1. Group 3
Presentation Made by:
Angelica
&
Francesco

2. The Nose
Chemoreceptors: Nasal Mucosa
Sinuses

3. Introduction The Nose What is the nose?
It is an organ on the face which is part of the respiratory,
It acts as a passageway for air entering the body (lungs), through inspiration and expiration (exit the lungs)
Air breathed through the nose is than moistened and warmed.
Structure
it made of cartilage and two nasal bones,
It is covered with skin and on the internal side of mucosa,
Inside the nostrils we find coarse hairs to filter out dust particles preventing entering our nostrils.
- Air is breathed in through the nose and becomes moistened and warmed.
Nose (2.51 sec)

4. In the nasal cavity we find tiny hair like structure, called Cilia, a sticky substance called mucus, which are produced by goblet cells and it helps to trap dust particles.
What’s the role of the cilia in the nasal cavity ?
Cilia transports the mucus with the trapped dust particle towards the pharynx (throat) where is then swallowed, and any bacteria present is destroyed by the Hydrochloric acid in the stomach (gastric juice).

5. 1. Chemoreceptors: Nasal Mucosa
Nasal mucosa (0.25 sec)
Dried nasal mucus (0.45 sec)

6. The Olfactory System
The olfactory system provides us with the sense of smell, also know as Olfaction. And is one of the oldest Sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals.
As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social, and sexual behavior.
The specialized olfactory epithelia cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration.
Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processed known as the olfactory vesicles.

7. Head anatomy with olfactory nerve

8. -osn axons are thinnest and slowest in body
Did you know?
That receptors are different.
Olfactory from all other sensory cells: they are not mediated by any protective barrier, make direct contact with brain.
(visual receptors are protected by cornea, receptors for hearing protected by eardrum)
Therefore many drugs can inhaled
-osn axons are thinnest and slowest in body
Therefore it takes a long time to perceive odors compared to other perceptions.

9. Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region.
This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells.
These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction.
Olfaction is less developed in humans than in other mammals, such as rodents.

10. Odorants reach olfactory receptors by:
Being inhaled through the nose,
Through the mouth (vapors circulate up the throat)

11. Olfactory receptors respond only to substances that are in contact with the olfactory epithelium and are dissolved in the thin layer of mucus that covers it.
Sensitivity of olfactory receptors differs from one substance to another.
Olfactory discrimination is remarkable. Human brain can distinguish 20,000 different scents with the help of the nervous system.

13. The olfactory neurons are constantly replaced.
The new ones arise from the basal cells, small non-specialized cells located in the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium.
The olfactory mucous membrane is constantly covered by mucous produced by Bowman’s gland(also located in basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium).

14. In the olfactory bulbs, the axons of the receptors contact the primary dendrites of the mitral cells and tufted cells to form the complex globular synapses called olfactory glomeruli.

15. Each olfactory receptor is a neuron.
Each neuron has a short, thick dendrite with an expanded end called an olfactory rod.
From these rods, cilia project to the surface of the mucous.
There are cilia per receptor neuron.
The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs.

16. Olfactory receptors

19. Olfactory System
Note: The Olfactory receptor consists of the olfactory cell, cilia and axon.
Nerves from olfactory bulb then carry nerve impulses to the brain, where many are part of the limbic system, which involve emotions, pain, anger, pleasure, affection and memory. This is why smells can evoke different emotional responses, bringing back a flood of memories.

20. Sense of Smell Sense of smell (0.31sec)
Smelling and Tasting (0.52 sec)
Smelling (1.52 sec)

21. 2. