Third Party https://store.theartofservice.com/the-third-party-toolkit.html.

Third Party

Bebo Bebo Third Party Login
Users can log in and/or make a Bebo account using their existing Facebook account (using a service called Facebook Connect), their AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) account, and a number of other third party services.

Array programming - Third party libraries
The use of specialized and efficient libraries to provide more terse abstractions is also common in other programming languages. In C++ several linear algebra libraries exploit the language ability to overload operators. It is interesting to notice that in some case a very terse abstraction in those languages is explicitly influenced by the array programming paradigm, as the Armadillo and Blitz++ libraries do.

Uniform Type Identifier - Third party UTIs
Apple provides a large collection of system-declared Uniform Type Identifiers

VMware ESX - Third party management tools
Because VMWare ESX is market leader on the server-virtualisation market software and hardware-vendors offer a range of tools to integrate their products or services with ESX

Also hardware-vendors such as HP and Dell include tools to support the use of ESX(i) on their hardware platforms. An example is the ESX module for Dell's OpenManage management platform.

Even when ESX itself is running on a Linux base there is no vSphere client available for the Linux Desktop. VMware have added a Webclient since v5 but it will work on vCenter only and contains not all features. vEMan is a Linux application which is trying to fill that gap. These are just a few examples: there are numerous 3rd party products to manage, monitor or backup ESX infrastructures and the VM's running on them

ELearnSecurity Certified Professional Penetration Tester - Third Party Reviews
Darknet review by Gareth Davis

Comodo Internet Security - Third party reviews
Comodo Internet Security initially received mixed reviews; it was generally praised for its firewall and its value for price, but criticized for its poor antivirus detection. Over time, however, its antivirus component received better reviews.

PC Magazine lead security analyst, Neil J. Rubenking, reviewed Comodo Firewall Pro 3.0 and Comodo Internet Security 3.5 on 3 November 2008, giving 4.5 out of 5 to the first but only 2.5 to the second. He praise the suite's firewall capabilities but criticized its antimalware capabilities.

On 28 May 2009, Roboert Vamosi of PC World reviewed Comodo Internet Security 3.8 and gave it a score of 1 out of 5, criticizing it for its "disappointing malware detection" based on AV-TEST result and "limited feature set".

Three years and three version later, Comodo Antivirus results became significantly better. On 30 January 2012, Rubenking reviewed Comodo Internet Security 2012 Pro (v5.0), giving it 4 stars out of 5. He praised its support service and antimalware features but was panned for its "effectively off by default" firewall, Defense+ popups, lack of parental control, antispam, antiphishing, and privacy protection features, and finally for the same old reason: "Low ratings from independent labs".

On 29 October 2012, Elena Opris of Softpedia reviewed Comodo Internet Security version 6.0 and gave it a score of 5 out of 5. Primarily introducing it as an antivirus product, Opris offered no criticism for this version but praised many of its aspects.

In a 9 January 2013 review, Techworld awarded Comodo Internet Security Pro of 5 stars and concluded "Cloud-based scanning and behaviour analysis joins a suite of top-notch security tools, designed to keep your PC secure

On 7 February 2013, Comodo Internet Security Complete v6 earned the PC Magazine Editor's Choice award

In October 2013, TopTenReviews.com reviewed the Comodo Internet Security 2014 Complete edition and gave it a score of 9.18 out of 10. Their review notes that the firewall component is their Gold Award winner for best firewall protection. However, they also comment on the lack of brand name recognition for Comodo's product.

TRAC (ISMS) - Third Party Management
The Third Party Management module allows banks to keep track of all their vendors in one place. Generic vendor information can be stored, vendor contacts can be added, due diligence can be performed, and contract reviews can be performed. If used in conjunction with the Information Technology module, IT vendors can be tied to their respective asset to show the amount of risk related to each vendor.

Google Account - Third party use
Any data which is to be shared with the third party will also be listed on this screen

Business process outsourcing to India - Third party BPOs
Until G.E

Google Friend Connect - What information do third party sites receive?
Third party sites receive Google Account or OpenID username and the user's published information from the site.

Google Friend Connect - What information do third party sites receive?
The third-party site may collect user information that is not related to the Google Friend Connect service – users are responsible for reading privacy policy of third party sites to see what information these sites collect.(2009)Google Friend Connect Privacy Policy. Available: Last accessed.18/04/2011

Sony Reader - Third party tools
Several third-party tools exist for the Sony Reader

Specialized on notes, annotations, bookmarks and other input by the user, noteworks allows for listing, exporting and other handling of this data, extracted from the device.

In addition, Adobe Digital Editions can deliver DRM-locked PDF and ePub documents to the PRS-350, PRS-505 and PRS-700. The software is officially available for Windows and Mac OS. It can be run on Linux using Wine (software) | Wine. After activating the reader on an officially supported platform, DRM-locked media can be downloaded and transferred to the reader on Linux as well.

Amiga CD32 - Accessories and third party devices
ProModule, Paravision SX-1 and DCE SX-32 (which optionally includes Motorola 68030|68030 Central processing unit|CPU).

Those devices extend the capability of Amiga CD32, allowing it to utilize hardware such as an external 3.5 floppy disk drive, hard disk and IBM PC keyboard

Not wishing to repeat its earlier mistake of offering a way to turn a CD32 into an enhanced A1200 as it did with the A500-based CDTV, Commodore itself made no hardware available for that purpose. One of its last hardware designs, however, was an external CD-ROM drive for the A1200 that featured the CD32's Akiko chip, thus turning any A1200 into a CD32-compatible system.

In addition to its own special controllers, the Amiga CD32 is also compatible with most D-Sub|9-pin D-Sub controllers from the 80s and 90s, including the Mega Drive|Sega Mega Drive/Genesis controllers, Sega Master System controllers, and all Amiga/Commodore 64|C64 joysticks as well as Amiga mouse (computing)|mice and paddles.

compact disc|CDs created for the CD32 conform to ISO 9660 level2, mode1; although the Rock Ridge and Joliet (ISO 9660 Extension)|Joliet extensions are not compatible.

Buffalo AirStation - Use with third party firmware
Many of Buffalo's residential gateways use Broadcom microprocessor chipsets, allowing a variety of List of wireless router firmware projects|third party open source firmwares to be installed. Some of their most recent routers with Atheros-based chipsets are shipped by Buffalo with a branded version of DD-WRT already installed.

Hauppauge Computer Works - Third Party Software
There are many 3rd-party programs which work with Hauppauge tuners as well. These include: GB-PVR, InterVideo WinDVR, Snapstream's Beyond TV, SageTV, Windows Media Center and the Linux-based MythTV.

Intel AZ210 - Third party support
Various mods and tweaks have been created by the Android community at Modaco to improve performance of the device and enable features such as the hidden microSD slot.

Microsoft Reader - Third party
There are some third party apps and tools that allow converting and reading of MS .LIT format on various devices;

*Calibre (software)|Calibre; an open source e-book library manager that runs on many environments; It can convert .LIT format files.

*Lexcycle Stanza; a freeware program for reading eBooks; can read .LIT format, supports iOS (Apple)|iOS.

*Convert LIT; an open source .LIT file converter; runs on both Windows Mac OS systems.

Amie Street - Third party integration
Amie Street launched a Facebook Facebook features#Platform applications|Application in October 2007 called Fantasy Record Label.[ Fantasy Record Label | Facebook][ Fantasy Record Label | Facebook] This application allowed Facebook users to create a record label with a collection of songs that were linked with an Amie Street account, and post the label on their Facebook profile page

Amie Street - Third party integration
Presently Facebook Beacon is used to link purchases on Amie Street to users' Facebook accounts. Facebook Connect and other integration tools to import data from The Hype Machine, iTunes, Last.fm, Pandora, and Songza are used to generate recommender system|automated music recommendations.[ Amiestreet.com]

IHS Inc. - Third party evaluations
In 2006, the information industry research firm Outsell, Inc., listed IHS among the top 10 Scientific, Technical Medical (STM) Information companies. Outsell’s report analyzed the company size, growth rate, financial performance, and market share of the sector’s top 20 companies. Other companies among the top 10 included Elsevier, Thomson Scientific, and John Wiley Sons|John Wiley Sons, Inc.

IHS Inc. - Third party evaluations
In 2008, Portfolio Manager David Fording of William Blair said in an interview with Barron’s, “IHS is a good example of a sustainable business model

Franchising - Third party logistics franchising
Third party logistics has become an increasingly more popular franchise opportunity due the quickly growing transportation industry [ The Staggering Statistics Behind America's Trucking Industry] and low cost franchising

Cool'n'Quiet - Third Party Utilities
In addition to the CPU drivers offered by AMD, several motherboard manufacturers have released software to give the end user more control over the Cool 'n' Quiet feature, as well as the other new features of AMD processors and chipsets. Using these applications, one can even control the CPU voltage explicitly.

Cool'n'Quiet - Third Party Utilities
# [ PhenomMsrTweaker (SourceForge link)]

Ink cartridges - Refills and third party replacements
Because printer cartridges from the original manufacturer are often expensive, demand exists for cheaper third party options. These include ink sold in bulk, cartridge refill kits, machines in stores that automatically refill cartridges, remanufactured cartridges, and cartridges made by an entity other than the original manufacturer.

Consumers can refill ink cartridges themselves with a kit, or they can take the cartridge to a refiller or remanufacturer where ink is pumped back into the cartridge. PC World (magazine)|PC World reports that refilled cartridges have higher failure rates, print fewer pages than new cartridges, and demonstrate more on-page problems like streaking, curling, and color bleed.

Another option is for the consumer to purchase bulk ink (in pints, quarts, or gallons) and refill the cartridges themselves. This can be extremely cost-effective if the consumer is a heavy user of cartridges. One US pint is sufficient to fill about 15 to 17 large-capacity cartridges (or 32 to 36 per litre).

Generally speaking, Canon, Dell, HP, and Lexmark cartridges are not difficult to refill, though some Lexmark cartridges employ a built-in counter chip that can't be reset; Epson cartridges also have a built-in counter chip, however it is possible to purchase a chip resetter. As Brother cartridges generally lack any chip and consist of merely a sack of ink, they can be readily refilled. Since refilling involves handling ink, it can be a messy process for inexperienced people.

Some third party manufacturers have been offering refillable cartridges with an auto reset chip to simplify the refilling process. These refillable cartridges are less harmful to the environment and often easy to further refill.

Perhaps the easiest, most trouble-free method of refilling ink cartridges is through the use of a CISS (Continuous Ink Supply System)

Laser toner or inkjet cartridges sold as remanufactured are usually re-filled cartridges, although many third party newly manufactured compatible cartridges exist. Inkjet cartridges sold as compatible are typically newly manufactured cartridges. Inkjet cartridges sold as remanufactured are cartridges that have been used at least once by a consumer and then refilled by a third party.

The legality of this industry was brought to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in the case of Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components. The Court ruled that reverse-engineering the handshaking procedure to enable compatibility did not violate the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[ A Decade Later: Prebate is Out ... And That Isn't All] Recharger Magazine, June 2009

HP has fiercely defended its printing interests from the refill industry, including filing patent complaints and false advertising lawsuits which allege that inferior ink is not properly differentiated from the original HP ink.

