:NMDC- kudremukh is funded by IRAN. 9)SAP(Special assistance program)

IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE 39

developing countries: resource rich but capital and technology poor
globalization of industry. Methods of import technology: Non commercial 1. Technical literature 2. Exchange of information 3. Education and training Commercial 1)Employment of experts & consultancy arrangement 2)Import of machinery & equipment 3) foreign Direct investment (FDI) in the royalty, dividend

ASPECTS OF IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGY:
Process technology Manufacturing technology ( path are easy to transplant and operate) Sophisticated technology complete import of scientific base essential for absorption Practice technology (mining) – difficult – technology developed and then adopted to scientific studies / requirement. Practice oriented – calls for a very dedicated and trained workforce. Existing base is not wide enough for transportation – difficult to replace existing practice (time and conditioning of the mind) .

CRUPP CONSULTANCY,GERMANY----- NLC.
SIEMENS,GERMANY--- INPIT CRUSHING AND CONVEYING,OCP-2,SCCL. BRITISH MINING COUNCIL(BMC)-MODERN LONGWALL TECHNOLOGY,SCCL. CVN:COAL VIDHASH NIGAM MECON: METAL & ENERGY CONSULTANTS.

SELECTION OF CONTRACTS AND CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
LECTURE 40

Contract : “a contract is an agreement between two parties with certain objectives.” Contract may be between, 1) Management and Employees – ( Example: NCWA- National Coal Wage Agreement) 2) Management and Government 3) Management and Financers- Asian Development Bank 4) Management and Equipment Suppliers- in terms of guarantee and warranty. 5) Management and service provider - railways and telecommunication providers.

OBJECTIVES OF GOOD CONTRACT:
Clear in ToR (Terms of Reference). Clear objectives and responsibilities Promote harmonious relationship. Clearly spell out the obligations of each party. Build good working relationship. Mutual benefits Should tell the validity of agreement.

Factors in Selecting Contract Types
- Capability of seller’s accounting system - Uncertainty in the cost estimate - Type and complexity of requirements - Urgency - Marketplace and competition - Seller’s technical capability Administrative costs to both parties

Selection and Managing:
Selection is through..... NAMINATION TENDOR – global / local. consider both technical and economic elements to select. Managing contracts...... The other party should provide facilities like communication ,housing, roads , water...to contract people. Penalty : if the agreed operations are not satisfied by other party then penalty should be there.

TIME MANAGEMENT AND COST CONTROL
LECTURE 41

EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT
Time is valuable resource, democratically shared – all have 24 hrs, you cannot buy time; you cannot board time – it flows. All you can do is make the best use of the time available. PLAN TO USE TIME Think and organize things in their order of importance. Earmark a unit of time for day dreaming – plans that are up in the air. This may be at any time of the day that suits you and you are undisturbed.

CONT’D Set apart blocks of time for work; not little bits and pieces of time interspersed with other activities. Never handle a paper more than once – do not put it away for later reading. Effective decisions are taken right away. The percentage of errors / mistakes is no greater than if delay is made in decision making. Act at once unless more information is called for and the available is inadequate.

CONT’D For saving time in paperwork / communication restrict it to the minimum. Prefer verbal communication which is direct & immediate. Written orders / notes should be clear, unambiguous, short, straight forward. Purpose & objective should be clear in your mind before you write. Tone and tenor should be positive and persuasive – avoid a torrid tirade or temper.

CONT’D Meetings are phenomenal waste of most time if not conducted properly. They should be well planned, purpose oriented, agenda driven and to the point. They should be useful and essential; start on time and not drag on. The meeting should be kept in control by the executive who convenes it and he should avoid becoming a protagonist in the debate.

CONT’D An essential task an executive has to perform is decision making. Quick decisions yield two benefits: You gain time You will have spare time available to correct an occasional incorrect decision. If you do not control time , it will begin to control you.

CONT’D The best decision is of no use unless it works. Involve all concerned right from the beginning; acquaint all with the rationale & benefits flowing. Insist on subordinates giving recommendations / solutions to problems – not passing all the buck to all the time. They receive paining in the art of decision making.

CONT’D Goals give a dimension to time and provide a framework for the choices we must make and also help time management / accountability. Focus on task and priorities. It does not mean working longer or harder – it means working more systematically. In the ultimate analysis it is what we get and gain as results that is the bottom line in the balance sheet.

Cost control:

COST CENTRES AND COST STRUCTURE
Costs – their identification, measurement and control – most worked business area . An enormous amount of work goes into cost control, an enormous amount of time goes to cost analysis – there is no lack of tools & technique. Focus on results is the best and most effective cost control. Cost does not exist by itself, it is always incurred.

Cont’d Several prerequisite in effective cost control:
Concentration must centre on controlling costs where they are incurred. Different costs must be treated differently One truly effective way to cut costs is to cut out an activity altogether. “costs” is a term of economics. The cost system that need to be analyzed is therefore the entire economic activity which produces economic value.

