1. Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”
THE NATION BEGINS
Washington’s Presidency
Served 2 terms to 1797
VP: John Adams
2. US Problems = Solutions
Government on paper but not in practice
Precedents
Develops first
Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson
Supreme Court
Debt
Excise taxes and tariffs
Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792
Confidence in new Constitution
Whiskey Rebellion
Successfully put down by Washington, 1794
Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”
notes1

2. Created lowers courts to assist the Supreme Court
THE NATION BEGINS
3. Accomplishments
Political achievements
Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789
treaties
Created lowers courts to assist the Supreme Court

3. Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”
Domestic Achievements:
Secures westward expansion
Jay’s Treaty— Great Britain
Picnkney’s Treaty— Spain
Debt solutions
Excise taxes and tariffs
Bank of United States (BUS)
Enforced Constitution
Whiskey Rebellion
Demonstrated strength of new government
Foreign Achievements
No war with Great Britain or Spain
French Revolution to US response
Neutrality Act---Washington warns = stay out
Cornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism
Washington’s Farewell Speech
Two ways the US can stay unified and strong
Avoid political parties
military alliances with European countries
Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”

4. WASHINGTON'S INAGAURAL
Wash inaugural
New Constitution and Government take effect on April 30, 1789.
Washington begins his presidency in New York City and alternates between there and Philadelphia.
Capital city at this time was New York City.

5. PRECEDENTS OF WASHINGTON
Precedents are models, examples or influences other Presidents would follow
What to call the President? Mr. President
President sets their own personal style
Cabinet appointed by President and advises him
VP has no official duties
President acts independent from Congress
Congress relies on the advice of the President
Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else
precedents

6. Washington's First Cabinet
Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government
Department of State-----Foreign affairs
Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
Department of Treasury---Financial affairs
Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury
Department of War Military affairs
Henry Knox----Secretary of War
General- Attorney Legal affairs
Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice
Postmaster General Postal system
Samuel Osgood

7. FREEDOM of Religion, Press, Speech, Assembly, Petition
"BILL OF RIGHTS"
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution in 1791 Rights and freedoms won in the Revolution are preserved and protected…
FREEDOM of Religion, Press, Speech, Assembly, Petition
RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS
No QUARTERING of soldiers in peacetime
NO UNREASONABLE SEARCH and SEIZURE
PROTECTION of ACCUSED
RIGHT TO A SPEEDY, PUBLIC TRIAL BY JURY
TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL SUITS
NO EXCESSIVE FINES or CRUEL PUNISHMENT
POWERS RESERVED TO THE PEOPLE
POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES

8. John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
FIRST SUPREME COURT
President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court
3 from North and 3 from South
Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.
John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

9. HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON
Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation.
Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially.
President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

10. HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN
Foreign Debt
$11,710,000
Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems:
Pay off $80 million debt
Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products
Tariff: a tax on imports
Establish good credit with foreign nations
Create a national bank with a national currency
Raise money for govt backed by gold silver
Federal Domestic Debt
$42,414,000
State Debt
$21,500,000
Misc. Revenue
Excise Tax on Whiskey
Custom Duties (Tariffs)
Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C.

11. HAMILTON JEFFERSON BANK OF THE U.S.
BUS
HAMILTON
Safe place to deposit and transfer money
Provide loans to government and state banks
A national currency---$$$$$
An investment by people to buy stock into US bank
Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose construction of Constitution
National debt good for country
JEFFERSON
Against the Constitution
State banks would collapse
Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government
Hurt the common man
Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national bank.
Against a national debt

12. Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……
whiskeymap

13. WHISKEY REBELLION Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania.
Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax
Believed it was an unfair tax.
Were called the “Whiskey Rebels”

14. WHISKEY REBELLION Outcome:
Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution
Outcome:
Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy”
Showed the power of the national government
President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

15. RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Federalist Beliefs
(former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans
Alexander Hamilton John Adams
Thomas Jefferson James Madison
Leader
Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated…. Favored seaboard cities
Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West
Appealed to
Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution
Implied powers
Wealthy and educated involved
Limit freedoms of speech & press
Preferred govt. similar to a king
State’s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution
Expressed/Enumerated powers
Common man but educated
Bill of Rights is sacred
Lesser government the better
Ideas of Government
Domestic Policy
Supported National Bank—BUS Supported excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high
Against National Bank—BUS Against excise tax Against National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low
Foreign Policy
Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British
Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French

16. LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
FRENCH REVOLUTION
LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis
Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete
similar to King George
Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

17. LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
FRENCH REVOLUTION
LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in 1793.
Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.
France goes to war against European kings
France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British
President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

18. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
farewell
Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and
interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.

19. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
farewell
I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….April 1793
President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid.
Why?

