1. Standardization and Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), in conjunction with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has produced the following overview presentation to introduce standards developing organizations (SDO’s) to the topic of Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP). The slides that follow will provide information on how voluntary consensus standards can incorporate EPP provisions to protect the environment, and reflect life-cycle concerns.
The EPA wants more standards that incorporate environmental and life-cycle elements that can be referenced and/or recommended as the basis for both public and private sector purchasing decisions. A primary objective of this exercise is to assist the EPA in achieving its agency mission.
All ANSI-accredited standards development bodies with standards that are impacted by EPP practices are strongly encouraged to share this presentation with its members and committee participants.
Standardization and Environmentally Preferable Purchasing

2. Standardization and Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
An Opportunity for Standards Developing Organizations
Many things have changed in the standardization community within the past ten years. “Standardizers” have been called on to emphasize even more the public interest in their work, especially if it relates in any way to health, safety and the environment.

3. Overview
There is a significant demand, as initiated by government action, for environmentally preferable products
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) is an innovative way to incorporate into purchasing decisions the consideration of a product’s impact on the environment
There are many benefits available to standards developing organizations (SDOs) and corporations that work to meet the demand for EPP
The bottom line: there are real advantages to the SDO, and to the government, and especially the EPA, when EPP elements are incorporated into voluntary standards.

4. Summary of Topics
Definition and Background: Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Standardization and the Environment: A cooperative effort of the public and private sectors
Case Study – U.S. Department of Defense
Incentives and Methodology: Incorporating life-cycle and environmental elements in voluntary standards
Supporting Documentation
Information Resources (databases, guidelines, etc.)
Pilot Programs
This slide gives a short overview of what this presentation will communicate to you.

5. Definition and Background
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)

6. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
EPP is a process for selecting “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose.” Executive Order 13101
EPP is a federal-wide program that encourages and assists executive agencies in the purchasing of environmentally preferable products and services.
While EPP came from the EPA, it is a program that is followed by purchasers throughout the federal government. Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards will be dramatically boosted as agencies become aware of the standards available, and begin to integrate those standards into their operations.
For more information online:

7. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) (continued)
The heads of each executive agency have been ordered to “incorporate waste prevention and recycling in the agency’s daily operations and work to increase and expand markets for recovered materials through greater Federal Government preference and demand for such products.” - EO 13101, Sec. 101
“When developing, reviewing, or revising … standards, executive agencies shall consider recovered materials and any environmentally preferable purchasing criteria developed by the EPA.”
- EO 13101, Sec. 501

8. Origins of EPP
EO (1993) Federal Acquisition, Recycling and Waste Prevention (superceded by EO )
EPA Proposed Guidance on the Acquisition of Environmentally Preferable Products and Services (1995)
EO (1998) Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling and Federal Acquisition
EPA and the Office of the Federal Environmental Executive policy statement (1998)
EPA Final Guidance on Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (1999)
EO (2000)
Greening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management
Federal Acquisition Regulation (Parts 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 23, 36, 42, 52)
EO Directed EPA to issue a guidance recommending principles for executive agencies to use in recognizing environmentally preferable products which meet their procurement needs.
EPA’s Supplement to Proposed Guidance Acknowledge existence of non-governmental entities, including environmental standards setting organizations, to which executive agencies may refer for technical assistance in meeting the goals of the Executive Order.
EO Requires executive agencies to incorporate waste prevention and recycling into the agency’s daily operation. It also asks executive agencies to work to increase and expand markets for recovered materials through greater Federal Government preference and demand for such products.
Policy Statement EPA and the Office of the Federal Environmental Executive issued a policy statement on how federal agencies can use Non-Governmental Entities (including standards setting organizations) to help achieve the administration’s mandate of purchasing environmentally preferable goods and services.
Final Guidance Designed to help executive agencies meet their obligations under EO to identify and purchase environmentally preferable products and services.
EO Requires federal agencies to incorporate environmental management systems (EMS) into daily decision-making and long term planning processes. Pollution prevention is highlighted as a key aspect to the environmental management system process. EMSs must be implemented by the end of 2005 at all applicable facilities. Recognizes that purchasing decisions can have a significant impact on an organization’s environmental performance and, thus, the EMS’s success.
FAR A manual outlining uniform policies and procedures for federal procurement. It helps ensure federal government purchases are based in part on environmental considerations. The EPP guidelines were incorporated into FAR with the amendments of Aug. 22, It specifically requires federal agencies to “implement cost-effective contracting preference programs favoring the acquisition of environmentally preferable and energy efficient products and services.”(FAR (a))