Cont’d To be able to control costs a business therefore needs cost analysis which: Identifies cost centers – areas where significant costs incurred needs effective cost reduction Finds what the important cost points are in each major cost centre. Looks at the entire business as one cost – stream. Define “cost” as what the customer pays rather than a what the legal or two unit of accounting incurs. Classifies costs according to their basic characteristics and thus produces a cost diagnosis

CONT’D Cost centers in the business and its economic process are where it is really worth while to work on the control of costs. Cost points are simply the few activities within a cost centre that are responsible for the bulk of its costs. Assumption is that a few activities will account for the bulk of the costs. Cost categories: Major cost points fall into four main categories: Productive costs Support costs policing costs waste

Cont’d What to tackle, where to go to work, what to aim at – should become part of all overall understanding of the business and the comprehension program for making it fully effective.

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
LECTURE 42

MMS “Material management system involves identification , procurement , storage(inventory control) and distribution of materials.” Key points: - timely availability of materials/equipments - spares control/inventory control - capital locked in spares

STAGES OF MMS Design stage Determination of requirements Procurement
Receiving, storage and distribution Inventory control Disposal

Stages explained.... Design stage:
Variety reduction, interchangeability, value engineering, splitting standardization. Identify the ‘A’ item spares for reducing the numbers of same type of item required. A,B,C analysis A:B:C 10/15 : 20/25 : 70/30 can be done by members, value, cost of consumption, etc… Determination of requirements: Engineering assessments, data bank, insurance spares, all time buy. Procurement: Catalogues & illustrated spare parts list, quality, warranty, price increase, indigenization, manufacturing plans, make or buy, contract protection for future supply

Receiving , storage and distribution:
Inspection, testing, identification, handling preservation Inventory control: Safety stocks, spare bunk, forecasts, all time buy, distribution, dynamics, consumption, control of items. Disposal: Modification, substitution, reclamation.

ABC ANALYSIS

Also known as……… Selective inventory control
Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) Not all products are created equal. A relatively small percentage of products and materials get used the bulk of the time. By switching our management philosophy to recognize this distribution, we operate more efficiently. An example of this is applied to inventory control, as discussed in the following article.

ABC ANALYSIS an inventory categorization technique. Classifies items based on the Annual Usage Value (AUV). AUV = Annual demand X Price., For Example .if 5 spares are needs per year and the Price of each is Rs.20,000 then AUV=5x20,000= When carrying out an ABC analysis, inventory items are valued (item cost multiplied by quantity issued/consumed in period) with the results then ranked. The results are then grouped typically into three bands. These bands are called ABC codes. The relationship between the percentage of items and the percentage of AUV follows a pattern A – about 20 % of items account for about 80 % of the AUV B - about 30 % of items account for about 15 % of the AUV C - about 50 % of items account for about 5 % of the AUV.

It's basic assumption is that not all stock is equally valuable, therefore doesn't need the same kind of attention. So you categorise all your stock according to its cost and quantity - and create a graph with cost shown on Y axis and quantity shown on X. From left to right, you place your stock from highest value to lowest. Typically, you see that a small portion of stock is the most valuable, and therefore needs maximum attention and resources - that's called 'A'. The next most valuable section of stock is B, the next is C

Items are classified into A, B or C category depending upon their annual usage value

DIFFERENT CONTROLS USED WITH DIFFERENT CLASSES
A Items: High priority – Tight control including complete accurate records, regular and frequent review by management, frequent review of demand forecast and close follow-up and expediting to reduce lead time B Items: Medium priority – Normal Control C Items: Lowest priority – Simplest possible control. Perhaps use a two-bin system or periodic review system. Order larger quantities and carry sufficient safety stock

A grade items B grade items C grade items High consumption value Moderate consumption value Low consumption value High priority Moderate priority Low priority Very strict control Moderate control Loose control No/very low safety stocks Low safety stocks High safety stocks Maximum follow up and expediting Periodic follow up Follow up in exceptional cases Frequent ordering and weekly deliveries Once in 3 months Bulk ordering once in 6 months Accurate forecasts in material planning Estimates based on past data Rough estimates on planning Must be handled by senior officers Can be handled by middle management Can be fully delegated

STEPS IN MAKING AN ABC ANALYSIS
1. Determine the annual usage for each item 2. Calculate the AUV of each item 3. List the items according to their AUV (descending order) 4. Calculate the cumulative AUV and the cumulative percentage of items 5. Examine the annual usage distribution and group the items into A, B, C based on percentage of AUV.

DISADVANTAGES: Class C items are not necessarily “unimportant”
Classification should also consider: Complexity of parts Criticality of parts Market conditions

MIS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE,SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
LECTURE 43.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)
“An MIS provides managers with information and support for effective decision making, and provides feedback on daily operations”

MIS Systems concept: Assemblage of components which work together to achieve goals. System is a set of interrelated elements, at least two, relation between each and at least one other in the set. MIS is an information system which supports the decision making functions of the managementt in an organization (an assemblage of several systems: manufacture, personnel, marketing, business, etc..IS and MIS are part of the data gathering system). Function of IS: Record, store, retrieve, process data and information. The primary goal is to improve performance of the system. Components of IS: people and data with associated hardware and software.

