1. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Chapter 6
Bones and Bone Structure
Clicker Questions

2. Which of these bones is classified as a flat bone?
pollex
carpal
sphenoid
sternum
Answer: d

3. Which of these bones is classified as a flat bone?
pollex
carpal
sphenoid
sternum

4. If in a sample of bone the lamellae are not arranged in osteons, then this sample is from the _____.
diaphysis
yellow marrow of a long bone
epiphysis or diaphysis
epiphysis
Answer: d

5. If in a sample of bone the lamellae are not arranged in osteons, then this sample is from the _____.
diaphysis
yellow marrow of a long bone
epiphysis or diaphysis
epiphysis

6. In osseous tissue which characteristics apply to spongy bone?
no osteons, very vascular, bone marrow cavity
red bone marrow, canaliculi, no osteons
osteons, trabeculae, bone marrow cavity
no osteons, lamellae, superficial, and glossy
Answer: b

7. In osseous tissue which characteristics apply to spongy bone?
no osteons, very vascular, bone marrow cavity
red bone marrow, canaliculi, no osteons
osteons, trabeculae, bone marrow cavity
no osteons, lamellae, superficial, and glossy

8. A child who enters puberty several years later than the average age is generally taller than average as an adult. Why?
Epiphyseal plates fuse as puberty ends.
Bone growth continues throughout childhood.
Growth spurts usually occur at the onset of puberty.
All of the above are correct.
Answer: d

9. A child who enters puberty several years later than the average age is generally taller than average as an adult. Why?
Epiphyseal plates fuse as puberty ends.
Bone growth continues throughout childhood.
Growth spurts usually occur at the onset of puberty.
All of the above are correct.

10. Why would you expect that all people lose some height as they age?
Osteomalacia causes the bones to soften.
Osteopenia and thinning of intervertebral discs cause loss of height.
Osteoporosis causes a reduction in bone mass.
Growth hormone is no longer available.
Answer: b

11. Why would you expect that all people lose some height as they age?
Osteomalacia causes the bones to soften.
Osteopenia and thinning of intervertebral discs cause loss of height.
Osteoporosis causes a reduction in bone mass.
Growth hormone is no longer available.

12. During intramembranous ossification, which type of tissue is replaced by bone?
hyaline cartilage
elastic tissue
mesenchymal connective tissue
adipose tissue
Answer: c

13. During intramembranous ossification, which type of tissue is replaced by bone?
hyaline cartilage
elastic tissue
mesenchymal connective tissue
adipose tissue

14. In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?
de novo synthesis
cells brought via the nutrient artery
cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium
chondrocytes from the original model
Answer: c

15. In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?
de novo synthesis
cells brought via the nutrient artery
cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium
chondrocytes from the original model

16. How is bone remodeling accomplished?
Osteoclasts break down matrix, while osteoblasts form new bone matrix.
Osteocytes remove and replace calcium salts simultaneously.
Osteoclasts are active, while osteoprogenitor cells differentiate rapidly.
Osteoblasts are inhibited.
Answer: a

17. How is bone remodeling accomplished?
Osteoclasts break down matrix, while osteoblasts form new bone matrix.
Osteocytes remove and replace calcium salts simultaneously.
Osteoclasts are active, while osteoprogenitor cells differentiate rapidly.
Osteoblasts are inhibited.

18. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the periosteum?
It has a fibrous outer layer that provides firm attachments for tendons.
It provides a route for nerves and blood vessels into bone.
Its cellular layer actively participates in bone growth and repair.
All of the above are correct.
Answer: d

19. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the periosteum?
It has a fibrous outer layer that provides firm attachments for tendons.
It provides a route for nerves and blood vessels into bone.
Its cellular layer actively participates in bone growth and repair.
All of the above are correct.