20. Thomas Paine On Washington’s Neutrality
WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality.
Washington’s Neutrality decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.
Preserve and protect the infant nation
Thomas Paine On Washington’s Neutrality
“And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.”

21. Conflicts with Britain
British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.
Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

22. President Washington faced several Indian problems.
British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers.
Washington sent General “Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat the Indian tribes.

23. War in the Old Northwest Territory
Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored early victories (1790–91)
The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

24. War in the Old Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville
(1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio
First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

25. Map 13 of 45

26. Conflicts with Britain
British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300
Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.
Jeffersonians called for war
Federalists resisted (financial system).

27. France upset because we violated the Franco American Treaty of 1778.
IMPRESSMENT
impressment
Impressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy
France began impressing our ships and sailors because of our Neutrality Proclamation.
France upset because we violated the Franco American Treaty of 1778.

28. Jay’s Treaty
To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).
Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.
Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

29. Jay’s Treaty British remove forts from US soil
Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with Indian tribes
Opened westward expansion for US settlers.
John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.

30. Did not stop impressment.
Jay’s Treaty
British agree to pay some damages, but required US to pay old debts on pre- Revolution accounts.
Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts).
Did not stop impressment.
John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.

31. Jay’s Treaty
Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic- Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.
Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

32. Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans.
Picnkneys
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……

33. WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECH
Washington warned of the dangers of political parties and permanent alliances with other nations.
Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances” became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.
“Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796

34. Neutrality = Isolation
US ISOLATIONISM
Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents--- ”GOOD HISTORIAN”
Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Address in 1796.
No entangling alliances…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to trade with Europe
Neutrality = Isolation

35. Democratic Republican
Election of 1796
Rise of Political parties
Adams 2nd president---Jefferson VP
Serves 1 term to 1801
2. Foreign relations----possible war with France—Why?
US neutrality, treaty of 1778 and Jay’s Treaty
US upset----”impressment” of our ships
Adams negotiates with France to keep US out of war
XYZ Affair
US apologize
Loan France money
$250,0000 bribe
Americans demand war with France
Undeclared naval war---US vs France
3. President Adams prepares US for war….
Alien and Sedition Act—1798
Federalist
Congress creates the Dept. of the Navy and US Marines

36. 4. VP Jefferson & Madison against these laws..”Responses”
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
if US law violates the Constitution, the states can refuse to obey it….”nullification”
Why? Compact theory: States created national government and have the right to nullify any law they believe is unconstitutional
State’s rights vs national govt. conflict
5. Adams vs. Napoleon Bonaparte to keep US out of war
Treaty agreement
Abandon treaty of 1778
US drop the claims against France
Adam’s accomplishment:
Kept US “neutral” and out of war
Sacrifices his presidency and will not be re-elected
Why? Went against people and Federalists

37. Adams Becomes President
1796 campaign
Adams was supported by New England and Federalists
Defeated Jefferson in Electoral College
Jefferson becomes VP
France and US close to war.
Jay’s Treaty
US not honoring the Franco-American Treaty of 1778

38. Fighting with France
French upset by US violation of France-US treaty of 1778
Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward alliance with England
French warships impressed over 300 US merchant ships by 1797

39. Fighting with France
: In undeclared hostilities, mostly around West Indies
US captured over 80 French ships but lost several hundred to France.
Needed only slight push for war.

40. XYZ AFFAIR
To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives (John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace agreement…..
US representatives were snubbed by the French government……
Eventually, 3 French representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they refused to give their names)
XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000 to merely talk with Tallyrand
Insulted, we refused the demands and left France…
US & French begin to fight an undeclared naval war.
Adams Tallyrand
President Adams on the XYX Affair….”I will never send another minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful and independent nation.”

41. French demanded an apology Demanded a $12 million loan.
Cartoon shows the US as a maiden being victimized by the French Directorate while Britain sits aloof on a hill and European leaders discuss America’s plight
The three American envoys were treated with contumely and denied access to the Directory. They were then approached by three men who claimed to be representatives of Talleyrand, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, demanding $250,000 in bribes.      The Federalists used the occasion to foment irrational hatred for all things French, resulting in the super-patriot slogan: "Millions for defense, but not once cent for tribute."
XYZ Affair
French demanded an apology
Demanded a $12 million loan.

42. XYZ AFFAIR
“The French government would permit us to remain at Paris and we should be received by Talleyrand one of us could go to American and consult our government on the subject of the loan.
We had no reason to believe that a possible benefit could result from it. And we desired him to tell his government that we would not give a shilling unless American property unjustly captured was previously restored and further hostilities suspended…
Unless this was done, we did not think that we could even consult our government concerning a loan…..”