Outputs of a Management Information System
Scheduled reports Produced periodically, or on a schedule (daily, weekly, monthly) Key-indicator report Summarizes the previous day’s critical activities Typically available at the beginning of each day Demand report Gives certain information at a manager’s request Exception report Automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action

QUALITY ASSURANCE: activities include a planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation/development process. Reviews, preferably by independent third parties, should be performed upon a finalised inventory following the implementation of QC(quality control) procedures.

“a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met.” emphasizes the prevention of defects and the addition of quality. quality is determined by the intended users, clients or customers, not by society in general.

ASSURANCE OF QUALITY IN MINING
Avoiding the dilution ore in the site . Blending : Mixing of different grades of ore to achieve required grade. While transporting through conveyor employ people to identify the waste visually and to remove using pickers. At the transfer points : Belt to belt , belt to hopper ,hopper to dumper. At the dispatch point-at bunkers Do sampling to ensure the grade- Auto samplers/Laboratory With electromagnets system the iron rods or pieces coming with ore is removed while conveying . (in belt conveyors.) Adopt Selective Mining.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

ECONOMIC RESPONSIBILITIES
The first criterion of social responsibility is economic responsibility. The business institution is, above all, the basic economic unit of society. Its responsibility is to produce goods and services that a society wants and to maximise profit for its owners and shareholders. The purely profit-maximizing view is no longer considered an adequate criterion of performance in the world in general. Treating economic gain in the social as the only social responsibility can lead companies into trouble.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
All modern societies lay down ground rules, laws and regulations that businesses are expected to follow. Legal responsibility defines what society deems as important with respect to appropriate corporate behaviour. Businesses are expected to fulfil their economic goals within the legal framework. Legal requirements are imposed by local councils, state and central governments and their regulating agencies Organizations that knowingly break the law are poor performers in this category. Intentionally manufacturing defective goods or billing a client for work not done is illegal.

ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Ethical responsibility include behaviour that is not necessarily codified into law and may not serve the organization’s direct economic interests. To be ethical, organization’s decision makers should act with equity, fairness and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals, and provide different treatments of individual only when differences between them are relevant to the organization’s goals and tasks.

DISCRETIONARY RESPONSIBILITIES
Discretionary responsibility is purely voluntary and guided by an organization’s desire to make social contributions not mandated by economics, laws or ethics. Discretionary activities include generous philanthropic contributions that offer no payback to the organization and are not expected. Discretionary responsibility is the highest criterion of social responsibility, because it goes beyond societal expectations to contribute to the community’s welfare.

MINE CLOSURE PLAN

LEGISLATION APPLICABLE TO MINES IN INDIA
MINES ACT 1952 MINES & MINERAL DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION 1957

MINES ACT 1952 (Act no 35 of 1952) An Act to amend & consolidate the law relating to the regulation of labor and safety in mines. Main rules made there under are:- Metalliferous mines Regulation Coal Mines Regulation Oil Mines Regulation Mines Rules Mines V.T. Rules etc.

MINES & MINERAL DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION 1957 (Act no 67 of 1957)
An act to provide for Development & regulation of mines & minerals under the Control of the Union Main rules made there under are:- Mineral Concession Rules 1960 Mineral Conservation & Development Rules 1988

Mineral Conservation & Development Rules 1988
In Exercise of power conferred under section 18 of the MINES & MINERAL DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION 1957, Central Government Made the rules for Conservation & Development of minerals

Applicability of Mineral Conservation & Development Rules 1988
It shall be applicable all mineral except :- Petroleum & Natural Gas Coal lignite & sand for stowing Any Mineral declared as prescribed substance for the purpose of the Atomic Energy Act 1962 Minor minerals

Scientific mining involves three basic issues:
In plain areas excavation from one end of the deposit progressing to the other end and in hill areas working from top downwards. Disturbing only minimum surface areas for envisaged production. Simultaneous reclamation of already mined out areas or effecting stability by restoration of the mined out area while carrying out active productive phases in advance areas.

Effect of Mining Activities
To cause changes in Physical Chemical Biological Socio-economic changes in the characteristics of the area

Recent Amendments GSR 329 (E) – Mineral Concession
dated (Amendments) Rules GSR 329 (E) - Mineral Conservation & dated Development (Amendment) Rules, 2003 In the above amendments the concept of Mine Closure Plan has been introduced.

Preparations of Mine Closure Plans
The Mine Closure Plan is required to be prepared as per the guidelines issued by the IBM Detailed guideline has been circulated by IBM vide circular No.14/2003 dated

Types of Mine Closure Plan
As per Rule 23A of Mineral Conservation and Development Rules 1988 every mine is required to prepare two types of mine closure plans i.e. ‘Progressive Mine Closure Plan’(PMCP) and ii) ‘Final Mine Closure Plan’ (FMCP)

“Abandonment of Mine” Means final closure of a mine either whole or part thereof when the mineral deposits within mine or part thereof, have been fully extracted or when the mining operations have become uneconomic.

“Mine Closure” means steps taken for reclamation, rehabilitation, measures taken in respect of a mine or part thereof commencing from cessation of mining or processing operations in a mine or part thereof.

“Progressive Mine Closure Plan”
means A progressive plan, for the purpose of providing protective, reclamation and rehabilitation . Measures in a mine or part thereof that has been prepared in the matter specified in the standard format and Guidelines issued by the Indian Bureau of Mines.

“Final Mine Closure Plan”
means A plan for the purpose of decommissioning, reclamation and rehabilitation in the mine or part thereof . After cessation of mining and mineral processing operations That has been prepared in the manner specified in the standard format and guidelines issued by the Indian Bureau of Mines.

Submission of Mine Closure Plans
In case of fresh grant or renewal of mining lease, It is required to submit the progressive mine closure plan as a component of mining plan . The PMCP is an integral part of the mining plan in case of fresh and renewal of mining lease cases, Final Mine Closure Plan is a separate document.

In case of existing mining lease, the owner, agent, manager or mining engineer is required to submit the progressive mine closure plan to the Regional Controller of Mines or officer authorized by the State Government in this behalf within a period of 180 days from the commencement of the Mineral Conservation & Development (Amendments) Rules, 2003 i.e. on before

The progressive mine closure plan is required to be reviewed every five years giving proposals of progressive closure of mines for the next five years.

In case of Final Mine Closure Plan
In case of Final Mine Closure Plan. It is required to submit the same one year prior to the proposed closure of mine to the Regional Controller of Mines or officer authorized by the State Government in this behalf.

PREPARATIONS OF MINE CLOSURE PLANS
The mine closure plans is required to be submitted as per guidelines issued by the Indian Bureau of Mines. These guidelines is circulated vide Circular No. 14 / 2003.

1. Introduction 1.1 Brief introduction of the mine 1.2 Reasons for closure 1.3 Statutory obligations 1.4 Closure Plan Preparations

2. Mine description 2.1 Geology 2.2 Reserves 2.3 Mining Methods 2.4 Mineral Beneficiation

3. Review of Implementation of Mining Plan / Scheme of Mining including five years Progressive Closure Plan upto the final closure of mine.

4. Closure Plan 4.1 Mined out Land 4.2 Water Quality Management 4.3 Air Quality Management 4.4 Waste Management 4.5 Topsoil Management

4. 6 Tailing Dam Management 4. 7 Infrastructure 4
4.6 Tailing Dam Management 4.7 Infrastructure 4.8 Disposal of Mining machinery 4.9 Safety & Security 4.10 Risk Analysis & Disaster Management 4.11 Care & Maintenance during temporary discontinuance

Economic Repercussions of Closure of. mine and manpower. Retrenchments
Economic Repercussions of Closure of mine and manpower Retrenchments. 6. Time schedule for abandonment 7. Abandonment cost 8. Financial assurance 9. Certificates 10. Relevant Plans & Sections

Introduction Brief introduction of the mine
In this chapter the following points are to require to be covered. Brief introduction of the mine This may include the name of the applicant of mine closure plan, his complete postal address including fax, telephone, address etc.; the location of the mine for which the closure plan is prepared indicating the complete postal address.

The details of lease area/s held under the mine indicating the ownership of the lease, how much forest area is involved, if any; how much area acquired for the lease area, validity of lease period etc is required to be described. The present land use pattern of the mine area should also be discussed.

A brief of method of mining & mineral processing operations being followed is required to be given. In short this sub-chapter should give first hand information about the mine.

Reasons for closure In this sub-chapter the reasons for closure of mining operations are to be described. It should be made clear why the mine is being closed. Reasons such as exhaustion of mineral lack of demand, uneconomic operations, natural calamity, directives from statutory organization or court etc. or any other reasons should be specified.

Statutory obligations
The legal obligations, if any for which the lessee is bound to implement like special conditions imposed. While execution of lease deed. While approval of mining plan. Directives issued by the IBM. Conditions imposed by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.

Statutory obligations-continued…
State or Central Pollution Control Board. Conditions imposed by the Directorate of Mines Safety or by any other organizations. Describing the nature of conditions and compliance position thereof should be indicated here. Wherever necessary the copies of relevant documents may be attached as Annexure.

Closure Plan Preparation
Here the name and address of the applicant and recognized qualified person who prepared the Mine Closure Plan and the name of the executing agency should be furnished. A copy of the resolution of the board of Directors or any other administrative authority authorizing the applicant to submit the plan must be included.

Mine Description This chapter is comprises of following four sub-chapters.
Geological Description In this sub-chapter briefly describe the topography and general geology indicating rocks types available, the chemical constituents of the rocks /minerals including toxic elements if any, in the mine site.

Reserves and Resources available
Indicate here the mineral reserves/ resources available category wise in the lease area estimated in the last Mining Plan/Scheme of Mining approved along with the balance of mineral reserves at the proposed mine closure including its quality available.This is required to be given only in case of FMCP.

