1. Using Information Technology
Chapter 10
The Promises of the Digital Age
To the instructor:
This presentation attempts to cover every term in the text, sometimes via a slide, sometimes via the Notes page.
Additional material beyond what is in the text is presented via:
Occasional “FACTOID” notations on the Notes page, and;
Occasional hyperlinks in the slides themselves. ScreenTip text has been added to each hyperlink allowing you to see in advance of selecting the hyperlink where that link will take you.
In addition, the last ~20 slides are questions covering the material just presented. They can be used to increase interaction between the instructor and students at the end of each lecture, to ensure students understand the material just presented, etc.
Finally, some of the Notes pages include “Discussion questions” for use in encouraging student interaction during the lecture.

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The Promises of the Digital Age Society & Information Technology Tomorrow
10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications
10.2 Artificial Intelligence
10.3 Information & Education
10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science .
Key Questions (from the text):
10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications. What are the two models of telecommunications?
10.2 Artificial Intelligence. What are the main areas of artificial intelligence?
10.3 Information & Education. How is information technology being used in education?
10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science. How is information technology being used in health, medicine, and science?
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The Promises of the Digital Age Society & Information Technology Tomorrow
10.5 Commerce & Money
10.6 Entertainment & the Arts
10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy
10.8 Jobs & Careers
Key Questions (from the text):
10.5 Commerce & Money. How is information technology being used in sales and marketing, retailing, banking, stock trading, and manufacturing?
10.6 Entertainment & the Arts. How is information technology being used in music and movies?
10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy. What benefits does information technology offer government and democracy?
10.8 Jobs & Careers. How can you use the Internet to find a job, and what are some hot jobs in information technology?
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4. 10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications
Two models of telecommunications:
Tree-and-branch - a centralized information provider sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers
Switched-network - people on the system are not only consumers of information (“content”) but also possible providers of it
Best known example of tree-and-branch: model: radio and TV broadcasting.
Best known example of switched-network model: telephone system.
Most infamous example of switched-network model: Napster (music file sharing dot-com).
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5. 10.2 Artificial Intelligence
Virtual reality (VR) - a computer-generated artificial reality which projects a person into a sensation of three-dimensional space
Artificial intelligence (AI) - a group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing.
Simulators - devices that represent the behavior of physical or abstract systems.
Virtual reality simulated air traffic controller training
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6. Artificial Intelligence
Robotics - the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people
Robot - an automatic device that performs functions ordinarily executed by human beings or that operates with what appears to be almost human intelligence.
Security robot on patrol at the LA County Museum of Art
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7. Artificial Intelligence
Natural language processing - the study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language
Fuzzy logic - a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one
Genetic algorithm - a program that uses Darwinian principles of random mutation to improve itself
FACTOID: The term “computational linguistics” is often used interchangeably with “natural language processing.”
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8. Artificial Intelligence
Expert system - an interactive computer program used in solving problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert
Three components of an expert system:
Knowledge base - -an expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject.
Inference engine - the software that controls the search of the expert system’s knowledge base and produces conclusions.
User interface - the display screen that the user deals with, in order to ask questions and receive answers.
FACTOID: Another name for an inference engine is a rule interpreter. Rules are a component of the knowledge base of an expert system.
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9. Artificial Intelligence
Neural networks - use physical electronic devices or software to mimic the neurological structure of the human brain
Cyborgs - hybrids of machine and organisms
Artificial life - field of study concerned with “creatures”--computer instructions that are created, replicated, evolve, and die as if they were living organisms
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10. Artificial Intelligence
Turing test - a human judge converses by means of a computer terminal with two entities hidden in another location--one a person typing on a keyboard, the other a software program
Following the conversation, the judge must decide which entity is human. In this test, intelligence--the ability to think--is demonstrated by the computer’s success in fooling the judge.
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Turing Test
Human entity
Computer program
Human judge
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12. 10.3 Information & Education
Intelligent agent - program which performs work tasks--such as roaming networks and compiling data--on your behalf
Discussion question:
How much exposure did you have to computers during your elementary and high school years? Would you have benefited from more experience with computers? Why or why not?
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13. 10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science
Operating room output
Entomologist in Central America
Help for Stephen Hawking
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10.5 Commerce & Money
Sales & Marketing
Retailing Becomes E-Tailing
Banking & E-money
Stock Trading
Manufacturing
Discussion question:
“The ultimate goal of factory-automation experts is the so-called lights-out factory, which would use artificial intelligence and have no human workers.” (p. 400 of text)
What do you think of this goal? Is it a good one? Is it possible?
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15. 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts
Indoor computer-driven sports facility
Animator and the digital face of the film’s hero
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16. 10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy
Communication between residents & local government
Online voting
Campaigning
Paying taxes & fines
Touch screen voting
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10.8 Jobs & Careers
Ways for you to find employers
Ways for you to learn more about a potential employer
Ways for employers to find you
Info on careers
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Concept Check
What type of program performs work tasks--such as roaming networks and compiling data--on your behalf?
An intelligent agent
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Concept Check
What is the term for hybrids of machine and organisms?
Cyborgs
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Concept Check
What are the three components of an expert system?
Knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface
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Concept Check
What is the branch of AI that studies ways for computers to recognize and understand human language?
Natural language processing
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Concept Check
What branch of AI is a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one?
Fuzzy logic
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Concept Check
Which telecommunications model has a centralized information provider which sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers?
Tree-and-branch model
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Concept Check
What is the term for a device that represents the behavior of physical or abstract systems?
Simulator
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Concept Check
What is the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people called?
Robotics
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Concept Check
What branch of AI is a computer-generated artificial reality, which projects a person into a sensation of three-dimensional space?
Virtual reality (VR)
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Concept Check
What branch of AI uses physical electronic devices or software to mimic the structure of the human brain?
Neural networks
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