EBay.com - Third party The accounting software company Intuit launched in 2006 a service called ItsDeductible which is a free web-based donation tracking service. With regard to eBay, the service uses date from the site to assist users in assigning a market value to the items they donate.

Protection and indemnity insurance - Growth of third party liabilities
Although marine insurance dates from the Middle Ages, British shipowners did not feel the need to purchase liability insurance until the 19th century when injured crew members began to seek compensation from their employers, and the Fatal Accidents Act 1846 facilitated claims by passengers or their survivors

The first protection association, the [ Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society], was formed in 1855

In 1874, the risk of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first added to the cover provided by a protection club

Following the grounding of the Torrey Canyon in 1967, coverage for the liabilities, costs and expenses arising from oil spills became an increasingly important aspect of PI insurance.

FetchTV (Australia) - Third Party Access
The FetchTV service can only be watched on a FetchTV set top box. Programs can not be transferred independently to or from the STB, though Fetch plans on offering such access in the future and is pursuing interoperability with the DLNA.

Organizational ombudsman - Impartial third party role
Currently, the role is considered by some as a hallmark of an ethical organization and a key component of an integrated dispute resolution system, or complaint system

Detinue - Bracton on third party liability
170 “History of English Law”, Cambridge, 1968 Even in the time of Bracton, there was pressure to change this arrangement and allow the bailor to bring an action directly against the third party.P M, p

Social accounting - Self-reporting and third party audits
In most countries, existing legislation only regulates a fraction of accounting for socially relevant corporate activity

The re-arrangement of social and environmental data companies already produce as part of their normal reporting practice into an independent social audit is called a 'silent or shadow account'.

An alternative phenomenon is the creation of 'external social audits' by groups or individuals independent of the accountable organisation and typically without its encouragement

Collection (payment) - Third party agencies
A collection agency is a third-party agency, called such because such agencies were not a party to the original contract

Some debt purchasers who purchase sizable portfolios will utilize a Master Servicer to assist in managing their portfolios (often ranging in thousands of files) across multiple collection agencies

Some agencies offer a flat fee pre-collection or soft collection service. The service sends a series of increasingly urgent letters, usually ten days apart, instructing debtors to pay the amount owed directly to the creditor or risk a collection action and negative credit report. Depending on the terms of the SLA, these accounts may revert to hard collection status at the agency's regular rates if the debtor does not respond.

In many countries there is legislation to limit harassment and practices deemed unfair, for example limiting the hours during which the agency may telephone the debtor, prohibiting communication of the debt to a third party, prohibiting false, deceptive or misleading representations, and prohibiting threats, as distinct from notice of planned and not illegal steps.

In the United States, consumer third-party agencies are subject to the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act of 1977 (FDCPA), is administered by the Federal Trade Commission or FTC.

In the United Kingdom third-party collection agencies that pursue debts regulated by the Consumer Credit Act 1974|Consumer Credit Act must hold a Consumer Credit Licence and work within the framework of the 2003 fair debt collection guidance; licences are issued and regulated by the Office of Fair Trading.

Parrot AR.Drone - Third party uses
Research in these areas has resulted in third party applications being released, some open source software|open source, that extend the official capabilities of the drone.

Parrot AR.Drone - Third party uses
In France, the AR.Drone 2.0 was tested by a Special Operations unit for aerial reconnaissance, whilst other companies have been developing software that allows the drone to track sports activities, and generate training feedback

Windows Presentation Foundation - Third party tools
* An improved version of XAMLPad, called XamlPadX v4, can be downloaded from the author's [ blog].

* The open source .NET IDE SharpDevelop includes powerful WPF application design abilities. It is a free alternative to the commercial Microsoft Visual Studio Integrated development environment|IDE.

* [ Kaxaml] is an open source WPF designer with a XAML auto-complete editor. It provides a split screen for viewing both the XAML and the rendered UI. It also offers a plug-in model and contains a color picker, code snippet, screen capture and XAML scrubber plug-ins.

* Sybase PowerBuilder|PowerBuilder .NET [ Rich Application Development Tool/Declarative Programming Environment | PowerBuilder - Sybase Inc]. Sybase.com. Retrieved on is a 4GL tool that translates PowerBuilder code, graphical objects to XAML and allows deploying the application as a WPF target.

* [ Snoop] is a user-interface spying tool that can inspect the visual tree of WPF applications, allowing to view and change properties of objects at run-time.

* [ WPF Inspector] is a utility that attaches to a running WPF application to troubleshoot common problems with layouting, databinding or styling. WPF Inspector allows you to explore a live view of the logical- and visual tree, read and edit property values of elements, watch the data context, debug triggers, trace styles and much more.

* WPF Graphics Tools [ AB4D - Tools for WPF 3D graphics and 3ds file importer]

* [ ZAM 3D] is a 3D modeling tool that generates 3D models and supports exporting these models to XAML files.

* [ DPaintBrush] is a companion tool for XAML. Used to export 3D scenes and models to XAML files.

VMware ESXi - Third party management tools
Because VMWare ESX is market leader on the server-virtualisation market[ VMWare continues virtualization market romp], 18 April 2012

Also hardware-vendors such as Hewlett-Packard|HP and Dell include tools to support the use of ESX(i) on their hardware platforms. An example is the ESX module for Dell's OpenManage management platform.[ OpenManage (omsa) support for ESXi 5.0], visited 9 July 2012

Even when ESX itself is running on a Linux base there is no vSphere client available for the Linux Desktop

Third party developer A 'Video Game developer' is a software developer that specializes in Video Game development – the process and related disciplines of creating Video Games

Third party developer A developer may specialize in a certain Video Game console (such as Nintendo's Wii U, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3), or may develop for a number of systems (including personal computers)

Third party developer Most Video Game publishers maintain development studios (such as Electronic Arts's EA Canada, Square Enix's studios, Activision's Radical Entertainment, Nintendo EAD and Sony's Polyphony Digital and Naughty Dog). However, since publishing is still their primary activity they are generally described as publishers rather than developers. Developers may be private as well (such as Bungie, the company which developed the Halo (series)|Halo series exclusive to Microsoft's Xbox (console)|Xbox)

Configurable Network Computing - Third party applications scheduler enhancements
There are a number of third party applications that add functionality and programability to the JDE Scheduler. They include Cisco Tidal Enterprise Scheduler which is a JDE client-based product and Appworx, a third party server-based scheduler in which scripting and work-flow product have been customized for JDE support addressing adding to the Vanilla (computing)|vanilla scheduler that comes with JDE.

Kerio Connect - Third Party Apps
[ Responder for Kerio Connect] is a third party app for iOS devices made as a value-add for Kerio Connect users.

Kerio Connect - Third Party Apps
[ Billing module for Kerio Connect and WHMCS by R1apps] is a third party plugin for WHMCS for selling and provisioning account on a Kerio Connect server or a Kerio's Cloud service.

BigBlueButton - Third party integrations
* DoceboLMS (Saas/Cloud Learning Management System)

Ashton-Tate - dBASE III+ and third party clones (1986–1987)
'dBASE III+', a version including character-based menus for improved ease-of-use, had troubles maturing and had to be recalled just prior to its release in early 1986 due to an incorrect setting in the copy-protection scheme

dBASE had grown unwieldy over the years, so Ed Esber|Esber started a project under Mike Benson to re-architect dBASE for the new world of client–server software. It was to be a complete rewrite, designed as the next generation dBASE.

dBASE was a complex product, and a thriving Third-party developer|third-party industry sprung up to support it

One particularly important addition to the lineup of third-party add-ons was the eventual release of dBASE compilers, which would take a dBASE project and compile it and link it into a stand-alone runnable program

Ed Esber|Esber was upset with the companies that cloned dBASE products, but was always supportive of the third-party developers who he viewed as an important part of the dBASE ecosystem

As a result of this continued conflict, the third-party community slowly moved some of their small business customers away from dBASE. Fortunately for Ashton-Tate, large corporations were standardizing on dBASE.

Trusted Computing - Trusted third party
One of the main obstacles that had to be overcome by the developers of the TCG technology was how to maintain anonymity while still providing a “trusted platform”

This might not be a problem where one wishes to be identified by the other party, e.g., during banking transactions over the Internet. But in many other types of communicating activities people enjoy the anonymity that the computer provides. The TCG acknowledges this, and allegedly have developed a process of attaining such anonymity but at the same time assuring the other party that he or she is communicating with a “trusted” party.

This was done by developing a “trusted third party”. This entity will work as an intermediary between a user and his own computer and between a user and other users. In this essay the focus will be on the latter process, a process referred to as remote attestation.

When a user requires an AIK (Attestation Identity Key) the user wants its key to be certified by a CA (Certification Authority). The user through a TPM (Trusted Platform Module) sends three credentials: a public key credential, a platform credential, and a conformance credential. This set of certificates and cryptographic keys will in short be referred to as EK. The EK can be split into two main parts, the private part EKpr and the public part EKpub. The EKpr never leaves the TPM.

Disclosure of the EKpub is however necessary (version 1.1). The EKpub will uniquely identify the endorser of the platform, model, what kind of software is currently being used on the platform, details of the TPM, and that the platform (PC) complies with the TCG specifications.

Therefore this information is sent to the privacy certification authority, (trusted third party)

The Verifier may or may not be a trusted third party (TTP)

PSPP - Third Party Reviews
In the book SPSS For Dummies, the author discusses PSPP under the heading of Ten Useful Things You Can Find on the Internet.[ Facsimile of Book Index]

PSPP - Third Party Reviews
In 2006, the South African Statistical Association presented a conference which included an analysis of how PSPP could be used as an alternative to SPSS.

Mediation - Third party nomination
Contracts that specify mediation may also specify a third party to suggest or impose an individual. Some third parties simply maintain a list of approved individuals, while others train mediators. Lists may be “open” (any person willing and suitably qualified can join) or a “closed” panel (invitation only).

Mediation - Third party nomination
In the UK and internationally, lists are generally open, such as The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, the Centre for Dispute Resolution. Alternatively, private panels co-exist and compete for appointments e.g.,Savills Mediation.

Conflict resolution research - Research into Third Party Involvement
In arbitration, the third party listens to both sides and then renders a decision, which can be either binding or advisory

Agency (law) - Liability of agent to third party
Where the principal is not bound because the agent has no actual or apparent authority, the purported agent is liable to the third party for breach of the implied warranty of authority.

Federal supervised release - Third party notification
In the Peterson case, it was ruled that a bank larceny defendant with a prior incest conviction could not be ordered to reveal to employers his incest conviction, because an occupational restriction must be based on the offense of conviction

Military Units to Aid Production - Third Party Testimony of UMAP Camps
Paul Kidd, a Canadian foreign news correspondent, provides the only known first-hand, third party account of the UMAP camps

During this trip, Kidd departed Havana and wandered through the rural, former province of Camaguey where he encountered a UMAP labor camp near the hamlet of El Dos de Cespedes.Kidd, Paul

None of the internees were given arms; all weapons at the camp were under the control of the ten guards running the camp.Ibid.