9. Impact of EPP The Federal Government State and Local governments
purchases more than $200 billion worth of products and services annually
provides an additional $240 billion to grantees that in turn buy products and services
State and Local governments
Trickle-down effect: Many state and local agencies base their purchasing practices on the practices of the Federal Government
As you can see, the potential market for EPP products is huge, and using the standard will assure a level playing field for all who wish to get involved in supplying the federal government, as well as hundreds of state and local jurisdictions.

10. Standardization and the Environment
A cooperative effort of the public and private sectors

11. Standardization and EPP
Standardization and EPP can go hand-in-hand
Example: The ISO series of standards on Environmental Management Systems
A family of generic environmental management system standards that provides a model for organizations to
set up and operate a system for consistently improving the environment
manage an organization’s activities in order to minimize harmful effects on the environment
Requirements of an Environmental Management System under ISO 14001
Identification of all aspects of the organization’s activities that could impact the environment
Setting performance objectives
Implementing the EMS to meet these objectives by training employees or establishing practices, etc.
Establishing an audit of the EMS
Checking, correcting, preventing deviations
Undertaking periodic reviews of the EMS by top management to ensure performance.

12. Standardization and EPP (continued)
In accordance with principles of the U.S. National Standards Strategy (NSS) and those endorsed by the World Trade Organization (WTO)
Standards will be relevant, responsive to real world needs, and performance-based
Decisions will be reached through consensus of all affected interests (including harmonization so as to meet global regulatory requirements)
Balance will be maintained among competing interests
Processes will be transparent, flexible, timely and coherent
All views will be considered and appeals are possible
The traditional standards-setting bodies will work cooperatively
Traditional and non-traditional standards-setting bodies will work well together
Let’s discuss, for a moment, the main motivations and principles of the U.S. National Standards Strategy. These same principles are included in Annex 4 of the Second Triennial Review of the Operation and Implementation of the WTO/TBT Agreement.
When applied in the context of international standardization, they mean we need better involvement by more nations and better operation of many national standardization representatives, to ensure that positions taken at the international table truly reflect the national consensus. This may mean recognizing that not all work is done through ISO and IEC and that all good work can be globally relevant. This may also mean that more leaders in our - and other - countries will perceive the value of voluntary standards work to their organization and take leadership positions.
Now, this list seems to exclude consortia. I would like to make the point that there is little difference between any non ANS, ISO or IEC document from a consortia document in the sense that some higher body hasn’t approved it. As standards developing organizations react to market demands, they are providing processes leading to documents that aren’t standards. ISO and IEC have International Workshop Agreements and the Publicly Available Specification processes. The IT sector has lots of organizations. The point for our look at the future is that these organizations are relevant to their user’s needs.
One task for standards professionals is to better inform those wishing to develop documents of the choices, and the impact of those choices, on the resulting documents.

13. Standardization and EPP A Public-Private Partnership
All federal agencies are encouraged to utilize voluntary consensus standards when possible
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (P.L :1996)
Directs federal participation in voluntary consensus standards development activities
OMB Circular A-119 is the accompanying guidance document
American National Standards exceed all requirements of NTTAA and OMB A-119 to be used as reference documents by federal agencies
This is a substantive move away from the traditional “command and control” role of government and a move toward working with the private sector.

14. Standardization and EPP Example: U. S
Standardization and EPP Example: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Established in July 1970, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) mission is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment — air, water, and land — upon which life depends.
“The EPA recognizes the influence the United States, and in particular, the U.S. government, has on what products and services are produced due to this tremendous purchasing power. EPP works to leverage that influence to minimize environmental burdens.” –
Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS) utilized by the EPA include:
ISO Environmental Management Systems The EPA served as co-chair of an ISO Committee responsible for the development and maintenance of the ISO series (standard described on a previous slide).
ASTM E Radon Mitigation Systems ASTM issued its “Standard Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing Low-Rise Residential Buildings” (E ) in This voluntary consensus standard culminates more than a decade of efforts on the part of many, including the EPA. As a consequence of E 2121, EPA decided that an internal review of its Radon Mitigation Standards was warranted. The EPA incorporated E 2121 by reference, meaning that the EPA deferred to it as the preferred mitigation standard, and placed its own standard on the list of inactive documents.
ANSI/ASQC E Implementation of Quality Assurance Requirements for Organizations Receiving EPA Financial Assistance EPA assistance agreement recipients must implement or have implemented a quality system conforming to the American National Standard Specifications and Guidelines for Quality Systems for Environmental Data Collection and Environmental Technology Programs.

