1. Cellular Biology: Cycles, Regulation, & Differentiation
AP Biology
Ch. 12

2. Life is cellular

3. Multicellular Development

4. Cellular Life Cells form: Cells divide: Cells die:
Phospholipids “Omnis cellula e cellua”
Cells divide:
New unicellular organisms
Bacteria, archaea, protists
Multicellular organisms grow
Animals, plants
Increase SA:V
Cells die:
Undergo apoptosis

5. Process: Binary Fission
Prokaryotic Cells
DNA is replicated
Proteins control when the cell membrane divides
Daughter cells are identical to parent cells

6. Process: Somatic cell division (Mitosis)
Eukaryotic Cells
DNA is replicated, packaged, & organized!
Proteins control when the cell membrane divides
Daughter cells are identical to parent cells

7. Process: Gametic cell division (Meiosis)
Eukaryotic Cells
DNA is replicated, packaged, swapped, & organized!
Proteins control when the cell membrane divides twice!
Daughter cells are not identical to parent cells

8. General Cell Cycle Continuous sequence of events
Starts with one cell (parent)
Ends with two identical cells (daughter)

9. Copy the Genome
Every cell in an organism has a copy of the original DNA
Adult Human:
~100,000,000,000,000 cells
2 Sets of 23 chromosomes ~3 m of DNA

10. DNA Packaging
Human Chromosomes

11. Cell Cycle

12. Back to the Cell Cycle S
(DNA synthesis) G1
MITOTIC
(M) PHASE G2

13. G1 phase First Gap Phase Cell Grows DNA manufactures proteins
Organelles are produced

14. S phase
Synthesis Phase
DNA is replicated
SUPA IMPORTANTE!

15. G2 Phase Second Gap Phase Cell Grows Cell manufactures proteins
Organelles are produced
Final preparations for division

16. Interphase G1 S G2

17. M phase Mitosis Cytokinesis Shortest phase of the cell cycle
Results in two identical daughter cells
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Cell divides

18. Regulation

19. Molecular Regulation: Cell Cycle
Cell cycle is controlled by chemical checkpoints
Enzymes: cyclin dependent kinases
Substrates: proteins called cyclins
G1 checkpoint
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint

20. Normal cell division Concentration of Cyclins build in a cell
Threshold of Cyclins are reached, cell divides
CDK break down Cyclin & levels fall after mitosis

21. Normal unhealthy cells
If a cell fails a checkpoints
Ex: cyclin, DNA, or size problems
G0 phase
Resting/non-dividing phase
Cell undergoes apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Controlled by STP

22. Apoptosis STP

23. Unhealthy Cell Division
Cells ignore checkpoints
Cells avoid apoptosis
Cells experience short interphase
Results in tumor
May Develop into cancer

24. Cancer
~230 different types of human cells/cancer

25. Tumors Benign: Malignant: Cells are normal but overgrown
Cells are abnormal & break away
Cells invade other tissues

26. Researching Causes of Cancer
What causes cancer cells to form?
Environment:
UV radiation (sun), natural chemicals (benzene)
Diet (obesity), Drugs (cigarettes & alcohol)
Genetics?
HBOC Syndrome
Infection?
Viruses (Human Papilloma, Epstein Barr)

27. Inside the Genome Oncogenes: Tumor Suppressor Genes:
sections of DNA that code for uncontrolled growth
Tumor Suppressor Genes:
sections of DNA that code for cancer inhibition

28. Mutations Carcinogen causes a mutation Oncogenes are turned on
Tumor suppressing genes are turned off

29. Surviving Cancer Determine how to stop tumors.
Chemotherapy & Radiation
Determine how cells avoid checkpoints.
Cyclin & CDK, and other molecules
Determine how genes are turned on/off.

30. Karyotypes

31. Review: Somatic cell division (Mitosis)
Eukaryotic Cells
DNA is replicated, packaged, & organized!
Proteins control when the cell membrane divides
Daughter cells are identical to parent cells

32. Process: Gametic cell division (Meiosis)
Eukaryotic Cells
DNA is replicated, packaged, swapped, & organized!
Proteins control when the cell membrane divides twice!
Daughter cells are not identical to parent cells

34. Karyotypes A picture of an organisms complete set of chromosomes
A human karyotype contains:
46 total chromosomes (23 homologous pairs)
Chromosome pairs #1-22: Autosomes
chromosome pair #23: Sex chromosomes

35. Wolf Karyotype

36. Goldfish Karyotype

37. Making a karyotype
White blood cells in mitosis are stained and photographed
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are placed together
Determine homologues?
Size of chromosomes
Position of the centromere
Banding pattern of chromosomes

38. Analyzing a karyotype What information does a karyotype show?
Total number of chromosomes
The gender of the individual
Chromosomal mutations (genetic diseases)

39. Henrietta Lacks