1. Have you heard?
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that sear belt use in passenger vehicles increased from 84% in 2011 to 86% in 2012.
According to recent survey, US teens aged spend an average of 26.8 hours per week online. Although 59% of the teens said that posting personal information or photos online is unsafe, 62% said they had posted photos of themselves.
A recent study suggests that lack of sleep increases the risk of catching a cold.
For their final project, two AP Stats students showed that listening to music while studying decreased subjects’ performance on a memory task?
Can you trust these results? Maybe!

2. Introduction to Data Collection
Sampling and Surveys

3. Surveys
Suppose we want to find out what percent of young drivers in the US text while driving. To answer the question , we will survey 16-to 20-year olds who live in the US and drive.
Should we ask them all? No way!
Why? Takes too much time, too difficult

4. So what do we do? Define each term below and try to label the diagram.
Census – a census is when we try to contact all individuals in the population. This is very difficult!
Population – the entire group of individuals we want information about
Sample – a subset of individuals in the population from which we actually collect data
Population
Sample

5. Parameters and Statistics
Parameter – a number that describes a population
Statistic – a number that describes a sample

6. Practice Problem Identify the population and the sample in each.
A furniture maker buys hardwood in large batches. The supplier is supposed to dry the wood before shipping. The furniture maker chooses five pieces of wood from each batch and tests their moisture content. If any piece exceeds 12% moisture content, the entire batch is sent back.
Each week, the Gallup Poll questions a sample of about adult US residents to determine national opinion on a wide variety of issues.

7. Answers Population: batches of wood Sample: 5 pieces of wood
Population: All adult US residents
Sample: adults

8. What is the difference?
A survey is a particular way of collecting data. Your textbook mentions two types of data collection processes:
Observational Study – observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses
Most used: SURVEY
Experiment – deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses
Key word: TREATMENT

9. How to design a survey 1. Decide on a population
2. What do we want to measure? Create a research question that is complex.
3. Create survey questions to answer the research question.
4. Decide how to choose a sample

10. How to sample badly Convenience sample Voluntary Response Sample
Choosing individuals from the population who are easy to reach (asking people in your class)
Does not accurately reflect the population
Voluntary Response Sample
Allowing people to choose themselves by responding to a general invitation (phone in poll or web poll)
Undercoverage
Strong opinions more heavily represented, usually
Non-response
Can respond more than once

11. Bias (Know this word for word)
The design of a statistical study shows bias if it systematically favors certain outcomes.

12. AP Tip
If you are asked to describe how the design of a study leads to bias, you are expected to identify the direction of the bias.

13. Check it!
For each of the following situations, identify the sampling method used.
1. A farmer brings a juice company several crates of oranges each week. A company inspector looks at 10 oranges from the top of each crate before deciding whether to buy all the oranges.
2. The ABC program Nightline once asked whether the UN should continue to have its headquarters in the US. Viewers were invited to call one telephone number to respond “yes” and another for “no.” There was a charge for calling either number. More than 186,000 callers responded, and 67% said “no.”

14. Answers
1. This sampling method is convenience sampling because the inspector picks the oranges that are easiest to use. This may lead the inspector to think that the oranges are better than they actually are because the farmer would probably put his best oranges on top.
2. This is Voluntary Response Sampling because the viewers chose whether to call in or not. The 67% who said “no” is probably too high because they held a strong opinion about the location and were willing to pay for the call.