Mining Method Describe in brief the mining method followed to win the mineral extent of mechanization, mining machinery deployed, production level etc.

Mineral Beneficiation
Describe here in brief the mineral beneficiation practice being used, if any indicating the process description in short. Indicate here discharge details of any tailings / middling and their disposal/ utilization practice being followed.

The reasons for deviations from the proposals if any.
Review Proposals proposed in the Mining Plan / Scheme of Mining. Review of proposals for protection of environment up to the closure of mine. Status of implementation of various proposals including proposals of protection of environment envisaged. The reasons for deviations from the proposals if any. Corrective measures taken for deviation in implementation of proposals.

CLOSURE PROPOSAL Every progressive mine closure plan should have specific closure proposal for ensuing five years in respect of- Mined Out Area Reclamation of Mined out area Planed waste management & stabilization of inactive dumps & protective measures for its confinement Planned stacking of sub-grade mineral Planned plantation out-side UPL

LAND USE DETAILS MINED OUT LAND AREA ALREADY BROKEN UP
AREA ALREADY BACK FILLED AREA ALREADY RECLAIMED ADDITIONAL AREA PROPOSED TO BE BROKEN UP ADITIONAL AREA PROPOSED TO BE BACK FILLED ADDITIONAL AREA PROPOSED TO BE RECLAIMED

DUMPS (Waste dumps/sub-grade stacks)
Area occupied by dumps Additional area to be covered by dumps Dumps area/locations to be covered by protective measures Construction of drainage channels Construction of retaining walls Plantation on finalized slopes Any other stabilization measures

PLANTATION Area already covered under plantation Area proposed to be brought under plantation in next five years

(Land, People, Security, Documentation, infrastructure, Risk Analysis,
CRITICAL ISSUES FOR MINE CLOSURE (Land, People, Security, Documentation, infrastructure, Risk Analysis, Disaster Management)

Reclamation of affected areas, Environmental protection issues,
INTRODUCTION The mine closure and decommissioning address various issues namely Reclamation of affected areas, Environmental protection issues, Community development pursued and Emotional sustenance of the people Out of all these physical reclamation of excavated areas and maintenance of physical standard of effluents by continued treatment, besides examination of commitment towards sustainability of the mining areas for continued use of the mining areas.

Land Residual Reclamation of mined out areas
Scientific mining involves three basic issues: In plain areas excavation from one end of the deposit progressing to the other end and in hill areas working from top downwards. Disturbing only minimum surface areas for envisaged production Simultaneous reclamation of already mined out areas or effecting stability by restoration of the mined out area while carrying out active productive phases in advance areas

Stabilisation of remnant dump slopes
Waste dumps generation are in layers of 10 mtrs. Height concentrically advancing inwards. In mining phases lower layers should have got stabilized living small portion to take care at closing stage. Weep holes and perforated pipes to be laid for drainage. Grow herbaceous plants, Bamboo, Besharam etc. Detail volume of work, time scheduling, financial involvement. Take care of acid generating potential leaching potentiality, toxicity, radio activeness and combustible substance in dump ingredient. Aim for stable aesthetically balanced appearance.

Top Soil Management Most top soils would be utilised during mining for concurrent reclamation. Enrich top soil by treated sewerage sludge or soil with high organic content. Make final profile with scrapper or haul truck and grader. Spread over top soil of 0.3 m. Detail manpower, equipment, time schedule and finance requirement.

Generation of Vegetation Cover
Different species commensurating with the climatic condition. Water resource availability and Matching with surrounding and primary requirement of the rapid growth of the vegetation Planning in terms of preparation, species identification, time framing. Monitoring, financial evolution for this purpose Vegetation cover is not the only method of rehabilitation of land. Attempt rehabilitation by generating water resources, pisciculture, picnic spots good for people around. Key areas are management of safety, maintenance and social use.

Concern of the People at Closure.
Fine tune the expectation and future involvement of people in infrastructure, landscaping, recreational facilities of the mine. Amalgamate expanding resources of local administration and continued use of buildings, drainage, electrical distribution, water supply line, educational facilities, health programmes and community development resources. Dismantle, decommission, dispose off structures, equipments, scraps, hazardous waste, reagents, chemicals and such other items not required afterwards.

Security of the Area With the stoppage of the production of the mining project possible reduction in manpower concerning security and vigilance may induce theft and vandalism. Required fencing, closing, locking, moving away potential valuable equipments with continuance of essential guards should be planned till the management of the area is handed over to the local authorities.

Documentation As the heritage of the country requires history of the mine with other details to be retained for future reference either for the mining community or for the social administration as may be required may be prepared for continuity of the records for the heritage and should be included in the final mine closure document.

Infrastructure Existing facilities – Roads Railways Aerial ropeways
conveyer belts Power lines Buildings & structures Water treatment plant Transport Water supply sources in the area etc.