15. EPP = Environment + Performance + Price Pollution Prevention
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Five Guiding Principles for Purchasing
EPP = Environment + Performance + Price
Pollution Prevention
Life Cycle Perspective / Multiple Attributes
Comparison of Environmental Impacts
Environmental Performance Information
Include environmental considerations as part of the normal purchasing process, which generally includes, performance, price, safety and availability. For example, a reasonable price premium may be justified because the environmental attributes of a product or service provide offsetting reductions in operating and disposal costs.
Emphasize pollution prevention as part of the purchasing process. It is cheaper to prevent pollution than to pay for clean-up later.
A product or service impacts the environment throughout its life cycle - both long before and long after it is purchased and used. A product’s life cycle includes activities associated with raw material acquisition, product manufacturing, packaging and transportation, product use, and ultimate disposal.
Compare the relative environmental impacts when selecting products and services.
Consider the reversibility of its impact– that is, how long it will take for its impact on the environment to disappear.
Recognize the scale of a product’s effect on the environment, such as by comparing its contribution to the pollution of a local stream versus its impact on global temperature change. Strive to reduce the impact on both levels.
Weigh the different types of environmental impact. When faced with reducing toxicity or reducing waste, you may want to concentrate your energies on the more pressing toxicity concern.
Human health. Regardless of a product’s affect on the environment, if it has an adverse effect on human health, it is not considered “environmentally preferable.”
Collect accurate and meaningful information about environmental performance of products and services. Purchasers will be looking for information on how a standard/product is environmentally preferable.

16. Life Cycle Perspective
“The likely result [of understanding the impact of life cycles] will be world class performance: improved processes and products which drive down total costs while also eliminating waste. The result will also be reduced environmental impact of both product and byproducts throughout their entire life cycles.” –

17. Life Cycle Perspective (continued)
Life cycle assessment involves evaluating risk or damage to the environment or ecosystems outside of typical manufacturing limits over the entire life cycle of the product. This means that in each stage – from production, to retailing, to consumption – steps should be taken to reduce environmental damage from the creation or use of the product.

18. Federal Agencies Promoting Environmental and Life Cycle Standards
Department of Agriculture
Bio-Based Products Program
Department of Commerce
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Department of Defense (refer to case study on next slide)
Department of Energy
Federal Energy Management Program
Environmental Protection Agency
Green Purchasing Programs
Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines
Energy Star Program
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Agriculture: The Biobased Products and Bioenergy Coordination Council (BBCC) was established by the Secretary of Agriculture to provide a forum through which USDA agencies will coordinate, facilitate and promote research, development, transfer of technology, commercialization, and marketing of biobased products and Bioenergy using renewable domestic agricultural and forestry materials.
Commerce: NIST works on numerous interagency efforts in cooperation with the EPA. NIST worked cooperatively with the U.S. EPA to formulate the BEES database.
Defense: See case study on next slide.
Energy: The Federal Energy Management Program is a customer-focused organization providing services to other federal agencies to assist them in reducing the cost of government through energy efficiency, water conservation, and the use of solar and other renewable energy.
EPA: The Comprehensive Procurement Guideline program promotes the use of materials recovered from waste by designating products that are or can be made with recovered materials and by recommending practices for buying these products. The Energy Star Program is a voluntary partnership between the DOE and the EPA, product manufacturers, local utilities, and retailers, promoting energy efficient products by labeling them with the ENERGY STAR logo and educating consumers about the benefits of energy efficiency.