The internees worked an average of 60 hours a week for a monthly income of 7 pesos (roughly worth a meal) and their internment typically lasted for at least six months.Ibid. Cubans who served in the standard SMO (“Servicio Militar Obligatorio,” Obligatory Military Service) received the same monthly wage of 7 pesos a month.Ros, Enrique. La UMAP: El Gulag Castrista. p 13.

As long as their agricultural quotas were met, most internees at the camp were allowed a break to visit family after six months of internment.Kidd, Paul. The Price of Achievement Under Castro Family members were allowed to visit internees at the camp on the second Sunday of each month and could bring personal items such as cigarettes to internees.Ibid.

Internees at the camp Kidd discovered were housed in two long, white concrete buildings with no windows just the hole in the wall which had bunk beds with sacks slung between wooden beams for mattresses. After agricultural work was complete, internees were instructed in communist ideology for two hours every night.Ibid.

Kidd estimated that about 200 such camps existed and in total housed about 30,000 people.Ibid.

United States presidential election debates, 2008 - The third party debates
The first of two third-party debates was held October 15 at Columbia University. It included Independent candidate Ralph Nader, Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party candidate Chuck Baldwin, and Green Party (United States)|Green Party candidate Cynthia McKinney. It was hosted by Amy Goodman, moderator of the widely syndicated TV/radio program Democracy Now.

on October 23. The third party candidates who could theoretically win the 270 votes needed to win the election were invited, and Independent candidate Ralph Nader and Constitution party candidate Chuck Baldwin attended

Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian candidate Bob Barr was invited to both events, but declined to participate in either, citing scheduling conflicts in both cases.

Pacifist Party, Charles Jay of the Boston Tea Party (political party)|Boston Tea Party, Gloria LaRiva of the Party for Socialism and Liberation, Frank McEnulty of the New American Independent Party, Vice-Presidential candidate Darrell Castle of the Constitution Party and Brian Moore (politician)|Brian Moore of the Socialist Party (United States)|Socialist Party.[ YouTube - Third Party Alternative Debate]

A sixth, Bruce Bongardt, also participated describing himself as a virtual candidate who was not on the ballot but wanted to share his ideas.[ AS Hosts Third Party Forum: Six members from third parties attend

Xoom Corporation - Third Party Certifications
Xoom is certified by TRUSTe as a licensee of the TRUSTe® Privacy Seal Program, is an accredited business of the Better Business Bureau, and operates its website using the verified by Verisign seal.[ Xoom Corporation Homepage.]

There are currently two third-party plug-ins:
OpenDocument software - Third party support: Two ODF plug-ins for Microsoft Office There are currently two third-party plug-ins:

OpenDocument software - Third party support: Two ODF plug-ins for Microsoft Office
#Sun Microsystems' ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office users (download link no longer available as of 30/3/2013)— gives users of Microsoft Office Word, Excel and PowerPoint the ability to read, edit and save to the ISO-standard Open Document Format (ODF). It works with Microsoft Office 2007 (with service pack 1 or higher), Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP, and even Microsoft Office 2000.

#ooo-word-filter — enables users of Microsoft Word 2003 to open OpenDocument files.

A third plug-in, OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive
OpenDocument software - Third party support: Two ODF plug-ins for Microsoft Office A third plug-in, OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive

A fourth plug-in was announced by the OpenDocument Foundation in May 2006 but development was stopped in October 2007.

PRS-505 - Third party tools
Several third-party tools exist for the Sony Reader

Adobe Acrobat Connect - Third party integrations
* [ Moodle LMS]

Digital Storage Systems Interconnect - Third Party Peripherals
Other companies, such as Silicon Image Inc.|CMD and Symbios Logic made DSSI compatible chipsets or peripherals, for example,

Digital Storage Systems Interconnect - Third Party Peripherals
CMD manufactured various models of the CDI-4000 which would allow SCSI peripherals to be used on a DSSI bus.

Nintendo 64 accessories - Third party accessories
*Bio Sensor — An ear-clip that plugs into the Controller Pak slot of the N64 controller to measure the user's heart rate. Released only in Japan and compatible only with Tetris 64 where it will slow down or speed up the game depending on how fast the player's heart is beating. This device is similar to the Wii Vitality Sensor.

*Tilt Pak — A combo Rumble Pak and Motion sensor made by Pelican.

*GameShark — A cheat device made by Interact in two versions

*SharkWire Online — An InterAct Game Shark with modem and PC style serial port for Computer keyboard|keyboards. Allowed ing and Game Shark updates through the now discontinued sharkwire.com dial-in service.

*GB Hunter — The GB Hunter is one of two Nintendo 64 items released by EMS Production Ltd., the other being the N64 Passport

*High Rez Pack — Mad Catz's less-expensive version of the #Expansion Pak|Expansion Pak. There were reports of overheating due to inadequate cooling/venting, and the unit suffered from poor build quality.[

*Memory Card Comfort by Speed-Link — A sort of #Controller Pak|Controller Pak with four separate memory areas, and 123 pages each, selectable via a small switch.

*Battery-free Rumble Paks — Late in the N64's run, a few third-party companies made Rumble Paks that, instead of requiring batteries to work, drew power from the system. Curiously, it was possible to modify an official Rumble Pak using basic soldering in order to make it powered by the console.

*The Nyko Hyper Pak Plus - contains internal memory and allows the user to adjust the amount of feedback between hard and too hard.

*Mad Katz Steering Wheel - Steering wheel and pedal set compatible with the N64. Used for racing/driving games.

*Tristar 64 - A third party adaptor that made it possible to play Nintendo Entertainment System|NES and Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES games in addition to Nintendo 64|N64 games. The device features three built-in cartridge slots, one for each cartridge type, and it plugs into the N64 console's existing cartridge slot.

Third party logistics Third Party Logistics System is a process which targets a particular Function in the management

Third party logistics - Advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics
As logistics is the core competence of third party logistics providers. They possess better know how and a greater expertise as any producing or selling company could be able. This know how together with the global networks of the often large company size enables a higher time and cost efficiency.

Another point is, that the equipment and the IT systems of 3PL providers are constantly updated and adapted to new requirement of their customers, so that they are able to meet the requirements of their customer’s suppliers

Thus the fact that most or all operative functions are outsourced to a 3PL provider there is no need for the client to hold own warehouses or transport assets. There is very less or no tied up logistics capital.

This is very beneficial if a company has high deviations in warehouse capacity utilization, because a bad capacity utilization ratio at equal fix cost (for warehouse) is evil for a company’s efficiency and profits.:de:Third Party Logistics

- Ability of client to focus on core business
Third party logistics - Advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics - Ability of client to focus on core business

The outsourcing of logistics departments permits the company to focus even more on their real core business

Third party logistics provider can provide a much higher flexibility in geographic aspects and can offer a much larger variety of services than the clients could provider their selves. In addition to that, the client gets flexibility in resources and workforce size and logistics fix costs turn into variable costs.Simchi-Levi and Kaminsky, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts,Strategies and Case Studies, third edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, page 251

Third party logistics - Possible disadvantage of 3PL
The only big disadvantage (if you see it as one) is the loss of control a client has by working with third party logistics. Eminently in outbound logistics when the 3PL provider completely assumes the communication and interacting with a firm's customer or supplier. By having a good and continuous communication with their clients most 3PL’s counter and try to charm away such doubts.

Third party logistics - Possible disadvantage of 3PL
Some 3PL’s even paint the clients logos on their assets and vest their employees like the clients ones.Simchi-Levi and Kaminsky, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts,Strategies and Case Studies, third edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, page 252

Third party logistics - Implementation issues and requirements of a 3PL collaboration
Due to the fact that a 3PL to client collaboration is a typical strategic alliance, as the author mentioned earlier in this thesis, there will be an introduction of problem areas in the practical implementation of strategic alliances

Third party logistics - Problem areas of the practical implementation of a strategic alliance
* There have to be a good and professional communication between the partners to overcome company cultural differences

* Managers and employees have to understand the necessity of the change that goes hand in hand with the strategic alliance. Only with acceptance there will be encouragement and a successfully alliance

* There have to be a broad organizational compatibility check up to get synchronized structures and processes. Otherwise synchronization needs a lot of time which leads to demotivation.

* Realistic expectations: a strategic alliance needs often half a year or more to work nearly like it should

* The complexity of the strategically and operative implementation is underestimated. Often there appear symptoms of fatigue and missing endurance of the management

* If possible, the implementation of a strategic alliance should be the main duty of a few people. By an implementation by the way the quality of the alliance suffersall problem areas compare:Arno Heck,Strategische Allianzen Erfolg durch professionelle Umsetzung, Springer Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg, 1999,pages: 29-36

All this points can be transferred nearly equal on third party logistics to client frame contract collaborations.

Another point to be examined separately is the fitting accuracy of the IT systems of the provider and the client. A good fitting of the different information technologies is essential for an effective and smooth work flow.

So it’s problematic that there is a great gap between the expectations and the needs of the 3PL clients and the IT resources the 3PLs provide.

First you have to know about your own logistics costs
Third party logistics - Important issues to think about, before contracting with a 3PL provider First you have to know about your own logistics costs

Third party logistics - Important issues to think about, before contracting with a 3PL provider
Poist.,Determinants of Successful Logistics Relationships: A third Party Provider Perspective, Transport Journal Nr

Closely entangled together with the point of customer orientation is the point of a 3PL’s specialization. The special requirements of the own company should be flow into the decision which 3PL is the right one to choose. Experts often suggest firms to choose 3Pl providers with roots in the same area of logistics as the department that shall be outsourced.

In addition to that third party logistics provider often are bureaucratic and have long decision making cycles caused by the size of the company.Simchi-Levi and Kaminsky, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts,Strategies and Case Studies, third edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, page 253 Arno Heck, Strategische Allianzen, Springer Verlag pp

Third party logistics - Implementation issues
If a company gets the result that it wants to implement a third party logistics provider into their processes, it has to work on the following implementation issues.

These are points a company that is purchasing the third party logistics services, has to fulfill.

The startup phase of such a strategic alliance is the most difficult and most critical phase. For implementation considerations there has to be planned a time frame of between six months and a year! Otherwise you risk quality and reliability losses.Arno Heck, Strategische Allianzen, Springer Verlag pp

The client company has to clearly identify their needs and expectations to the 3PL exactly to avoid misunderstandings and disaffections due to miscommunications. Performance measure have to be set. Concrete guidelines are necessary.

* Actions for encouragement of strengths on the one hand and methods for compensation of weaknesses have to be planned

* Critical parts of the contract have to be discussed and a for both sides responsible agreement have to be found

Both parties, provider and client, must concentrate on the aim of a good collaboration concept with mutual beneficial. Otherwise if there is no win-win situation one party suffers and reduce its efforts.Simchi-Levi and Kaminsky, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts,Strategies and Case Studies, third edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, page 253

Just as important as the good communication between client and provider is the communication within the workforce and employees and not only within the managers’ level. In the best case the communication is informative, motivating and anticipatory. The integration of employees should have highest priority!