Infrastructure-continued…
If retained – measures for their physical stability and maintenance to be ensured If decommissioning proposed - dismantling and disposal of- Building structures Support facilities Electric transmission line Water line Gas pipeline

Infrastructure-continued…
Water works Sewer line Underground tanks Transportation infrastructure e.g. Roads Rail Bridges Culverts etc Electrical Infrastructures Like Electrical Cables,Transformers

Disposal of Mining Machinery
Decommissioning of mining machineries Possible post mining utilization

Risk Analysis Risk assessment is a common factor applicable
to all stages of a mine life cycle. Environmental Risk Safety and Health Risk Community and social Risk Final Land Use Risk Legal and Financial Risk Technical Risk Sum total of such risk is known as Closure Risk Factor.

Risk factors-continued…
The risk factors judgment may require in terms of absolute decision on the following factors. Environmental objective in line with the best practice and the company policy. Sufficient funds to cover closure. Employee entitlements. Personnel to manage and to implement the closure process. Approach of the community to the process. Optimum resource extraction in line with the economic model. Public safety issues.

Different nature of the risk details to be given
in the mine closure plan are as follows : Environmental Risk in Water Surface Water Sedimentation Chemical pollution Drainage Acid mine drainage (AMD)/heavy metals Salinity Ground Water Contamination Drawdown Environmental values (down stream use) Agricultural Drinking Eco-system

In Air : Greenhouse emission Other emissions Dust From Tailings:
Stock piles Rehabilitated areas Land system: Close to the population center or main roads Remote infrastructure Buildings, equipments, camps Roads Stock piles, dumps, dams, sumps, Soil : Contamination Erosion potential Reshaping/earth work

Flora reshaping Simple
Complex Rare/significant Fauna reestablishment Aquatic Void Open Back filled Subsidence Exploration Management/Monitoring

Wastes Dumps Reshaping Covers Acid Mine drainage Topography Seismicity Climate Tailings Acid mine drainage toxicity Stability Hazardous chemical including cyanide, fuels, lubricants

DISASTER MANAGEMENT Subsidence, Landslides, Inundation, Fire,
Planned for high risk accidents like Subsidence, Landslides, Inundation, Fire, Earthquake, Tailing dam failures etc.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT- Continued…
Also includes action plan for unplanned discontinuance of mining operations for maintaining status of mine to be reopened in future days. Such precautionary measures to be taken at that point and to remain in surveillance so that failure of slopes or any incident as indicated to be high risk incident to be reported for initiating action on disaster management action plan.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT- Continued…
Disaster management plan should include: Different activities to be taken up immediately either simultaneously or in series of actions. Responsibilities to be earmarked for particular officers and resources to be indicated to be drawn meeting emergency situation. Assistance from local civic bodies are to be recognized to be initiated during the period for successful management. Overall supervision by control room manned by specific responsible authorities.

FINANCIAL ASSURANCE Financial assurance is the financial surety to be furnished by the lessee to the Regional Controller of Mines or to the officer authorized by the State Govt. as the case may be so as to indemnify the authority in the form guarantee by bank or any other financial institutions. The amount of surety to be deposited should be computed based on the area put to use for mining and allied activities. It should be estimated 5 years progressively basis on the basis of conceptual plan submitted with an addition of area to be excavated during five year period minus the area already rehabilited. The financial guarantee given should be irrevocable and encashable when needed.

FINANCIAL ASSURANCE(Contd.)
Area put to use for mining and allied activities may be as follows: Areas to be excavated, storage for top soil, overburden dump, minerarl storage, infrastructure (road, railway, workshop etc.) green belt, tailing pond, effluent treatment plant, mineral processing plant, township, others (to specify). The estimation should be carried out as follows: A category mines – Rs per hectare to the minimum of Rs.2 lakhs. B category mines - Rs per hectare to the minimum of Rs.1 lakh.

FINANCIAL ASSURANCE (Contd.)
The financial assurance/guarantee as per rule should be submitted in any of the following forms or in combination of them. Letter of credit from any schedule bank. Performance or surety bond Trust fund Any other form of security/guarantees acceptable to the authorities

Letter of credit is an agreement between financial institutions and a company authorizing the bank to pay funds to a third party . Trust fund : Such type of trust fund probably has not yet been established. However, if any guarantee given from such trusts so established for the purpose, that may be acceptable. Any other form of security/guarantee: In the form of mortgage of the property by the applicant or by a third party or any other form as acceptable by the competent authority i.e. N.S.C., Fixed Deposit, infrastructure bondsetc. FINANCIAL ASSURANCE (Contd.)

CLAUSE OF AGREEMENT The clause of agreement should be such that guarantee given should be irrevocable and encashable when needed.

CERTIFICATE “The mine closure plan completes all statutory rules, regulations, orders made by the central or state govt., statutory organizations, court etc. has been taken into consideration and wherever specific permission is required the concerned authorities will be approached. I also give an undertaking to the effect that all measures proposed in this closure plan will be implemented in a time bound manner”.

DOCUMENTATION The report should be concise and may be written in clear and simple language. Calculation details , analysis reports, and other data should be attached as appendices/annexures. Only results and summarized statistics are to be presented in the body of the text. Closure plan should be first submitted in draft form( two copies) to the Regional Controller of Mines and finally it has to be submitted in five copies for approval.