19. A Case Study U.S. Department of Defense
Life Cycle Considerations for “Virginia Class” Nuclear Submarine
61% reduction in the number of adhesive products*
80% reduction in the number of solvents and cleaners*
31% reduction in the number of paints and coatings*
Assurances that all selected paints satisfied applicable performance and environmental requirements
Research and development efforts to identify and test a biodegradable hydraulic fluid for submarines to replace the current toxic, mineral oil-based fluid
Redesigned nuclear reactor core eliminated the need for refueling and disposal of spent nuclear fuel while achieving a multi-million dollar cost avoidance
The Virginia Class New Attack Submarine is an advanced stealth multi-mission nuclear powered submarine for deep ocean anti-submarine warfare and for shallow water operations.
*compared to the number required for previous submarine classes

20. Incentives and Methodology
Incorporating life-cycle and environmental elements in voluntary standards

21. Incentives for the Private Sector to Incorporate EPP Provisions
Regulatory compliance (Federal, State, and Local)
Demonstration of environmental awareness
Reduced operating and maintenance costs
Improved worker health and safety, reduced liabilities
Helps achieve compliance with ISO EMS
Competitive advantage
Marketing assistance
Reference in publications/databases
Suggestions on marketing environmentally preferable products

22. Incentives for Standards Developers to Incorporate EPP Provisions
EPP standards meet demand of federal agencies
Helps federal agencies comply with NTTAA
Allow EPA referencing [of a standard] via Federal Register notices
Increase adoption by other agencies looking to EPA for guidance
Increase adoption and use by state and local governments
Publicity/Reference in publications/databases
There are currently 523 standards in the EPP Database. This covers more than 650 product and service categories. The source of each standard is cited. (The EPP database is described in the Resources section of this presentation.)
Competitive Advantage (particularly if EPA adopts or references the resulting standard)
Increased use by companies utilizing ISO EMS
There are a variety of incentives for considering the environmental impact of standards and products. We will now consider just how to create the standards from which you can benefit.
Meet Demand – the federal agencies are required to implement EPP and seek out voluntary consensus standards which meet their needs. According to the EPA’s final guidance on EPP, “In establishing Environmental Preferable Purchasing pilot projects or planning other environmentally-sensitive activities, agencies should first determine whether there is an applicable voluntary consensus standard that would meet its needs.”
In addition to increased federal adoption and use, the referencing of a standard by the EPA or other federal agencies will also lead to a dramatic increase in adoption and use by state agencies, greatly increasing market acceptance of a standard.

23. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities
First priority is to be aware of the need for and advantages of environmental consideration within a standard
Consider existing voluntary consensus standards that relate to EPP (examples: Green Seal, ASTM, ISO 14000)
Consider State and Local laws related to environmental conservation
Consider EPA’s “Five Guiding Principles for Purchasing”
At the time this presentation was prepared, Green Seal was not an ANSI-accredited standards developer and its standards did not meet the essential requirements for American National Standards.
Green Seal- An independent, nonprofit organization promoting the manufacture and sale of environmentally responsible consumer products by setting environmental standards and awarding a “Green Seal of Approval” to products that cause less harm to the environment than other similar products.
Scientific Certification Systems is a neutral, third-party testing and certification organization evaluating a wide variety of food safety and environmental claims.

24. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities (continued)
Questions to ask prior to initiating development
Will the new standard benefit from the incorporation of EPP principles?
If yes, what are these benefits?
How will EPP be addressed?
Is a relevant standard already in existence?
Is there support from the affected interests?
Broadly publicize the development project and invite ideas from any source.
Formulate idea(s).
Bring together all interested parties in the consensus process.

25. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities (continued)
The project must be inclusive of all interests
Convey the importance of standardization and the message that standards have a strong impact on EPP business
Enhance outreach to industry, government and consumers
Attract the interest of top-ranking people and stimulate an environmental dialogue among different categories of stakeholders
Engage high-level decision makers who are responsible for budgets and policies
Educate, inform and persuade these interests regarding the importance of environmental standardization activities

26. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities (continued)
Participation
Recruit EPA or other environmentally conscious participants to advise standards developers
Initiate dialogue with procurement experts to identify needs
Identify and invite the potential users of the standards (i.e., the target audience) to participate in development efforts
Maximize harmonization and minimize duplication through the use of
liaison arrangements
joint development
formal agreements
etc.
This sectoral focus leads naturally to our goal of inclusivity.
We all are aware of individuals who become obsessed with the desirability of certain standards or standards in certain technologies. Their zeal can be useful, but it needs to be connected to larger interests. This means we need to educate leaders in government, consumer organizations and industry on the value of standards, and how to achieve results, relevant to them. This analysis frequently brings on significant controversy, for example, if it means asking local jurisdictions to accept documents created far away and by people with whom they have no contact.
Standards cannot be of interest only to the technical participant or of high regard only because of their elegance.
Standards must be perceived by “user leaders” to be relevant. That perception will also assist us to improve standards processes to meet heightened expectations.
Standards developers must also stand for concrete values. I am sure each of the U.S-based standards developers reviewing this presentation will believe that this is true of their organizations. But the same must true for all organizations that claim they seek global participation and that they aim to produce global standards.

27. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities (continued)
Clearly define the need for EPP principles in the standard
Consider adding appropriate text in the draft document’s scope, purpose or justification statements
Develop draft environmental and/or life cycle provisions
Constantly communicate progress to users and stakeholders
Identify how standards will affect the life-cycle of products

28. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities (continued)
Factors to MAXIMIZE
Recycled content
Durability
Reusability
Product disassembly potential
Recyclability
Energy conservation
Factors to Maximize
Recycled content- composition
Durability- By lasting longer they save on the consumption of resources (less production or waste leads to favored environmental impact)
Reusability- considers how many times a product can be used and reused. Reusable products can require higher upfront costs than disposable products, but the long-term savings frequently justifies the higher initial cost (for example, paper plates).
Product disassembly potential- A product that is easy to repair or recycle is preferable.
Recyclability- materials that can be diverted from solid waste to be recycled.
Energy conservation- product, service or process consumes less energy than alternatives

29. Incorporating EPP into Standards Development Activities (continued)
Factors to MINIMIZE
Human health hazards
Toxicity
Carcinogenicity
Ecological Hazards
Aquatic, Avian and Terrestrial Toxicity
Product Safety Hazards
Flammability
Corrosivity
Factors to Minimize
Human health hazards- products that have a directly negative effect on human health
Acute toxicity- elements that cause pain and damage from brief exposure.
Developmental/reproductive toxicity- elements that retard growth, that could cause miscarriage or deformity or adversely affect reproductivity in humans.
Immunotoxicity- elements that damage the immune system.
Irritancy- cause temporary, reversible damage.
Neurotoxicity- damage the brain or nervous system.
Sensitization- cause skin or other systemic reactions upon repeated exposure.
Carcinogenicity- elements that include cancer-causing agents.
Ecological hazards:
Substances or elements that can harm plants or animals in the water, air or land.
Product safety attributes- undesirable side effects or product properties requiring safety precautions whenever the product is used or stored.
Flammability- a substance that could ignite relatively easily and start a fire.
Corrosivity- a substance that can cause irreversible tissue damage to the skin upon contact.
Reactivity- substance that is normally unstable, reacts violently with water or is potentially explosive.

30. Supporting Documentation
Information Resources and Guidelines
EPP Database
Pilot Programs

31. Information Resources
Northeast Recycling Council Environmentally Preferable Products ListServ (EPPNET)
Office of Federal Environmental Executive’s Listserv
“Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability” (BEES)
“Design for the Environment” (DfE) Program
EPPNET- The Northeast Recycling Council established the EPPNET listserv. It provides an open forum for the posting & discussion of news & information relating to the procurement of EPP. It is intended to provide subscribers with access to information such as: availability of product specifications, vendors of particular products, pricing information, and strategies to achieve recycled product procurement goals and federal procurement policies. It is intended for federal, state, local, environmental and private procurement officials.
Office of Federal Environmental Executives Listserv- manages an interactive forum for the exchange of information on environmental purchasing, recycling and waste prevention.
“Greening” of the Federal Logistics Information System- The Defense Logistics Agency is working through a multi-agency group to incorporate positive environmental attributes into FLIS. FLIS is a database of more than 7 million supply items purchased by the Federal government. With the supply items tagged with environmental attributes, FLIS will provide Federal consumers with specific information about the products they buy.
BEES was developed by NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory with support from the U.S. EPA EPP Program and based on consensus standards. It is software technique for selecting cost-effective, environmentally preferable building products.
Design for the Environment Program is a voluntary partnership program that works directly with industry to integrate health and environmental considerations into business decisions. The DfE process promotes voluntary environmental improvement by addressing industries’ need for key information on how to incorporate environmental concerns into business decisions. The process systematically:
Identifies the array of technologies, products, and processes that can be used to perform a particular function within an industry and related pollution prevention opportunities.
Evaluates and compares the risk, performance, and cost tradeoffs to the alternatives.
Disseminates this information to the entire industry community.
Encourages and enables use of this information by providing mechanisms and incentives to institutionalize continuous environmental improvement.
Uses life-cycle assessments to examine the environmental impacts of products over their entire life cycle.