To avoid incertitude of employees, customers and business partners’ changes in respect to structures and reliabilities have to be communicated internal and external as early as possible.Arno Heck, Strategische Allianzen, Springer Verlag pp

Third party logistics - Motivation and aims of 3PL collaborations
The first point reported about now, is instantly the most stimulating and propulsive reason for shippers and companies to commit their selves into strategic alliance collaborations with third party logistics providers.

Often companies, equal what size they have, aren’t able to improve their market position, as fast as the hard concurrency and competition in the national and international business requires, alone. Or if they are able this fast adaption to the market requirements would cause immense and disproportional costs.Arno Heck, Strategische Allianzen, Springer Verlag p.7

So the companies try to get their logistics more efficient and costs economic by working together with third party logistics provider that have the size, the experience and the know-how to make the clients supply chain more cost efficient, more flexible and more profitable ( see also the advantages of 3PL in chapter 7.1).

The 2014 annual Third Party Logistics Study (subtitle: The State of Logistics Outsourcing) of Capgemini investigated, that third party logistics clients have an average logistics cost reduction of 11%, an average inventory cost reduction of 6%, and an average fixed logistics cos reduction of even 23% by outsourcing their logistics to 3PL providers.

Another important point for shipper is, that their fill rates and their order accuracy increase what is really important within the hard competition to satisfy, in special the challenging, but also the general customer.Capgemini 2014 Third Party Logistics Study

Third party logistics - Types of 3PL providers
Third-party logistics providers include freight forwarders, courier companies, as well as other companies integrating offering subcontracted logistics and transportation services.

Hertz and Alfredsson (2003) describe four categories of 3PL providers:

* Standard 3PL Provider: this is the most basic form of a 3PL provider. They would perform activities such as, Pick and Pack|pick and pack, warehousing, and distribution (business) – the most basic functions of logistics. For a majority of these firms, the 3PL function is not their main activity.

* Service Developer: this type of 3PL provider will offer their customers advanced value-added services such as: tracking and tracing, cross-docking, specific packaging, or providing a unique security system. A solid IT foundation and a focus on economies of scale and scope will enable this type of 3PL provider to perform these types of tasks.

* The Customer Adapter: this type of 3PL provider comes in at the request of the customer and essentially takes over complete control of the company's logistics activities. The 3PL provider improves the logistics dramatically, but does not develop a new service. The customer base for this type of 3PL provider is typically quite small.

* The Customer Developer: this is the highest level that a 3PL provider can attain with respect to its processes and activities. This occurs when the 3PL provider integrates itself with the customer and takes over their entire logistics function. These providers will have few customers, but will perform extensive and detailed tasks for them.[ Selecting a Third Party Logistics (3PL) Provider] Martin Murray, about.com

Third party logistics - Non-asset based logistics providers
Advancements in technology and the associated increases in supply chain visibility and inter-company communications have given rise to a relatively new model for third-party logistics operations – the “non-asset based logistics provider.” With companies operating globally, the need to increase supply chain visibility and reduce risk, improve velocity and reduce costs – all at the same time – requires a common technological solution.[ Supply Chain Visibility is ranked top priority

Third party logistics - Non-asset based logistics providers
To be useful, providers must show their customers a benefit in financial and operational terms by leveraging exceptional expertise and ability in the areas of operations, negotiations, and customer service in a way that complements its customers' preexisting physical assets.

Third party logistics - First party logistics provider/ 1PL
First party logistics provider are single service providers which are usually specialized on certain goods, branches and shipping methods. They do the functional transport and logistics services in a straitened region.H.Brumme, N. Schröter,I. Schröter, Supply Chain Management und Logistik,Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2010, Seite 15

They do the core activities of logistics, namely transport, storing and handling of cargo, which were done by the most producing companies by themselves till the late seventies if we look back into history.:de:Logistikdienstleister

Examples are: Carrying companies, port operators, depot companies.H.Brumme, N. Schröter,I. Schröter, Supply Chain Management und Logistik,Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2010, Seite 15

The logistics department of a producing firm can also be seen as a first party logistics provider if they have own transport assets and warehouses.(Pick and deliver it)

Third party logistics - Second party logistics provider/ 2PL
Second party logistics provider are service providers which provide their specialized logistics services in a larger (national) geographical area than the 1PL do

Second party logistics arouse in the course of the globalization and the uprising trend of lean management, when the companies began to outsource their logistics activities to focus on their own core companies.

Examples are: courier, express and parcel services; ocean carriers, freight forwarders and transshipment providers.:de:Logistikdienstleister

Third party logistics - Fourth party logistics provider/ 4PL
Firms are outsourcing their selection of third party logistics provider and the optimization process of the integration of these to a PL as an intermediary

Third party logistics - Fifth party logistics provider/ 5PL
Fifth party logistics providers are engaged with supply chain management and offer system oriented consulting and supply chain management services to their customers.:de:Logistikdienstleister

Third party logistics - Differentiation of 2PL and 3PL
The most significant difference between a second party logistics provider and a third party logistics provider is the fact that a 3Pl is always integrated in the customs system. The 2 Pl is not integrated, in contrast to the 3Pl he is only an outsourced logistics provider with no system integration. A 2Pl works often on call (e.g. express parcel services) whereas a 3Pl is almost every time informed about the workload of the near future.

Another point that differs 2 and 3PL is the specification and customizing of services. A 2Pl normally only provides standardized services. 3Pl’s against it often provide services that are customized and specialized on the needs of their customer. This is possible by the long term contracts that are usual in the third party logistics market.

A cost effectiveness for the third party logistics provider is only given over longer periods of time with a stable contract and stable profits

3 PL contracts are long term contracts, whereas 2Pl contracts are of a low durability, so that the customer is flexible in responding to market and price changes.

The one great point of determination between a third- and a fourth party logistics provider is the point of own assets. In contrast to a 3Pl a 4Pl has no own transportation or warehouse assets!

A fourth party logistics provider selects the 3 Pl providers from the market which are most suitable for the logistical issues of his customer. Unlike the allocative function of a 4PL in the supply chain, the core competence of a 3Pl provider is the operative logistics.

Third party logistics - Lead logistics provider as a cut surface between 3Pl and 4PL
As a cut surface between 3Pl and 4 Pl there are existing so called lead logistics providers (abbreviation: LLP) which have the typical 4Pl attributes but hold own operative assets.

Third party logistics - Lead logistics provider as a cut surface between 3Pl and 4PL
Lead logistics providers are a combination out of 3PL and 4PL logistics providers and are sometimes called 3,5PL provider. Because LLPs have the needed know-how for controlling and managing complex supply chains and additionally hold transport and warehouse assets, LLPs are able to provide comprehensive supply chain management services.

VLAN Management Policy Server - Third party servers
To enhance functionality, which can talk to SQL or use external programs to decide on network access for a given request. The first publicly available of these was OpenVMPS, by Dori Seliskar and others, with FreeRADIUS, FreeNAC and Icarus VMPSd available and including additional management tools to help manage hundreds or thousands of clients and MAC addresses and their VMPS support.

VLAN Management Policy Server - Third party servers
FreeNAC is an OpenSource tool that includes OpenVMPS for communication with the switches, but also adds a database, automation, reporting and SNMP scanning to allow VMPS to be more easily used in larger environments.

George Wallace - 1968 third party presidential run
Wallace ran for President in the United States Presidential election, 1968|1968 election as the American Independent Party candidate, with Curtis LeMay as his candidate for Vice President

Richard M. Nixon feared that Wallace might split the conservative vote and allow the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, to prevail. Some Democrats feared Wallace's appeal to organized labor|organized blue-collar workers would damage Humphrey in northern states like Ohio, New Jersey, and Michigan. Wallace ran a Law and order (politics)|law and order campaign similar to Nixon's, further incensing Republicans.

In Wallace's 1998 obituary, The Huntsville Times political editor John Anderson summarized the impact from the 1968 campaign: His startling appeal to millions of alienated white voters was not lost on Richard Nixon and other GOP strategists

Wallace considered Happy Chandler, the former baseball commissioner and two-term former governor of Kentucky, as his running mate in his 1968 campaign as a third party candidate; as one of Wallace's aides put it, We have all the nuts in the country; we could get some decent people–-you working one side of the street and he working the other side

Wallace retracted the invitation, and (after considering Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Colonel Sanders|Colonel Harland Sanders) chose former United States Air Force|Air Force General Curtis LeMay of California

In 1968, when Wallace pledged that If some anarchist lies down in front of my automobile, it will be the last automobile he will ever lie down in front of, and asserted that the only four letter words of which hippies did not know were w-o-r-k and s-o-a-p; his rhetoric became famous

Major News media|media outlets observed the support Wallace received from extremist groups such as White Citizens' Councils

While Wallace carried five Southern states, won almost ten million popular votes and 46 electoral votes, Nixon received 301 electoral votes, more than required to win the election

Many found Wallace an entertaining campaigner. To hippies who called him a fascist, he replied, I was killing fascists when you punks were in diapers. Another quote: They're building a bridge over the Potomac River|Potomac for all the white liberals fleeing to Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia.

Wallace decried the United States Supreme Court binding opinion in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, which ordered immediate desegregation of Southern schools - he said the new Warren Burger|Burger court was no better than the Earl Warren|Warren court and called the justices limousine hypocrites.Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (September 1979). The Brethren. Simon Schuster. ISBN Page 56.

Prostitution in Sweden - Third party activities (Brottsbalk 6.12)
Prior to the sex purchase law, third party activities were already criminalised under the Criminal Code, as 6.12, so that the 1999 law increased the sanctions directed against sexual exchange.

6.12 Den som främjar eller på ett otillbörligt sätt ekonomiskt utnyttjar att en person har tillfälliga sexuella förbindelser mot ersättning, döms för koppleri till fängelse i högst fyra år.

Om en person som med nyttjanderätt har upplåtit en lägenhet får veta att lägenheten helt eller till väsentlig del används för tillfälliga sexuella förbindelser mot ersättning och inte gör vad som skäligen kan begäras för att få upplåtelsen att upphöra, skall han eller hon, om verksamheten fortsätter eller återupptas i lägenheten, anses ha främjat verksamheten och dömas till ansvar enligt första stycket.

Är brott som avses i första eller andra stycket att anse som grovt, döms för grovt koppleri till fängelse i lägst två och högst åtta år. Vid bedömande av om brottet är grovt skall särskilt beaktas om brottet avsett en verksamhet som bedrivits i större omfattning, medfört betydande vinning eller inneburit ett hänsynslöst utnyttjande av annan. Lag (2005:90).

6.12 A person who promotes or improperly financially exploits a person’s engagement in casual sexual relations in return for payment shall be sentenced for procuring to imprisonment for at most four years.

