3. A. Rewrite the sentences, reducing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
The number of students studying robotics is growing.
Soon, robots working in assembly plants will be able
to follow voice commands.

4. A. Rewrite the sentences, reducing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
Having the ability to withstand extreme temperatures
and radiation levels, robots can perform jobs that are
too dangerous for humans.
Robots, having the ability to withstand extreme
temperatures and radiation levels, can perform jobs
that are too dangerous for humans.

5. A. Rewrite the sentences, reducing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
Not needing to eat, sleep, or take breaks, robots
can work nonstop.
Robots, not needing to eat, sleep, or take breaks,
can work nonstop.

6. B. Complete the sentences with a present participial
phrase formed from the words in parentheses.
performing surgery
sitting in front of a
video screen
holding surgical tools above the
patient
Allowing surgeons to make tiny incisions and to use small tools,

7. A. Rewrite the sentences, reducing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
One company plans to try out a new approach aimed at
young adults.
The new approach suggests that smokers, often scorned
for continuing to smoke despite health risks, are daring rebels.

8. A. Rewrite the sentences, reducing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
The company hopes that the image projected by the new
marketing campaign will succeed half as well as another
image succeeded in the 1950s.
This image, pictured in hundreds of ads over the years,
portrayed a ruggedly handsome cowboy smoking a cigarette.

9. B. Use the words in parentheses to write past
participial phrases.
, situated between four sometimes warring countries,
raised in bilingual families
developed by ABC Pharmaceutical Company
Asked to donate food and clothing to the hurricane victims,

10. A. Rewrite the sentences by changing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.

11. A. Rewrite the sentences by changing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
Ireland, never having chosen a woman leader in its entire
history, elected two consecutive female presidents in the 1990s.
Never having chosen a woman leader in its entire history,
Ireland elected two consecutive female presidents in the 1990s.

12. A. Rewrite the sentences by changing the adjective
clause to a participial phrase.
India and the Philippines, having elected women prime ministers
in the past, have been more progressive in this area than the
United States.
Having elected women prime ministers in the past, India and
the Philippines have been more progressive in this area than
the United States.

13. B. Complete the sentences with perfect form participial
phrase. Use the words in parentheses.
,having won the World
Series more times than any other team,
, having forgotten her house key for the third time in a week,
Having smoked for 40 years,

14. Match the related sentences. Then combine the sentences
By changing the second sentence to a participial phrase. e a c b

15. Match the related sentences. Then combine the sentences
By changing the second sentence to a participial phrase.
Having lived in Alaska for thousands of years, Eskimos have adapted
well to their harsh environment. / Eskimos, having lived in Alaska for
thousands of years, have adapted well to their harsh environment.
A problem being discussed by the Alaskan government concerns the
rights of native Alaskans.

16. Match the related sentences. Then combine the sentences
By changing the second sentence to a participial phrase.
Some Eskimos, wanting to preserve their traditional way of life,
reject the ways of the modern world.
On the other hand, Eskimos, wanting to improve their standard of
living, hope that they can combine both worlds—old and new.

17. A. Rewrite the sentences, changing the adverb clause
to a participial phrase.
I enjoyed living in a big city while studying at the University of Chicago.
While studying at the University of Chicago, I enjoyed living in a big city.
Before leaving home, I promised my parents that I would return.

18. A. Rewrite the sentences, changing the adverb clause
to a participial phrase.
Being the eldest son, I am responsible for taking care of my parents.
Having spent most of their savings to send me and my sisters to
college, my parents may not have enough money for their retirement.
My parents, having spent most of their savings to send me and my
sisters to college, may not have enough money for their retirement.

19. B. Use the words in parentheses to complete the
sentences. Use participial phrases.
Hoping to save labor costs,
, fearing the loss of jobs for their members,
, protesting the loss of jobs,