32. Information Resources (continued)
General Services Administration Environmental Products Guide (GSA)
GSA Advantage
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Environmental Products Catalog
EMALL (DLA Environmental Attribute Codes)
Tel: (Defense General Supply Center)
Federal Trade Commission
“Green Guides”
Product Catalogs
Environmental Products Guide- Published by the U.S. General Services Administration, contains a list of more than 3,000 products and services with environmental attributes. All products featured in the guide are available through the supply system of GSA’s Federal Supply Service.
Environmental Products Catalog- Published by the Defense Logistics Agency, includes products that meet the requirements of EPA’s Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines as well as products that help reduce hazardous waste or eliminate the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.
Green Guides are guides to the use of environmental marketing claims by the Federal Trade Commission and are intended to reduce consumer confusion and prevent false or misleading use of environmental terms in product advertising or labeling.

33. EPP Database
Launched in 1999 in response to customer demand for a one-stop-shop for environmental information on products and services purchased by the federal government
Links to standards and guidelines for environmentally preferable products and services
Contract language and specifications created and used by governments
Vendor lists and product brands meeting the standard
Other useful information on environmental preferability
EPP database

34. EPP Case Studies
Painting the Town Green: The Aberdeen Proving Ground Paint Pilot Project
Paving the Road to Success: The Department of Defense’s Parking Lot Repair and Maintenance Contract
The pilot project approach was taken to demonstrate how Executive Agencies can use Non-Governmental Entities to support environmentally preferable purchasing efforts.
Painting the Town Green: The Aberdeen Proving Ground Paint Pilot Project- details the DoD installation’s pilot project to reduce the number, volume and environmental effects of the paints used on the installation. Aberdeen contracted with Green Seal to help identify the environmental attributes relevant to paint and then established environmentally preferable paint standards. Aberdeen excluded paints that failed to meet the standards and tested the rest to verify the manufacturer-stated volatile organic compound levels. The paints are produced by a variety of manufacturers, which ensures competitive pricing. As a result of this pilot project, the DOD will save $60 thousand in the first year of implementation.
Paving the Road to Success: The Department of Defense’s Parking Lot Repair and Maintenance Contract- The DOD chose a contract to repair and maintain access roads and parking lots at the Pentagon and three other Washington DC-area facilities. The Pentagon has one of the world’s largest paved surface parking lots. The project involved specifying baseline environmental attributes of paving products and developing innovative contract language to encourage the contractor to go beyond baselines. In this case, the contractor even decided to use the EPP products for his other jobs which didn’t require environmental considerations.
For in-depth information on these case studies, or for more examples

35. EPP Case Studies Cleaning Products Pilot Project
Green Spending: A Case Study of Massachusetts’ Environmental Purchasing Program
The pilot project approach was taken to demonstrate how executive agencies can use Non-Governmental Entities to support environmentally preferable purchasing efforts.
Cleaning Products Pilot Project- U.S. GSA and U.S. EPA develop a framework to identify and compare environmentally preferable commercial cleaning products.
Green Spending: A Case Study of Massachusetts’ Environmental Purchasing Program- This case study highlights the unique approach taken by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in its environmental purchasing program. In order to eliminate communication problems between different offices, Massachusetts centralized environmental purchasing decisions within its central purchasing agency.
For in-depth information on these case studies, or for more examples,

36. Conclusions

37. Conclusion
EPA wants more standards that incorporate environmental and life-cycle elements that can be referenced and/or recommended as the basis for both public and private sector purchasing decisions
EPP considerations can be achieved by working within the framework of previously developed environmental standards, reviewing the success of pilot projects and working cooperatively with federal agencies to address an industry’s needs.

38. For more information American National Standards Institute
ATTN: Public Policy and Government Affairs
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