If a person who, holding the right to the use of premises, has granted the right to use them to another, subsequently learns that the premises are wholly or to a substantial extent used for casual sexual relations in return for payment and omits to do what can reasonably be requested to terminate the granted right, he or she shall, if the activity continues or is resumed at the premises, be considered to have promoted the activity and shall be held criminally responsible in accordance with the first paragraph.

If a crime provided for in the first or second paragraph is considered gross, imprisonment for at least two and at most eight years shall be imposed for gross procuring

Business process outsourcing in India - Third party BPOs
However, recently most of the Indian BPOs, even smaller and mid-sized ones, are setting up their onshore presence in the markets they serve. Most of the large players are improving the outsourced business processes by leveraging on their years of experience, and now some are offering more than just plain vanilla BPO processes. KPO, transformation and Consulting opportunities is gaining favor among large third party BPO providers like Genpact, WNS and EXL Services.

** Third party (United States), in American politics
Third party - Politics ** Third party (United States), in American politics

Third party - Acting in third of three roles
* Third-party ownership in association football, the ownership of a player's economic rights by sources other than the player

Third party - Business and marketing
* Third-party access, policies that require owners of natural monopoly infrastructure facilities to grant access to those facilities to parties other than their own customers

* Third-party administrator, an organization that processes insurance claims or certain aspects of employee benefit plans for a separate entity

* Third-party beneficiary, person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been a party to the contract

* Third party insurance, liability insurance which covers third-party claims

* Third-party technique, marketing strategy commonly employed by public relations firms, that involves placing a premeditated message in the mouth of the media

* Third-party verification (TPV), process of getting an independent party to confirm that the customer is actually requesting a change or ordering a new service or product, such as the practice used to prevent Telephone slamming

Third party - Computers
* Third-party developer, a hardware or software developer independent of the primary product or platform that the consumer is using

Third party - Computers
* Third-party software component, software which can be used in conjunction with some software or hardware but is not associated with either the manufacturer or the user

Third party - Law and society
* Third-party observations under the European Patent Convention, observations submitted by a person who is not formally party to the grant or opposition proceedings, where the observations relate to the patentability of an invention subject of a European patent application or, after grant, subject of a European patent

* Third-party reproduction, a process wherein a donor provides sperm, eggs, or the use of her uterus so that a woman can have a child

* Third-party source, a source of information independent of the first and second parties in a situation

Third party - As a proper name
* 3rd Party (1990s), American pop music group

SDS Sigma series - Third party operating systems
Some third party operating systems were available for Sigma Machines. One was named GEM (for Generalized Environmental Monitor), and was said to be rather UNIX-like. A second was named JANUS, from Michigan State University.

Third party insurance Liability insurance is designed to offer specific protection against third party insurance claims, i.e., payment is not typically made to the insured, but rather to someone suffering loss who is not a party to the insurance contract

Third party insurance - The liability insurance market
Commercial liability is an important segment for the insurance industry

The US is by far the largest market, with 51% of the global liability premiums written in 2013

The UK is the world’s second largest market for liability insurance, with USD 9.9 billion of liability premiums in 2013

In continental Europe, the largest liability insurance markets are Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Together they made up almost USD 22 billion of global liability premiums in Typically governed by civil law systems, these markets rely on local conditions and historical experience to determine which liability policies and covers are available. Penetration ranges from 0.16% to 0.25%, which is low compared to the common law countries such as the US, the UK and Australia.

Japan and Australia are the largest markets in the Asia Pacific region, with commercial liability premiums of USD 6.0 billion and USD 4.8 billion, respectively, in 2013

China is the ninth largest commercial liability market globally, with premiums of USD 3.5 billion in and strong annual average growth of 22% since However, penetration remains low at 0.04% of GDP. Growth has been driven by increasing risk awareness and regulatory changes.

Third party insurance - What liability insurance provides
Liability insurers have two (or three, in some jurisdictions) major duties: 1) the duty to defend, 2) the duty to indemnify and (in some jurisdictions), 3) the duty to settle a reasonably clear claim.

The duty to defend is triggered when the insured is sued and in turn tenders defense of the claim to its liability insurer

If a declaratory judgment is sought, the issue of the insurer's duty to defend will be resolved.

If the insurer decides to defend, it has thus either waived its defense of no coverage (later estopped), or it must defend under a reservation of rights. The latter means that the insurer reserves the right to withdraw from defending in the event that it turns out the claim is not covered, and to recover from the insured any funds expended to date.

If the insurer chooses to defend, it may either defend the claim with its own in-house lawyers (where allowed), or give the claim to an outside law firm on a panel of preferred firms which have negotiated a standard fee schedule with the insurer in exchange for a regular flow of work. The decision to defend under a reservation of rights must be undertaken with extreme caution in jurisdictions where the insured has a right to Cumis counsel.

The choice to do nothing can be very risky because a later determination that the duty applied often leads to the tort of bad faith. (So, insurers often prefer to defend under a reservation of rights rather than simply do nothing.)

The duty to indemnify means the duty to pay all sums for which the insured is held liable, up to a set policy limit.

In some jurisdictions, there is a third duty, the duty to settle a reasonably clear claim against the insured

This is where the duty to settle comes in. To avoid endangering an insured to gain a remote possibility of avoiding paying on the policy, the duty to defend obligates the insurance company to settle reasonably clear claims. The standard judicial test is that an insurer must settle a claim if a reasonable insurer, notwithstanding any policy limits, would have settled the claim.

An insurer who breaches any of these three duties may be held liable for the tort of insurance bad faith in addition to breach of contract.

Third party insurance - Occurrence v. claims-made policies
Traditionally, liability insurance was written on an occurrence basis, meaning that the insurer agreed to defend and indemnify against any loss which allegedly occurred as a result of an act or omission of the insured during the policy period

In the 1980s, a large number of major toxic tort scandals (primarily involving asbestos and diethylstilbestrol) resulted in numerous judicial decisions and statutes which radically extended the so-called long tail of potential liability chasing occurrence policies

The insurance industry reacted in two ways to these developments

Claims-made policies enable insurers to again sharply limit their own long-term liability on each policy and in turn, to close their books on policies and record a profit

Claims-made policies often include strict clauses that require insureds to report even potential claims and that combine an entire series of related acts into a single claim

Claims-made coverage also makes it harder for insureds to switch insurers, as well as to wind up and shut down their operations. It is possible to purchase tail coverage for such situations, but only at premiums much higher than for conventional claims-made policies, since the insurer is being asked to re-assume the kind of liabilities which claims-made policies were supposed to push to insureds to begin with.

Third party insurance - Retained limits and SIRs
One way for businesses to cut down their liability insurance premiums is to negotiate a policy with a retained limit or self-insured retention (SIR), which is somewhat like a deductible

Third party insurance - Types of liability insurance
In many countries, liability insurance is a compulsory form of insurance for those at risk of being sued by third parties for negligence

Third party insurance - Product
Product liability insurance is not a compulsory class of insurance in all countries, but legislation such as Consumer Protection Act 1987|the UK Consumer Protection Act 1987 and Product Liability Directive|the EC Directive on Product Liability (25/7/85) require those manufacturing or supplying goods to carry some form of product liability insurance, usually as part of a combined liability policy

Third party insurance - Third-party liability
It is purchased by the insured (the first party) from an insurance company (the second party) for protection against damage from the actions of another party (a third party)

Third party insurance - General liability
Many of the public and product liability risks are often covered together under a general liability policy. These risks may include bodily injury or property damage caused by direct or indirect actions of the insured.

Third party insurance - General liability
In the United States, general liability insurance coverage most often appears in the Commercial General Liability policies obtained by businesses, and in homeowners' insurance policies obtained by individual homeowners.

Third party insurance - Evidentiary rules regarding liability insurance
In the United States, most states make only the carrying of auto insurance mandatory. Where the carrying of a policy is not mandatory and a third party makes a claim for injuries suffered, evidence (law)|evidence that a party has liability insurance is generally inadmissible in a lawsuit on Relevance (law)|public policy grounds, because the courts do not want to discourage parties from carrying such insurance. There are two exceptions to this rule:

# If the owner of the insurance policy disputes ownership or control of the property, evidence of liability insurance can be introduced to show that it is likely that the owner of the policy probably does own or control the property.

# If a witness has an interest in the policy that gives the witness a motive or bias with respect to specific testimony, the existence of the policy can be introduced to show this motive or bias

Third party (politics)
In electoral politics, a 'third party' is any party contending for votes that failed to outpoll either of its two strongest rivals (or, in the context of an impending election, is considered highly unlikely to do so). The distinction is particularly significant in two-party systems. In any case third is often used figuratively, as in the third parties, where the intent, literally stated, is the third and succeeding parties.

For instance, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party, other than the Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives and Labour Party (UK)|Labour, which has at least one member in the British House of Commons|House of Commons. It is currently generally used for the Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats. In Scotland the dominant parliamentary party is currently the Scottish National Party with the Labour party the next largest party and the Conservative party third.

In the United States of America, there have been numerous Third party (United States)|third parties. The largest since the mid-20th century are the Libertarian Party (US)|Libertarian and Green Party (US)|Green Parties.

The term third parties is used mostly in countries with first past the post electoral systems, as those systems tend to create a two-party system, so that successful smaller parties are rare.

Countries using proportional representation give little advantage to the largest two parties, so they tend to elect many parties

In some categorizations, a party needs to have a certain level of success to be considered a third party. Smaller parties that win only a very small share of the vote and no seats in the legislature often are termed minor or fringe parties.

Third party (politics) - United States
In United States|U.S. politics, a third party is a political party other than the United States Democratic Party|Democrats or United States Republican Party|Republicans, such as the United States Libertarian Party|Libertarians and Green Party (US)|Greens. The term minor party is also used in a similar manner. Such political parties rarely win elections, as proportional representation is not used in federal or state elections, but only in some municipal elections.

A similar situation occurs with the presidential Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College, where Electoral College votes are often given the candidate who receives a plurality of the vote, thus bringing up accusations that certain third party presidential candidates are spoiling the election or splitting up segments of voters.

Among the other challenges that third parties face in the United States, is the frequent exclusion from major debates and media coverage, denial of ballot access and the difficulty in raising campaign contributions large enough to compete with the two major political parties.

Third party (politics) - Parliamentary two-party systems
Third parties usually have little chance of forming a government or winning the position of head of government

In the Westminster system there is also the possibility of minority governments, which can give smaller parties strength disproportional to their support. Examples include the Irish Parliamentary Party which pushed for Home Rule in Ireland in the late 19th century.

Challenging parties also usually appeal for votes on the basis that they will try to change the voting system to make it more competitive for all parties.

List of United States major third party presidential tickets
This is a list of major third party tickets for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States.

*They received at least 1% of the popular vote. (1824 or later)
List of United States major third party presidential tickets - Criteria *They received at least 1% of the popular vote. (1824 or later)

List of United States major third party presidential tickets - Criteria
*They ran for one of the three modern major third parties: the Constitution Party, the Green Party of the United States|Green Party, and the Libertarian Party of the United States|Libertarian Party.