PLANS, SECTIONS ,ETC. The closure plan should be supplemented with all the plans, sections, sketches/ drawings required for implementation of rehabilitation work as envisaged under various chapters of the guidelines of Mine Closure Plan already circulated. In addition to the requisite plans and sections where possible photographs of the sites, satellite images etc., may also be provided.

Environmental Impact Assessment

ENVIRONMENT Environment may be defined differently depending upon the perspective of the definer. In the case of EIA, environment is usually considered to constitute three main subsystems: 1. Physical Environment (geology, topology, climate, water, air). 2. Biological Environment (terrestrial and aquatic communities, rare and endangered species, sensitive habitats, significant natural sites). 3. Socio-cultural Environment (population, land use, development activities, goods and services, public health, recreation, cultural properties, customs, aspirations).

IMPACT Impact may be defined as the consequences of changes in the environment but it should not be confused with effect. For example, increase in river pollution due to the initiation of a new project is an effect while consequences of river pollution on human health, flora, fauna, etc. is the impact.

ASSESSMENT Assessment normally does not mean doing new science, but rather assembling, summarizing, organizing and interpreting pieces of existing knowledge, and communicating them so that an intelligent but inexpert policymaker will find them relevant and helpful in their deliberations

EIA "the systematic process of identifying future consequences of a current or proposed action (IAIA).” EIA is both an art and a science. Management aspect in EIA is an art, whereas the technical analysis is based on the scientific principles.

EIA DEFINITION: The “systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects plans, programmes or legislative actions relative to the physical – chemical, biological, cultural and socioeconomic components of the total environment” . The objective of EIA is to foresee and address potential environmental problems/concerns at an early stage of project planning and design.

ASSESSMENTS. TYPES HEALTH SOCIAL CLIMATE

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF EIA CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES.
The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of decision-making by identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and risks of development proposals. • The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to promote sustainable development by ensuring that development proposals do not undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the well being, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and peoples who depend on them.

THE EIGHT STEPS OF THE EIA PROCESS
1) Screening: First stage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed project, requires an EIA and if it requires EIA, then the level of assessment required. 2) Scoping: This stage identifies the key issues and impact that should be further investigated. This stage also defines the boundary and time limit of the study. 3) Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies and predicts likely environmental and social impact of the proposed project and evaluates the significance. 4) Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to reduce and avoid the potential adverse environmental consequences of development activities.

5) Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form of a report to
the decision-making body and other interested parties. 6) Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the EIA report and provides information necessary for the decision-making. 7) Decision-making: It decides whether the project is rejected, approved or needs further change. 8) Post monitoring: This stage comes into play once the project is commissioned. It checks whether the impacts of the project do not exceed the legal standards and implementation of the mitigation measures are in the manner as described in the EIA report.

LAND USE :

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX:
impact parameters are taken in the vertical column mining operations that are involved are taken in the horizontal row. ratings are assigned to each of these topics in numerical values values for impact assessment ranging from 1 to 5 Positive or negative signs are assigned to these score values to denote beneficial or adverse effects. product of the weightage points with the arithmetical sum of the values of magnitude of impact will give individual score for each of the environmental topics. The cumulative score indicates the overall impact.

SCORE VALUES FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT:
Minimum : 1 Small : 2 Moderate : 3 Significant : 4 Severe : 5 (+) sign shows Beneficial (-) sign shows Adverse

SIGNIFICANCE OF SCORE VALUES:
Upto – :No appreciable impact on environment – Only minor remedial measures may be necessary. -1001 to :appreciable but reversible impact on environment mitigation measures should be taken. -2001 to :Significant impact on environment, mostly reversible-environment control measures are very important. -3001 to :Major injurious impact, slightly irreversible major environmental control measures are crucial. -4001 to :Severe injuries impact, mostly irreversible large scale environmental protection measures with slight modification in mining scheme is required. -5001 & above :Permanent irreversible impact, mining environmentally not feasible-entire mining scheme to be revised.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX:
ALONG VERTICAL COLUM 1. LAND 1. ALR : Alteration in Relief 2. SOE : Soil Erosion 3. DEF : Deforestation 4. LUS : Existing Land Use 5. LSL : Land Slides & Vibrations 6. AST : Aesthetic Beauty 7. SEA : Sensitive Areas like Mountains,Sancturies,Monuments,etc 8. FLY : Generation of Fly Rocks and Fall of Scree 2. WATER 1. SUR : Surface water 2. TOX : Toxic Substances 3. SOL : Suspended Solids 4. GRD : Groundwater Quality 5. RES : Water Resources a. SUR : Surface Water b. GRD : Groundwater c. AQL : Effect on Aquatic Life