20. Which of the following describes osteoprogenitor cells?
divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
assist in elevating local concentrations of calcium phosphate
multinucleate and derive from same stem cells that produce monocytes
maintain protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix
Answer: a

21. Which of the following describes osteoprogenitor cells?
divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
assist in elevating local concentrations of calcium phosphate
multinucleate and derive from same stem cells that produce monocytes
maintain protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix

22. In addition to insufficient calcium intake, bone may also weaken when collagen is not made correctly. This is mainly caused by inadequate _____.
PTH production
niacin intake
vitamin E intake
vitamin C intake
Answer: d

23. In addition to insufficient calcium intake, bone may also weaken when collagen is not made correctly. This is mainly caused by inadequate _____.
PTH production
niacin intake
vitamin E intake
vitamin C intake

24. If the activity of osteoblasts exceeds the activity of osteoclasts in a bone, how will the mass of the bone be affected?
mass becomes porous
mass will not be affected
more mass
less mass
Answer: c

25. If the activity of osteoblasts exceeds the activity of osteoclasts in a bone, how will the mass of the bone be affected?
mass becomes porous
mass will not be affected
more mass
less mass

26. Bones forming in abnormal locations are known as _____.
sesamoid
irregular
compact
heterotopic
Answer: d

27. Bones forming in abnormal locations are known as _____.
sesamoid
irregular
compact
heterotopic

28. Why is osteoporosis more common in older women than in older men?
Testosterone levels decline in postmenopausal women.
Older women tend to be more sedentary than older men.
Declining estrogen levels lead to decreased calcium deposition.
In males, androgens increase with age.
Answer: c

29. Why is osteoporosis more common in older women than in older men?
Testosterone levels decline in postmenopausal women.
Older women tend to be more sedentary than older men.
Declining estrogen levels lead to decreased calcium deposition.
In males, androgens increase with age.

30. Put the terms in order that describe endochondral ossification:
Blood vessels grow into matrix, and cells give rise to osteoblasts that form superficial bone.
Chondrocytes enlarge and die, leaving struts within the cavity.
Remodeling occurs as bone gets thicker and establishes secondary ossification centers.
As blood vessels invade the diaphysis, a primary ossification is established.
1, 2, 4, 3
2, 1, 3, 4
2, 1, 4, 3
1, 2, 3, 4
Answer: c

31. Put the terms in order that describe endochondral ossification:
Blood vessels grow into matrix, and cells give rise to osteoblasts that form superficial bone.
Chondrocytes enlarge and die, leaving struts within the cavity.
Remodeling occurs as bone gets thicker and establishes secondary ossification centers.
As blood vessels invade the diaphysis, a primary ossification is established.
1, 2, 4, 3
2, 1, 3, 4
2, 1, 4, 3
1, 2, 3, 4

32. A 7-year-old child has a pituitary tumor involving the cells that secrete growth hormone (GH), resulting in increased levels of GH. How will this condition affect the child’s growth?
The individual will be taller.
The individual will be shorter.
Growth of the individual will be erratic and slow.
The GH will mostly affect the flat bones rather than the long bones.
Answer: a

33. A 7-year-old child has a pituitary tumor involving the cells that secrete growth hormone (GH), resulting in increased levels of GH. How will this condition affect the child’s growth?
The individual will be taller.
The individual will be shorter.
Growth of the individual will be erratic and slow.
The GH will mostly affect the flat bones rather than the long bones.

34. Calcitriol begins its synthesis from a steroid produced in _____.
skin
bone marrow
the kidneys
the liver
Answer: a

35. Calcitriol begins its synthesis from a steroid produced in _____.
skin
bone marrow
the kidneys
the liver

36. A balance between which two hormones is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis?
calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
calcitriol and thyroxine
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
growth hormone and sex hormones
Answer: c

37. A balance between which two hormones is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis?
calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
calcitriol and thyroxine
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
growth hormone and sex hormones