List of United States major third party presidential tickets - 1789-1800
Note: In elections held before 1804 and the passage of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment, the President was the person who won the most electoral votes, while the Vice President was the second-place finisher. This list lists any candidate who received electoral votes but was not in first or second place.

List of United States major third party presidential tickets - 1792
All candidates were Democratic-Republican.

Note: 1796 was the first year the U.S. had a two-party system with Presidential running mates.

Note: All candidates were Democratic-Republican.

Note: All candidates were United States Whig Party|Whigs.

Third Party (album) 'Third Party' is an album by American instrumental hip hop duo Blue Sky Black Death. It was released on Fake Four Inc. in The album is a collaboration with Alexander Chen of Boy in Static.

Fujifilm X-series - Third party X-mount lenses
These lenses have been officially announced by manufacturers:

*Carl Zeiss Touit 2.8/12 12mm F2.8.[ Carl Zeiss 2.8/12 : Overview] It was announced Sep

*Carl Zeiss Touit 1.8/32 32mm F1.8.[ Carl Zeiss 1.8/32 : Overview] It was announced Sep

*Rokinon UMC Aspherical and Samyang 8mm f/2.8 Fisheye lenses.[ Rokinon 8mm Specs]

*Samyang 300mm F6.3 Reflex ED UMC CS.[ 16mm F2.0 Press Release] It was announced June 13, 2013.

*Samyang 16mm F2.0 ED AS UMC CS.[ 300mm F6.3 Press Release] It was announced June 13, 2013.

The following lens appears on the official fuji roadmap:[ Current Fuji XF roadmap]

*Carl Zeiss Touit 2.8/50 50mm F2.8 Makro-Planar

CircleMUD - Third party patches
There are several public patches for the CircleMUD codebase to add additional features.

* DG scripts adds a scripting language for game events.

* Online Creation|Oasis OLC adds a building interface so that zones can be built within the MUD environment.

* CircleMUD with Goodies Project (CWG)[ CWG Project Homepage] Accessed December 14, 2007 is a compilation of patches that provides DG Scripts, Oasis OLC, MCCP|Mud Client Compression Protocol, bug fixes, and more.

Third party beneficiary
It vesting|vests when the third party relies on or assents to the relationship, and gives the third party the right to sue either the promisor (promittens, or performing party) or the promisee (stipulans, or anchor party) of the contract, depending on the circumstances under which the relationship was created.

A contract made in favor of a third party is known as a third-party beneficiary contract or simply third-party contract (stipulatio alteri or pactum in favorem tertii), and any action to enforce a ius quaesitum tertio is known as a third-party action.

Under traditional common law, the ius quaesitum tertio principle was not recognized, instead relying on the doctrine of privity of contract, which restricts rights, obligations, and liabilities arising from a contract to the contracting parties (said to be privy to the contract)

Third party beneficiary - Ius quaesitum tertio
A promisee nominates a third party usually for one of two reasons—either the promisee owes something to the third party and the performance of this new obligation will discharge it, or the promisee will somehow get a material benefit by giving something to the third party.

There are also two possible ways to explain the functioning of the contractual relationship: either,

* The parties A (promisee) and B (promisor) contract each in his own name but with the intention of creating an opportunity for C (third-party beneficiary) to acquire a benefit, conditional upon acceptance, from B; or

* C immediately acquires a conditional right, from which A is able to release B until the moment of acceptance, when the right of A to release B is extinguished.David J. Joubert, Agency and Stipulatio Alteri, Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa, eds. Reinhard Zimmerman Daniel Visser (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996), 356.

It is also distinguishable from a promesse de porte-fort under which the third party has a Negative and positive rights|negative obligation to perform and, by expressing his consent, initially substitutes himself for an intended party to a contract and therefore binds himself

Third party beneficiary - Object to benefit
For third-party rights to come into existence, certain contractual criteria must be met to show an object to benefit:

* A valid contract must exist between two contracting parties and not some other relationship

* The contracting parties must have intended to confer a benefit, and not a simple interest, to a third party, either expressly or impliedly

* The third-party beneficiary must be named or referred to, or is a member of a distinct class referred to

* The intention to benefit must generally be irrevocable (though a life insurance policy is an exception)

Third party beneficiary - Irrevocability
To be enforceable, a ius quaesitum tertio must be irrevocable. This is established by any of the following:

* Registration for publication

* The third party coming under onerous obligations on the faith of having a ius quaesitum tertio

Third party beneficiary - Acceptance
A third-party beneficiary only acquires a right of action to enforce his benefit once he has accepted the benefit provided for in the contract

Third party beneficiary - Intended v. incidental beneficiary
In order for a third party beneficiary to have any rights under the contract, he must be an intended beneficiary, as opposed to an incidental beneficiary. The burden is on the third party to plead and prove that he was indeed an intended beneficiary.

Third party beneficiary - Incidental beneficiary
An incidental beneficiary is a party who stands to benefit from the execution of the contract, although that was not the intent of either contracting party

Third party beneficiary - Intended beneficiary
Although there is a presumption that the promisor intends to promote the interests of the third party in this way, if Andrew contracts with Bethany to have a thousand killer bees delivered to the home of Andrew's worst enemy Charlie, then Charlie is still considered to be the intended beneficiary of that contract

There are two common situations involving intended beneficiaries:

* 'Donee beneficiary '– e.g., when Andrew wishes to make a gift to Charlie and Andrew agrees to provide some consideration to Bethany in exchange for her promise to pay Charlie the amount of the gift. Under old common law principles, the donee beneficiary actually had a greater claim to the benefits this created, but such distinctions have been abolished.

Third party beneficiary - Vesting of rights
Once the beneficiary's rights have vested, the original parties to the contract are both bound to perform the contract. Any efforts by the promisor or the promisee to rescind or modify the contract at that point are void. Indeed, if the promisee changed his mind and offered to pay the promisor money not to perform, the third party could sue the promisee for tortious interference with the third party's contract rights.

There are four ways to determine whether the third party beneficiary's rights have vested:

# If the beneficiary expressly assented to the contract at the request of one of the parties;

# If the beneficiary files a lawsuit to enforce the contract; or

# If the beneficiary's rights vest pursuant to an express term in the contract providing for such vesting.

Third party beneficiary - Breach and defenses
Because the rights of the third party are defined by the contract created between the promisor and the promisee, the promisor may assert against the beneficiary any defenses to the contract that could be asserted against the promisee

If the promisor is owed more than the value of the contract, the beneficiary's recovery will be reduced to nothing (but the third party can never be made to assume an actual debt).

A creditor beneficiary can sue both the promisor and the promisee, but the beneficiary cannot recover against both

A donee beneficiary can sue the promisor directly to enforce the promise. (Seaver v. Ransom, 224 NY 233, 120 NE 639 [1918]). A donee beneficiary is when a contract is made expressly for giving a gift to a third party, the third party is known as the donee beneficiary. The most common donee beneficiary contract is a life insurance policy.

Third party beneficiary - Rights that accrue to the promisee
The promisee can also sue the promisor for failing to pay the third party beneficiary

Third-party observations under the European Patent Convention - Status of the person submitting third party observations A person submitting observations during examination or opposition proceedings does not become party to the proceedings

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 1: Right of third party to enforce contractual term Section 1 of the Act overrides the old common law rule that a third party could not enforce the terms of a contract, as established in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge Co Ltd, and also the rule that a third party could not act against the promisor, established in Tweddle v Atkinson.Andrews (2001) p.353 It allows a third party to enforce terms of a contract in one of two situations: firstly if the third party is specifically mentioned in the contract as someone authorised to do so, and secondly if the contract purports to confer a benefit on him.Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 S.1(1)

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 1: Right of third party to enforce contractual term An exception to the second rule involves contracts that include language barring third parties from applying the rule.Dean (2000) p.144Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 S.1(2) Another exception applies to contracts between solicitors and their clients to write wills, something governed by White v Jones [1995] Case citation|2 AC 207

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 1: Right of third party to enforce contractual term The second situation, that a third party can enforce terms that purport to confer a benefit on him, has been described by Meryll Dean as too broad, and one view put forward in the parliamentary debates was that it was un-workable in situations such as complex construction contracts involving dozens of sub-contractors with chains of contracts among them.Dean (2000) p.145 This argument, and a proposal to exempt the construction industry from the Act, was rejected by both the Law Commission and Parliament

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 1: Right of third party to enforce contractual term The third party must be identified by name or as a member of a particular group, and does not need to exist when the contract was made.Whincup (2006) p.83Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 S.1(3) This can cause problems, however – if, for example, a party (party A) enters a contract to have another party (party B) construct a building, and A later sells the building to C who finds that it has structural problems, C has no cause of action against B because he was not named in the original contract.McKendrick (2007) p.149

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 1: Right of third party to enforce contractual term If a third party chooses to enforce the terms of a contract, he can do so against the promisor and has the right to any remedy that would be available if he was party to the contract, such as specific performance.Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 S.1(5) An exception to this is the ability to terminate the contract and have it rendered void, since the Law Commission believed that the third party should not be entitled to terminate the contract for breach as this may be contrary to the promisee's wishes or interests.McKendrick (2007) p.151

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 1: Right of third party to enforce contractual term Although the topic is not discussed in the Law Commission's report or the bill itself, it is generally considered that the third party has no rights against the promisee, regardless of his rights against the promisor.Stevens (2004) p.304 Andrew Burrows (academic)|Andrew Burrows, who prepared the Law Commission's report, said that the third party does not acquire rights against the promisee,Burrows (1996) p.544 something Guenter Treitel has also suggested.Treitel (2003) p.658 A different stance is taken in Scots contract law|Scots law, where a promisee has a duty to the third party to ensure performance of the contract.

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Section 7: Supplementary provisions relating to third party In particular it prevents third parties from using the definition of third party in this Act when applying any other Act of Parliament, and excludes the section of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 that covers negligence from applying to actions against a third party

Third party (Canada) In Canada, a 'third party' usually refers to a relatively small federal or Provinces and territories of Canada|provincial political party that is not usually considered to have a realistic chance of forming a government, but has representation in the federal Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons or the provincial legislature

Third party (Canada) In Canadian politics, the term third party is also sometimes used to refer to agents other than candidates and voters who participate in elections. For example, campaign advertisements funded by groups other than the parties and candidates running may be called third party advertising. This term has become more prevalent recently, since the current Canadian Parliament has seated members from five different parties, making the usual usage less meaningful.

Third party (Canada) - Federal third parties
The first notable third party was the Progressive Party of Canada|Progressive Party, which appeared in 1920 and had a strong showing in the Canadian federal election, 1921|1921 elections coming second after the Liberal party

After the Great Depression two new third parties emerged: the Democratic socialism|democratic socialist, Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), formed from the remnants of the Progressive Party, and the right-wing, Social Credit Party of Canada, which sought reform of monetary policy

Following the Canadian federal election, 1993|1993 election, the division between the main and the third parties started to break down, due to the poor showing by the Progressive Conservative Party and the rise of the Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party and the Quebec-based Bloc Québécois

For the first time in Canadian history the Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party was reduced to third party status

Third party (Canada) - Provincial third parties
A number of provinces in Canada have a two-party system (that is, the two major political parties alternate governing, though the identity of these parties may change over time). Provinces west of Quebec have, for most of the 20th and 21st centuries, had a three-party system, though the identity of these parties may have changed over time. For the most part, these are the provincial Liberals, provincial Progressive Conservatives and the NDP.

Provincial parties that may currently be considered third parties are:

*In Newfoundland and Labrador, the New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador.

*In New Brunswick, the Green Party of New Brunswick.

*In Quebec, Coalition Avenir Québec

In Alberta, the concept of a third party may be misleading since elections are not typically competitive between even two parties. All of Alberta’s past governments formed very long political dynasty|political dynasties, which then disappeared, never to hold power again. Since Alberta general election, 2012|2012, the Alberta Liberal Party has been the third party in the legislature. The Alberta New Democratic Party is the fourth after a long stint as the third.

In Quebec, the Action démocratique du Québec was recently considered the province's third party. The party occasionally outperformed the province's larger two parties in opinion polls and finished second in Quebec general election, 2007|2007, but lost most of its seats and fell back to third place in Quebec general election, 2008|2008. The party has since reorganized and rebranded itself the Coalition Avenir Québec.

The Tories were relegated to the position of third party with only ten seats

Opinion polls for the British Columbia general election, 2013|upcoming election forecast a strong showing for the British Columbia Conservative Party, which has been represented in the Legislative Assembly since a Liberal MLA crossed the floor in 2012, casting doubt on the Greens' future as British Columbia's third party.

Notable third party performances in United States elections
In the United States, it is rare for a Third party (United States)|third party (or independent) candidate to perform well in a U.S. election, and rare for one to actually win the election. Below are any elections where a candidate that wasn't a Republican Party (United States)|Republican or Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat obtained at least 5.0% of the vote.

Since 1990, candidates in 32 (8%) of the 380 Senate elections have met this criterion, and two (0.5%) have won, both in In six of the 32 races, one or the other of the major parties failed to nominate any candidate, allowing third-party candidates to perform better than usual.

In the 302 gubernatorial elections since 1990 the criterion has been met 49 times (16%) and six candidates have won (2%). Until Lincoln Chafee's victory in 2010, no third-party or independent governor had been elected since the 1990s. In the 38 presidential elections since 1856, the criterion has been met in eleven (29%) elections, with no third-party or independent candidate being elected president.

Notable third party performances in United States elections - Others
*Richmond, California municipal elections, 2006

Notable third party performances in United States elections - Others
*Burlington, Vermont mayoral election, 2009

Third Party System The 'Third Party System' is a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to describe a period in the history of political parties in the United States from 1854 until the mid-1890s that featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race. This period, the later part of which is often term the 'Gilded Age', is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System.

Third Party System Democrats were back in control of the Senate at the end of the Third Party System and held the upper chamber for most of the 1890s

Third Party System - Voter behavior
As with the preceding Second Party System era, the Third was characterized by intense voter interest, routinely high voter turnout, unflinching party loyalty, dependence on nominating conventions, hierarchical party organizations, and the systematic use of government jobs as patronage for party workers, known as the spoils system

Third Party System - Broad coalitions from each party
Both parties comprised broad-based voting coalitions

Third Party System - Broad coalitions from each party
The Democratic Party comprised conservative pro-business Bourbon Democrats, who usually controlled the national convention from 1868 until their great defeat by William Jennings Bryan in 1896

Third Party System - Religion: pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats
Religious lines were sharply drawn.Kleppner (1979) Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other pietists in the North were tightly linked to the GOP

Cultural issues, especially prohibition and foreign language schools, became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate

:Source: Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System (1979) p. 182

Third Party System - Realignment in the 1850s
The collapse of the Whigs after 1852 left political chaos

Third Party System - Ideology
The ideological force driving the new party was modernization, and opposition to slavery, that anti-modern threat

Third Party System - Civil War
It was the measure of genius of President Lincoln not only that he won his war but that he did so by drawing upon and synthesizing the strengths of anti-slavery, free soil, democracy, and nationalism.Paludan pg

Third Party System - Postwar
Civil war and Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until the Compromise of 1877 finally ended the political warfare

Third Party System - Postwar
Rutherford Hayes became President after a highly controversial electoral count, demonstrating that the corruption of Southern politics threatened the legitimacy of the presidency itself

Third Party System - Climax and collapse, 1890–1896
New issues emerged in the late 1880s, as Grover Cleveland and the Bourbon Democrats made the low tariff for revenue only a rallying cry for Democrats in the United States presidential election, 1888|1888 election, and the Republican Congress in 1890 legislated high tariffs and high spending

Cleveland's second term was ruined by a major depression, the Panic of 1893, which also undercut the appeal of the loosely organized Populist Party (United States)|Populist coalitions in the south and west

McKinley's overwhelming victory combined city and farm, Northeast and Midwest, businessmen and factory workers. He carried nearly every city of 50,000 population, while Bryan swept the rural South (which was off-limits to the GOP) and Mountain states. McKinley's victory, ratified by an even more decisive reelection in United States presidential election, 1900|1900, thus solidified one of the central ideologies of twentieth-century American politics, pluralism (political theory)|pluralism.

Third Party System - Campaigning changes in 1896
Under the Second and Third Party Systems, parties financed their campaigns through patronage; now Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act|civil service reform was undercutting that revenue, and entirely new, outside sources of funding became critical

Third Party System - Third Parties
Throughout the nineteenth century, third parties such as the Prohibition Party, Greenback Party and the Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party evolved from widespread antiparty sentiment and a belief that governance should attend to the public good rather than partisan agendas

Third Party System - Fourth Party System, 1896–1932
The overwhelming Republican victory, repeated in 1900, restored business confidence, began three decades of prosperity for which the GOP took credit, and swept away the issues and personalities of the Third Party System.Walter Dean Burnham, Periodization Schemes and 'Party Systems': The 'System of 1896' as a Case in Point Social Science History, Vol

Third Party System - Fourth Party System, 1896–1932
Alarmed at the new rules of the game for campaign funding, the Progressives launched investigations and exposures (by the muckraker journalists) into corrupt links between party bosses and business

Cynthia McKinney presidential campaign, 2008 - Third party debate
:Main article: The United States presidential election debates, 2008#The third party debates

Third party (United States)
The term 'third party' is used in the United States for any and all political parties in the United States other than one of the two major parties (Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party and Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party). The term can also refer to independent (politician)|independent politicians not affiliated with any party at all and to write-in candidates.

Third party (United States) - Current U.S. third parties
This list does not include political organizations that do not run candidates for office but otherwise function similarly to third parties. For non-electoral political parties, List of political parties in the United States#Non-electoral organizations|see here.

Third party (United States) - Largest (voter registration over 75,000)
* Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party - Libertarianism, laissez-faire, civil liberties|pro-civil rights, anti-war

* Green Party of the United States - Green politics, eco-socialism, Progressivism in the United States|progressivism

* Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party - Social conservatism, Christian right|religious right, paleoconservatism

Third party (United States) - Right-wing
This section includes any party that advocates positions associated with American conservatism, including both Old Right (United States)|Old Right and New Right tendencies.

Third party (United States) - Centrist
This section includes any party that is independent, populist, or any other that either rejects right-left politics or doesn't have a party platform.

*American Populist Party

*Citizens Party of the United States|Citizens Party

*Reform Party of the United States of America

*Unity Party of America

Third party (United States) - Left-wing
This section includes any party that has a liberal (progressive), social democratic, or Marxist platform.

*Socialist Equality Party (United States)|Socialist Equality Party

*Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party

*Socialist Action (United States)|Socialist Action

*Socialist Alternative (United States)|Socialist Alternative

*Liberty Union Party (Vermont)

Third party (United States) - Libertarian
This section includes parties that primarily advocate Libertarianism|libertarian policies, or otherwise general reductions in the size and power of the Federal government.

Third party (United States) - Libertarian
*American Conservative Party (United States)|American Conservative Party

Third party (United States) - Ethnic nationalism
This section includes parties that primarily advocate for granting special privileges or consideration to members of a certain race, ethnic group, religion etc.

*National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement

Also included in this category are various parties found in and confined to Indian reservations, almost all of which are solely devoted to the furthering of the tribes to which the reservations were assigned

Third party (United States) - Single-issue/protest-oriented
This section includes parties that primarily advocate single-issue politics (though they may have a more detailed platform), and/or may seek to attract protest votes rather than to mount serious political campaigns or advocacy.

Third party (United States) - Notable elections
A number of third party, independent, and write-in candidates have performed well in many U.S. elections.

Greens, Libertarians and others have elected state Legislators and local officials. The Socialists had 600 mayors at one time before World War I, including Milwaukee, Wisconsin; New Haven, Connecticut; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Schenectady, New York. There have been 20th Century governors elected as independents, and from such parties as Progressive, Reform, Farmer-Labor, Populist, and Prohibition. There were others in the century before.

However, the United States has had a two-party system for over a century. The Plurality voting system|winner take all system for presidential elections and the single-seat plurality voting system for United States Congress|Congressional elections have over time created the two-party system (see Duverger's law).

Therefore, it is very rare to have a national Third party officeholders in the United States|officeholder not affiliated with and endorsed by one of the two major parties

Third party candidates at the top of the ticket can help to draw attention to other party candidates down the ballot, helping them to win local or state office

The only three U.S

Lincoln Chafee was the most recent serving governor not from one of the two major parties. Chafee was elected Governor of Rhode Island as independent in Rhode Island gubernatorial election, 2010|2010, before changing his affiliation to the Democratic Party in May 2013.

Third party (United States) - Winner-take-all vs
Third party (United States) - Winner-take-all vs. proportional representation In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College, and the Constitutional provision for the House of Representatives to decide the election if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a further disincentive to third party candidacies.

Third party (United States) - Winner-take-all vs
Third party (United States) - Winner-take-all vs. proportional representation Ross Perot eventually founded a third party, the Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party, to support his United States presidential election, 1996|1996 campaign

Third party (United States) - Ballot access laws
Or, in many states, they do not meet petition requirements in which a certain number of voters must sign a petition for a third party or independent candidate to gain ballot access

Third party (United States) - Debate rules
Third party or independent candidates have been included in these debates in only two cycles

Debates in other state and federal elections often exclude Independent and third party candidates, and the Supreme Court has upheld such tactics in several cases. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a private company.

Independent Ross Perot was included in all three of the debates with Republican George H. W. Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992, largely at the behest of the Bush campaign. His participation helped Perot climb from 7% before the debates to 19% on Election Day.

In United States presidential election, 2000|2000 revised debate access rules made it even harder for third party candidates to gain access by stipulating that, besides being on enough state ballots to win an Electoral College majority, debate participants must clear 15% in pre-debate opinion polls

Third party (United States) - Major party marginalization
A third party candidate will sometimes strike a chord with a section of voters in a particular election, bringing an issue to national prominence and amount a significant proportion of the popular vote

Third party (United States) - Major party marginalization
In 1996, both the Democrats and the Republicans agreed to deficit reduction on the back of Ross Perot's popularity in the 1992 election. This severely undermined Perot’s campaign in the 1996 election.