3. AIR DUS : Emission of Dust NOX : Generation of Noxious Gases 4. NOISE HAB : Nuisance to Inhabitants WLF : Scaring of Wild Life 5. HUMAN ENV Human Environment ECO : Effect of Economy INF : Infrastructural & Service Facilities CUL : Cultural & Recreational Facilities HEL : Health Conditions POD : Population Density 6. ECO-SYST Eco System WLF : Wild Life Protection RSP : Rare and Endangered Flora and Fauna FCH : Effect on Food Chain MCR : Effect on Micro Organisms

ALONG HORIZONTAL AXIS:
ITEM & PTS : Item and its Importance Points EXV : Mineral Excavation D&B : Drilling & Blasting L&T : Loading & Transport SOW : Solid Waste Disposal LEF : Liquid Effluents GEF : Gaseous Effluents SRF : Service Facilities BLD : Building Constructions CPL : Crushing/Processing Plant DAM : Construction of Tailing Dams and Impoundments EGY : Energy Generation ACC : Accidents WRY : Waste Recycling TOL : Total Score of Points.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME(EMP).

EMP: An Environment Management Programme (EMP) along with the risk mitigation measures are the results of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) report. A properly carried out EIA will thus mean a clear, relevant and effective EMP. Significant adverse impacts which need to be addressed by the EMP and require mitigation are for: • Provision for compensatory afforestation • Reclamation of Land • Measures to control air, water and noise pollution • Human Rehabilitation

Compensatory Afforestation:
As per the norms of the MoEF, when forest lands are used for non-forestry purposes, adequate compensatory afforestation is required. Compensatory afforestation is to be raised over an area equivalent to the diverted area. When non-forest lands are not available, it should be raised over degraded forests twice in extent to the area being diverted.

Land Reclamation: Quarry area is proposed to be stabilized by stagewise vegetation plantation.

Mitigation for air pollution control:
Measures are taken towards arresting the generation of dust and its spread. It includes, water spraying on surface at blasting site, development of green belts, stabilization of overburden dumps. Noise pollution use of silencers/mufflers and plantation of green belts.

Rehabilitation of displaced persons:
The required provisions include land compensation, shifting allowance, development of alternative land

Now, since the EMP report is also a part of the EIA report, even the EMP faces the same fate as the EIA report. It is therefore advisable that the EIA agency make two separate reports – one for EIA and one for EMP.

ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE

Gazette of India provides the guidelines.
For the purpose of environment clearance ,mines are classified as A and B. The B class is subdivided into two classes as B1,B2. All mines under A- group : comes under “Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF),DELHI.(CENTRAL GOVERNMENT) All mines under B-group : comes under “state pollution control board(SPCB)”,GUINDY (IN TAMIL NADU).

Project Categorization
Category Conditions Authority A All Mines of Area > 50 hectors. 2) Mines located within 10 km of the border between two states. Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) B All mines of area : 5-50 hectors. State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).

Project Categorization
Category A: require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) on the recommendations of an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) to be constituted by the Central Government for the purposes of this notification. Category B: prior environmental clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).

If a project falls in Category ‘B’, the project goes to state government for clearance which further categories it as either B1 or B2 project. B2 projects do not require preparation of EIA reports. For obvious reasons, the EC process for new projects is different (and more detailed) than for existing projects.

Environmental Clearance
The environmental clearance process for new projects comprise a maximum of four stages. 1. Screening 2. Scoping 3. Public Consultation 4. Appraisal

Stage 1: Screening This stage entails the scrutiny of the application seeking prior environmental clearance made in Form 1 by the concerned State level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) for determining whether or not the project or activity requires further environmental studies for preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This stage is primarily to differentiate between projects belonging to Category ‘B’ which are to be cleared by the State Level Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). Those projects requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment report are termed Category ‘B1’ and remaining projects are termed Category ‘B2’ and do not require an Environment Impact Assessment report. For categorization of projects into B1 or B2, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is supposed to issue appropriate guidelines from time to time.

Stage 2: Scoping process by which,
the Expert Appraisal Committee(EAC) in the case of Category ‘A’ projects or activities, and State level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) in the case of Category ‘B1’ projects or activities determine detailed and comprehensive Terms of References (ToRs) addressing all the relevant environmental concerns for the preparation of the EIA report.

It is that step which determines the various aspects that need to be studied in the EIA report.
The ToR have to be conveyed to the applicant within 60 days of the receipt of Form 1. The approved ToR have to be made public.

Stage 3: Public Consultation
process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained. All Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B1’ projects or activities are to undergo Public Hearing. B2 IS EXEMPTED FROM PUBLIC HEARING. The public hearing has to be completed within a period of 45 days from date of receipt of the request letter from the Applicant.

Following is an eye-witness account of a Public Hearing for the Nalwa Sponge Iron Limited (LSIL)’s expansion project in Chhatisgarh, by Kanchi Kohli5, which speaks for itself.

Stage 4: Appraisal the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee of the application and other documents submitted by the applicant for grant of environmental clearance.

Validity of EC Following is the validity time period for various projects: • Maximum 30 years for mining projects • 10 years for River valley projects • 5 years for all other projects The Validity can be extended to another 5 years by submitting an application in Form - 1 while within the validity period.

QUESTIONS?

Thank you!!!!

MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN

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