38. How does calcitonin help lower the calcium ion concentration of blood?
by inhibiting osteoclast activity
by increasing the rate of calcium excretion at the kidneys
by increasing the rate of calcium uptake by intestinal cells
both A and B
Answer: d

39. How does calcitonin help lower the calcium ion concentration of blood?
by inhibiting osteoclast activity
by increasing the rate of calcium excretion at the kidneys
by increasing the rate of calcium uptake by intestinal cells
both A and B

40. Which hormone is correctly paired with its function?
calcitonin: stimulates osteoclast activity
PTH: reduces calcium ion concentration of body fluids
calcitriol: inhibits calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract
thyroxine: stimulates osteoblast activity
Answer: d

41. Which hormone is correctly paired with its function?
calcitonin: stimulates osteoclast activity
PTH: reduces calcium ion concentration of body fluids
calcitriol: inhibits calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract
thyroxine: stimulates osteoblast activity

42. Why would a second fracture to a particular bone be more likely to occur at a different site along that bone than the first fracture?
The newly formed bone is slightly thicker and stronger at the original fracture site.
During healing of the first fracture, calcium was removed, making the site of the second fracture weaker.
The person is older when the second fracture occurs, so the bones are weaker.
None of the above are correct.
Answer: a

43. Why would a second fracture to a particular bone be more likely to occur at a different site along that bone than the first fracture?
The newly formed bone is slightly thicker and stronger at the original fracture site.
During healing of the first fracture, calcium was removed, making the site of the second fracture weaker.
The person is older when the second fracture occurs, so the bones are weaker.
None of the above are correct.

44. Which bony marking is correctly paired with its description?
fissure: depression
fossa: raised protrusion
tuberosity: process formed where tendons and ligaments attach
spine: process formed for articulation with adjacent bones
Answer: c

45. Which bony marking is correctly paired with its description?
fissure: depression
fossa: raised protrusion
tuberosity: process formed where tendons and ligaments attach
spine: process formed for articulation with adjacent bones

46. How would the strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased from 1:2 to 1:1?
strength increases, flexibility increases
strength increases, flexibility decreases
strength decreases, flexibility decreases
strength decreases, flexibility increases
Answer: d

47. How would the strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased from 1:2 to 1:1?
strength increases, flexibility increases
strength increases, flexibility decreases
strength decreases, flexibility decreases
strength decreases, flexibility increases

48. Why does a child who has rickets have difficulty walking?
Joints become fused, preventing movement.
Bones are brittle and break under body weight.
Bones are flexible and bend under body weight.
Motor skills are impaired.
Answer: c

49. Why does a child who has rickets have difficulty walking?
Joints become fused, preventing movement.
Bones are brittle and break under body weight.
Bones are flexible and bend under body weight.
Motor skills are impaired.

50. Why are women usually shorter than men at maturity?
Estrogens cause faster epiphyseal plate closure.
Androgens cause faster epiphyseal plate closure.
Thyroxine increases the rate of osteoblast activity in boys before puberty.
Men have more growth hormone.
Answer: a

51. Why are women usually shorter than men at maturity?
Estrogens cause faster epiphyseal plate closure.
Androgens cause faster epiphyseal plate closure.
Thyroxine increases the rate of osteoblast activity in boys before puberty.
Men have more growth hormone.

52. What are the functional relationships between compact and spongy bone?
Spongy bone resists stress from many directions while compact bone is extremely strong when stressed along the axis of alignment.
Spongy bone is strong along its main axis of alignment while compact bone resists stress from many directions.
Both spongy and compact bone resist stresses from all angles except a sudden force to the side of the bone.
None of the above are correct.
Answer: a

53. What are the functional relationships between compact and spongy bone?
Spongy bone resists stress from many directions while compact bone is extremely strong when stressed along the axis of alignment.
Spongy bone is strong along its main axis of alignment while compact bone resists stress from many directions.
Both spongy and compact bone resist stresses from all angles except a sudden force to the side of the bone.
None of the above are correct.