Third party (United States) - Third party officeholders
Third party officeholders in the U.S. are rare. Since the Reconstruction era of the United States|end of Reconstruction, there have been a total of 31 U.S. Senators, 111 Third party United States House of Representatives|Representatives, and 22 Governors who were not affiliated with a major party.

Whistle-blower - Third party
The third party service involves utilising an external agency to inform the individuals at the top of the organisational pyramid of misconduct, without disclosing the identity of the whistleblower. This is a relatively new phenomenon and has been developed due to whistleblower discrimination. International Whistleblowers is an example of an organisation involved in delivering a third party service for whistleblowers.

Trusted third party Likewise transactions that need a third party recordation would also need a third-party repository service of some kind or another.

Trusted third party - An example
In this case, a TTP is a third party who may have previously seen Bob (in person), or is otherwise willing to vouch that this key (typically in an identity certificate) belongs to the person indicated in that certificate, in this case, Bob

Trusted third party - Actual practice
The 2011 incident at certificate authority|CA DigiNotar broke the trust of the Dutch governments Public Key Infrastructure|PKI, and is a text-book example of the weaknesses of the system and the effects of it.Guardian: [ Rogue web certificate could have been used to attack Iran dissidents], visited 11 September 2011 As Bruce Schneier has pointed out, after the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, no third party should in fact ever be trusted.

The Pretty Good Privacy|PGP cryptosystem includes a variant of the TTP in the form of the web of trust. PGP users digitally sign each other's identity certificates and are instructed to do so only if they are confident the person and the public key belong together. A key signing party is one way of combining a get-together with some certificate signing. Nonetheless, doubt and caution remain sensible as some users have been careless in signing others' certificates.

Trusting humans, or their organizational creations, can be risky. For example, in financial matters, bonding companies have yet to find a way to avoid losses in the real world.

Trusted third party - Parallels outside cryptography
For instance, a notary public acts as a trusted third party for authenticating or acknowledging signatures on documents

Third party officeholders in the United States
'Third-party officeholders in the United States' are rare at any point of time. Although the current two-party system in the U.S., with the Republican party (United States)|Republican party and Democratic party (United States)|Democratic party, started in 1856, many of the older parties still existed and had an influence. Therefore, this article includes any politician since the Reconstruction era of the United States|end of Reconstruction or since the 45th United States Congress.

These galleries and lists include anyone who at one time, while in office, was an independent or affiliated with a third party. They are listed in descending order from the first year they were in office as something other than a Republican or Democrat.

Since the end of Reconstruction, there have been a total of 30 U.S. Senators, 111 U.S. Representatives, and 28 Governors that weren't affiliated with a major party. Currently, there are two U.S. Senators (King and Sanders), and four major city Mayors. Hundreds of third-party officeholders exist at the local level (including those in nonpartisan positions who are affiliated with a third-party), including 146 Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party members and

British Columbia Liberal Party - 1953–1975 Third party status
During the early period of this time, the Liberals' most prominent member was Gordon Gibson, Sr. He was a cigar-smoking and gregarious logging contractor who could have been Premier but for a major political error. He was elected in 1953 for the Lillooet riding. In 1955, the Sommers scandal surfaced and he was the only leader in the legislature to make an issue of it. W. A. C. Bennett and his attorney general tried many tactics to stop the information from coming out.

In frustration, Gordon Gibson Sr. resigned his seat and forced a by-election, hoping to make the Sommers scandal the issue. Unfortunately, the voting system had changed, and he came a close second after Social Credit.

In the British Columbia general election, 1956|1956 election, with the Sommers scandal still not resolved, the Liberals fared worse than in Arthur Laing lost his seat, and the party was reduced to two MLAs and 20.9% of the vote.

In the British Columbia general election, 1960|1960 election, the party won four seats with the same 20.9% of the popular vote as in 1956.

In the British Columbia general election, 1963|1963 election, the party's caucus increased by one more MLA to five, but their share of the popular vote fell to 19.98%.

The British Columbia general election, 1966|1966 election, the party won another seat, bringing its caucus to six, and had a modest increase in the vote to 20.24%.

In the British Columbia general election, 1969|1969 vote, the party lost one seat, and its share of the vote fell to 19.03%.

In 1972, the party was led into the election by a new leader, David Anderson (British Columbia politician)|David Anderson, who had been elected in the Canadian federal election, 1968|1968 federal election as an MP for the Liberal Party of Canada. He and four others managed to be elected to the legislature, but with the lowest vote in party history at 16.4%.

After the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP) won the British Columbia general election, 1972|1972 election, many supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties defected to the Social Credit League

In the British Columbia general election, 1975|1975 election, the only Liberal to be elected was Gordon Gibson Jr. as the party scored a dismal 7.24%. David Anderson was badly defeated in his Victoria riding, placing behind the New Democrats and Social Credit.

UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations - Third party ownership
Following the problems caused by the sale of Carlos Tévez and Javier Mascherano to West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United in 2006, third party ownership was banned in the Premiership, although it is widely used in South America and Europe and is permissible under FFP

UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations - Third party ownership
On 4 February 2013 UEFA confirmed that it intended to ban third-party ownership of players, stating; We think this should be the case all over the world, certainly all over Europe. If FIFA will not do it, we will certainly do it as far as Europe is concerned,Guardian 5 February 2013

MSN Chat - Third party applications
The use of third party applications on the MSN Chat Network was not prohibited, although it was unsupported. Third party applications were required to use the same Authentication Methods as the MSN Chat Control.

MSN Chat - Third party applications
The most popular third party applications were mIRC, IRC Dominator and Viperbot.

TouchFLO 3D - Third Party Interest
There have been several third-party add-on tabs created. These include:

*Comm Manager: to turn Airplane Mode, Phone, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi on or off (imitates the included Comm Manager application - see 'Communications' above)

Also, a 3rd party TouchFLO 3D clone, called [ ThrottleLauncher] , is available for many other devices.

Baidu Cloud - Third party integration
Baidu's cloud operation can be divided into two main categories: 1. Personal users ( and 2. Developers ( which is the Open Cloud.

XC800 family - Third party tools
* Keil compiler, debugger, simulator[ Keil XC800 Tool Chain]

XC800 family - Third party tools
* Hitex Debugger [ Hitex XC800 Debugger]

Cablecom - Third party offerings
; Teleclub: Swiss subscription television service provider for the German speaking region, also available through non-Cablecom cable television grids, satellite (in cooperation with Germany's Sky and Swisscom TV is available as basic package, with three additional optional packages. The option packages Movie and Family contain some non-exclusive channels, also available through the cablecom collection packages.

; Canal+: French subscription television service provider, also available in the French speaking region of Switzerland. Canal+ is available as basic package, with one additional optional package (HDTV channel).

; Ciné+|Cine+: French subscription television service provider, also available in the French speaking region of Switzerland.

Misrepresentation in English law - Third party rights
However the equity courts decided that a contract could not be declared void if a third party's rights had intervened, provided the third party had acted in good faith and given consideration (the principle of bona fide purchaser)

Misrepresentation in English law - Third party rights
Phillips v Brooks Ltd, however stands tensely with another area of the law known as the doctrine of mistake as to identity. The House of Lords by a thin majority recently reaffirmed in Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson[2003] UKHL 62 that when a contract is done at a distance, but where the identity of the contracting party is essential to the transaction, the contract will ex ante be void. In these cases, the courts have deviated from a normal misrepresentation and bar to rescission analysis.

Tor hidden service - Third party
Vuze (formerly Azureus) BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent client, Bitmessage anonymous messaging system, and TorChat instant messenger, include Tor support.

Tor hidden service - Third party
The Guardian Project (software)|The Guardian Project is actively developing a free and open-source suite of application programs and firmware for the Android (operating system)|Android operating system to help make mobile communications more secure. The applications include ChatSecure instant messaging client, Orbot Tor implementation, Orweb privacy-enhanced mobile browser, ProxyMob Firefox add-on and ObscuraCam.

European Health Insurance Card - Third party application processors
European Health Insurance cards are provided free to all citizens of participating countries

Herman Cain - Call for a third party
After Barack Obama's reelection in 2012, Herman Cain told Bryan Fischer that the Republican Party no longer represented the interests of conservatives in the United States and that it didn't have the ability to rebrand itself, so a third party, not Ron Paul and the Ron Paulites but a legitimate third party, would be needed to replace it

Peter Kenyon - Third party ownership
On 22 September 2014, an investigation by the The Guardian implicated Kenyon alongside Portuguese superagent Jorge Mendes in breaching FIFA regulations regarding third party ownership and conflict of interest in player representation, buying player rights through companies based in Jersey and Republic of Ireland|Ireland. The Guardian also published a detailed report showing Kenyon's ex-club Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea have invested in third party ownership via Mendes and Kenyon, a practice banned by the Premier League

George C. Wallace - 1968 third party presidential run
Richard Nixon feared that Wallace might split the conservative vote and allow the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, to prevail. Some Democrats feared Wallace's appeal to organized labor|organized blue-collar workers would damage Humphrey in northern states like Ohio, New Jersey, and Michigan. Wallace ran a Law and order (politics)|law and order campaign similar to Nixon's, further incensing Republicans.

Dynamic currency conversion - Third Party Providers
*Pure Commerce (a Euronet Worldwide company)[ Pure Commerce]

Journal of Cell Biology - Copyright and third party use
In July 2000, the JCB began to harness the power of the internet to promote further distribution of its content when it became one of the first journals to allow authors to post the final, published pdf file of their articles on their own websites

Votrax - Third party * Enabling Technologies 'Audibraille' (Simple Microcomputer with 128k mem) (SVA speech core)

Votrax - Third party * Tandy Computers|Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Speech Module (Slightly stripped down VSL, on a larger circuit board, transition filters are potted)

Votrax - Third party * Maryland Computer Services 'Total Talk' (Modified HP-2621 Terminal) (VSB + Douglas McIlroy|McIlroy algorithm)[ David M. Stoffel]

* Automated Functions 'VERT' (VSB + Douglas McIlroy|McIlroy algorithm)
Votrax - Third party * Automated Functions 'VERT' (VSB + Douglas McIlroy|McIlroy algorithm)

* Alien Group Voice Synthesizer
Votrax - Third party * Alien Group Voice Synthesizer

* Alpha Products 'VS100' (for TRS-80 Model III) (SC-01-A)
Votrax - Third party * Alpha Products 'VS100' (for TRS-80 Model III) (SC-01-A)

Votrax - Third party * Sweet Micro Systems Mockingboard Speech I and 'Sound/Speech I' (SC-01-A)

Votrax - Third party * Tecmar PC-Mate Speech Master ISA card (SC-01-A + National Semiconductor Digitalker)

Votrax - Third party * Artic technologies (several cards using SC-01-A and SC-02 and SSI-263AP, rebadged as artic 263)

For More Information, Visit:
The Art of Service

Third Party https://store.theartofservice.com/the-third-party-toolkit.html.

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