1. Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
AP World History
Chapter 23
“Independence and Development in the Global South”
Religious application in decolonization
Radical Liberal------Moderate Conservative Reactionary
What is fundamentalism (a return to traditional religious values
or a radical departure from the norm? Debating who is what

2. Arab Independence Saudi Arabia became independent after World War I
Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained independence after World War II with little difficulty
Complete autonomy was difficult
Egypt due to Suez Canal
Cold War tensions
Other states due to oil
OPEC

3. Creation of Israel Israel was created by a UN mandate in 1947
Israel seized control of Jerusalem & all of Palestine except the West Bank & Gaza Strip in 1949
Israel easily wins the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in 1973

4. Arab Nationalism Problems facing Arab nationalism
Cold War splits nations as some allied with the U.S. and others the USSR
Differing government types (monarchy, military dictatorships, Islamic revolutionary)
Sunni-Shi’a split
Anwar Sadat facilitated peace process between Arab world & Israel ( )
His reward? He was assassinated in 1981
Sadat’s assassination made Saddam Hussein leader of the Arab world

5. Palestinian Liberation Organization
Created in 1964 by Yasser Arafat to promote Palestinian rights
Often resorted to “terrorism” against Israel
Negotiated limited Palestinian self-rule in 1993 and 1995
PLO was replaced by Hamas as the leading anti-Israeli organization in Palestine
Yasser Arafat, founder of the PLO, and Yitzak Rabin, Israel’s prime minister, shake hands after signing the Olso Accords in 1994

6. Experiments with Culture
Common issue all across the developing world = how to balance older traditions with modernity and Western culture/outlooks
Older traditions: Hinduism, Confucianism, Islam, etc.
Western outlooks: scientific outlook, technology, capitalism, focus on material values, etc.
Good examples of two very different approaches to this issue = Islam in Turkey vs. Islam in Iran

7. Islam in Turkey
Turkey = new nation created out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire
1st leader = General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Wanted to transform Turkey into a modern, secular (non-religious) state
Believed modernization required the removal of Islam from public life, leaving it only to the personal/private realm
Result = he ended the direct political role of Islam in Turkey

8. Atatürk: Political and Religious Reforms
Eliminated position of sultan
Abolished the “caliphate” system
Closed many Sufi organizations, sacred tombs, and religious schools
Abolished many religious titles
Dissolved Islamic courts
Replaced the sharia with secular law codes
Encouraged the celebration of pre-Islamic Turkish culture
Entertainment at the Turkish Olympics

9. Atatürk: Social Reforms
Ordered men to abandon the traditional fez and wear brimmed hats instead
Women not forced to wear a veil
Encouraged European-style clothing
Abolished polygamy
Women granted equal rights in divorce, inheritance, and child custody
1934 = women granted the right to vote and hold public office
Public beaches opened to women
Mustafa Atatürk

10. Modernization in Iran
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1941 to 1979
Promoted Iran’s modernization with his “White Revolution”
Redistributed land to many of Iran’s poor peasants
Granted women the right to vote
Invested in rural health care and education
Started many industrial projects
Offered workers a share of industries’ profits
Built a solid alliance with the U.S.

11. Modernization in Iran: Growing Opposition
Local merchants = threatened by an explosion of imported Western goods and competition from large businesses
Ulama (religious leaders) = offended by secular education programs that bypassed Islamic schools, as well as state control of religious institutions
Educated professionals = found Iran’s dependence on the West disturbing
Rural migrants to the cities = faced rising costs and unemployment

12. Modernization in Iran: Growing Opposition
Mosques = became the main centers for this growing opposition movement
Led by Shi’ite religious leaders
Emerging leader of this movement = Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
In 1979 = massive urban demonstrations, strikes, and defections from the military forced the shah to abdicate the throne and leave Iran

13. The Iranian Revolution (1979)
Also known as the Islamic Revolution
Cultural revolution = exact opposite of Atatürk’s revolution and reforms in Turkey
Goal = increased Islamization of public life
New government = an “Islamic Republic”
Technically included a constitution and an elected parliament
In reality = the ulama and other religious leaders had dominant power
Headed by Khomeini

14. The Iranian Revolution: Political Reforms
Purpose of government = to apply the law of Allah as expressed in the sharia
Judges not competent in Islamic law = dismissed
Secular law codes under previous shah = discarded

15. The Iranian Revolution: Educational Reforms
200 universities and colleges closed for 2 years while textbooks, curricula, and faculty were “purified” of non-Islamic influences
Elementary and high schools = now gave priority to religious instruction and teaching Arabic
40,000 teachers fired because not “devoted” enough to Islam
Pre-Islamic history and literature = abandoned

16. The Iranian Revolution: Women
1983 = all women required to wear a hijab – head-to-toe covering
Militants/guards = enforced this
Punishments for a “bad” hijab = harassment, public lashings, or even imprisonment
Sexual segregation in schools, parks, beaches, and public transportation
Legal age of marriage for girls = reduced to 9 with parental consent; 13 (then 15) without it
Married women could not file for divorce or go to school

17. “Exporting” Islam Khomeini wanted to spread Islam throughout the world
Wanted the replacement of insufficiently Islamic regimes in the Middle East
Appealed to Shi’ite minorities in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq
Intensified the divide between the Shi’ite minority and the Sunni majority
= war between Khomeini’s Islamized Iran and Saddam Hussein’s highly secularized Iraq

18. Maintaining Economic Modernity in Iran
Oil revenues in Iran = fund its development
Early 21st century = Iran was pursuing nuclear power and (perhaps) nuclear weapons

19. Comparing Religion in Decolonized Middle East
After 1945 in Iran and Turkey modernization efforts to secularize both nations took place to gain favorable relations with the “West” and efforts to provide rights to women, deregulate political support of Sharia took place, however, the Iranian Revolution reversed all prior reforms instituting Sharia law, instituting gender segregation and the Burka ( ultra-conservative Hijab) while Turkey will continue to institute reforms ( abolishing polygamy, women’s suffrage and equal rights under the law)on their own.
The legacy of colonization on Israel and Egypt would leave them both competing over the same territories for religious and political reasons (Suez, Jerusalem), both would have the support of “Western” powers in their conflict leading to peace in the Camp David Accords. However, Egypt would continually be ruled by foreign supported military strongmen ( Gamel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Hosni Mubarak) in an attempt to stop Islamic radicalism ( Muslim Brotherhood) while the Zionist endeavor of Israel will make the Jewish state a success in democracy establishing a parliamentary (Knesset) democracy
After WWII both Iran and Iraq would be run by military strongmen whose religious difference ran along the Sunni Shiite line and would be supported by Western powers primarily because of oil interests ( both OPEC nations), however the Iranian Revolution would support a Shiite theocracy governed primarily through an Ulama and Sharia ( after the Shahs death) while the Western backed Sadaam Hussein of Iraqi would keep Shiites under an oppressive regime
Turkey and Israel after WWII would contend with the legacy of decolonization through a series of wars to gain their current territories, both would enter democratic reforms to create a separation of church and state and develop legitimate parliamentary democracies, however, Turkey would have greater ease as a Sunni nation in a majority Sunni Middle whilst the Jewish State of Israel having formed after the Holocaust would struggle being a Jewish state with a hateful Arab neighborhood.

20. Comparing Global Religion Tradition and Modernity
In both South Asia and Western Europe present, religious divisions would cause great conflict, unrest and bloodshed (Ireland Protestants vs Catholics and South Asia Hindus and Muslims) , both would engage in methods of terrorism to achieve their intended goals (IRA and Al Qaeda in Pakistan) however, Northern Ireland would see a peace accord (Good Friday accords) while tension still exists in India with the rise of Hindu nationalism.
From 1947-Present, Africa and the Middle East the rise of Islamic fundamentalism grew out of intolerance and the need to purify religious goals. Groups like I.S.I.S and Boko Haram grew in opposition to the “Westernization” of the world, however more international forces are growing to combat I.S.I.S while regionally African national congress forces are battling regional groups.
In the United States and India Present, a growing religious fundamentalism had a resurgence due to opposition of cultural liberalism due to westernization and globalization, both saw an increase in political activity and influence in regional politics, yet India’s Hindu nationalism tapped into millennia of tradition and national identity while Christian fundamentalism was a relatively new concept of evangelisms.
In Latin America and Western Europe Present,a growing trend of fundamentalism is growing in response to modernization and liberalization. Both Christianity and Islam are gaining converts and are popularized through the internet. Evangelical Christianity in Latin America, however, is being exported by American churches while radical Islam is growing due to a widespread refugee crisis from Africa and the Middle East.

21. Religion and Global Modernity
Despite modernity and science, religion has played a powerful role in the last century
4 major religious trends:
Further spread of major world religions
Resurgence of religions in new forms
Opposition of religions to elements of a secular and global modernity
Religions’ political role as a source of community identity and conflict

22. Religion and Global Modernity
Examples of the further spread of religions:
Buddhist ideas like meditation and yoga became very popular in the West
Christianity spread widely in: non-Muslim Africa, South Korea, parts of India, and China
Millions of migrants from the Islamic world planted their religion solidly in the West

23. Fundamentalism on a Global Scale
Fundamentalism = one type of religious response to the modernizing and globalizing world
Strict religious devotion that is defensive, assertive, and exclusive
Fundamentalism emerged because many religions felt threatened by features of the modern world:
Scientific and secular focus of modernity challenged the core beliefs of supernatural religion
Social upheavals connected with globalization = upset the traditional class, family, and gender relationships valued by many religions
Nation-states (often associated with certain religions) = undermined by the global economy and influence of “alien” cultures

24. Christian Fundamentalists in the U.S.
Outraged with: “scientific” and critical approaches to the Bible, Darwinian evolution, and liberal versions of Christianity
Wanted to get back to the “fundamentals” of Christianity
Literal truthfulness of the scriptures
Belief in the virgin birth and physical resurrection of Jesus
Belief in miracles
Came to oppose:
Political liberalism and “big government”
The sexual revolution of the 1960s
Rights for the LGBT community
Abortion rights

25. Hindu Fundamentalists in India
Known as the Hindutva movement = Hindu nationalism
Believed India was, and had always been, a Hindu land
Goal for India = to make it a purely Hindu nation again with a Hindu-based government
Opposed the existence of other religions, beliefs, etc. in India
Christians, Muslims, Sikhs, Secularists

26. Resistance and Renewal in the World of Islam
Disappointments within the Muslim world that fueled Islamic renewal:
“Western” and secular policies not successful  created overcrowded cities with few services, widespread unemployment, pervasive corruption, slow economic growth, and a widening gap between the rich and poor
Issues with the West that fueled Islamic renewal:
A foreign presence still existed in the Muslim world even after decolonization  example: the creation of Israel in 1948
Increasing presence of Western culture that was offensive  Barbie dolls, alcohol, scantily clad women, American movies, secular schools, etc.
Soldiers in Iran disposing of illegal alcohol

27. Examples of Violent Muslim Fundamentalists
Egyptian Islamic Jihad = assassinated President Anwar Sadat (1981) because of his breakdown on Islamic and Islamic opposition groups
Radical Islamic groups in Mecca = sought the overthrow of the Saudi government because of its modernity, relationship with the West, and un-Islamic lifestyle
Hamas in Palestine & Hezbollah in Lebanon = target Israel because they believe its existence is illegitimate

28. Resistance and Renewal in the World of Islam
Various expressions of Islamic renewal:
In their personal lives, many people = became more religiously observant, attended mosque, prayed regularly, fasted, etc.
Many women = adopted modest Islamic dress and the veil voluntarily
Many governments = sought to anchor themselves in Islamic rhetoric and practice
Creation of Muslim organizations that operated to provide social services that the state offered inadequately
Islamic activists = took leadership roles in unions and professional organizations
Another expression of Islamic renewal = sought the violent overthrow of what they saw as “compromised” regimes in the Muslim world

29. Examples of Violent Muslim Fundamentalists
Al-Qaeda = created by Osama bin Laden
Grew more radical when his homeland (Saudi Arabia) allowed the stationing of “infidel” U.S. troops in Islam’s holy land during and after the first American war against Iraq in 1991
Mid-1990s = he found a safe haven in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan
Great enemies of al-Qaeda = not Christianity itself or even Western civilization, but:
Irreligious Western-style modernity
U.S. imperialism
An American-led economic globalization