43. Fighting with France Americans wanted war and were heard to say
“millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”
US prepares for war, expands navy, creates the US Marine Corps.

44. Patriotism Above Party
Hamilton and the war-hawk Federalists enraged, but most Americans agreeable to try for peace
1800: new US envoys come to find Napoleon as new dictator
Wants to resolve US conflict

45. Patriotism Above Party
New French leader, Napoleon and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain
French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly
1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

46. CONVENTION OF 1800 vs
Adams Napoleon
To prevent a war with France, in 1800, President Adams sent representatives to France to meet with Napoleon and Tallyrand to negotiate a peace agreement…..
Tallyrand guarantees France would accept our representatives and treat them with respect. The agreement was as follows:

47. Adams deserves credit:
CONVENTION OF 1800 vs
Adams Napoleon
Convention of 1800 signed:
ended Franco-American alliance
Adams deserves credit:
Avoided war
Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase
Adams sacrificed his re-election in 1800 to keep US out of war
Patriotism above self-interest
Adams/napoleon

48. Federalist Witch Hunt
1798: Using anti-French hysteria, Federalists in Congress passed the Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien Laws: raised residency required for citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting in fewer Democratic-Republican voters
A crude portrayal of a fight on the floor of Congress between Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont and Representative Roger Griswold of Connecticut. The row was originally prompted by an insulting reference to Lyon on Griswold's part. The interior of Congress Hall is shown; as are Speaker Jonathan Dayton and Clerk Jonathan W. Condy (both seated), Chaplain Ashbel Green (in profile on the left), and several others. Griswold, armed with a cane, kicks Lyon, who grasps the former's arm and raises a pair of fireplace tongs to strike him. Below are the verses: "He in a trice struck Lyon thrice / Upon his head, enrag'd sir, / Who seiz'd the tongs to ease his wrongs, / And Griswold thus engag'd, sir."

49. Federalist Witch Hunt
Sedition Act violated Constitution, but Federalist SC would not overturn
Law wrote to expire in 1801 in case Federalists lost election
Despite violation of freedoms, Acts were very popular

50. SEDITION ACT
“That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist in any false,
Scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of Congress or the President of the United States,
Then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two years……”

51. ISSUE: Does the United States Govt have the right to suspend your rights (Bill of Rights) in time of crisis (such as war) to protect the national security of the country?
ALIEN ACT: Congress gave President Adams the power to deport any immigrant who was considered a risk to national security….Also, changed naturalization (immigrants who want to become citizens) from 5 years to 14 yrs…
SEDITION ACT: Congress gave President Adams special powers to arrest anyone who spoke out against the war effort….Primarily against Jefferson’s Democratic/Republicans and newspaper editors who opposed the war…..

52. KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTION
Kty/va resolutions
Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…..They tried to convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act….It failed and the Sedition Act remained the law until 1801.
DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION: Since the States created the National Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they believed was unconstitutional ….
COMPACT THEORY: Belief Jefferson and Madison held that since the states created the National Govt. and the states entered into this compact voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey any law they believe is unconstitutional…

53. VA & KY Resolutions
Jefferson (secretly) & Madison write resolutions adopted by KY & VA legislatures arguing “nullification”
US government had overstepped its bounds ~ “compact” with states had been violated

54. VA & KY Resolutions
As a result, states could “nullify” federal laws ~ specifically the Alien & Sedition Acts
Federalist response: it’s people, not states, that formed union

55. KENTUCKY & VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS
That the General Assembly protests against the alarming infractions of the Constitution, in the "Alien and Sedition Acts" passed at the last session of Congress.
That this state having by its Convention, expressly declared, that among other essential rights, "the Liberty of Conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained, or modified by any authority of the United States,"
The General Assembly appeals to the other states, in confidence that they will concur that the acts are unconstitutional and that the necessary and proper measures will be taken by each in maintaining the Authorities, Rights, and Liberties, referred to the States respectively, or to the people.

56. RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
FEDERALISTS
Alexander Hamilton/John Adams
Led by merchants, bankers and lawyers living primarily in New England.
Favored a strong central government.
Interpreted the Constitution loosely--- ”implied powers”
Believed in a government by the elite, educated and wealthy.
Pro-England.
Favored Hamilton's financial policies----support BUS
Vision for US: Trade center, industry and self-sufficient.
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
Thomas Jefferson/James Madison.
Led by planters, farmers and wage earners living primarily in the South and West.
Favored strong state governments over national government.
Interpreted the Constitution strictly--- “enumerated powers”
Rule by the educated masses.
Pro-France.
Opposed Hamilton's financial policies---against BUS
Vision for US: Agricultural society, little trade and industry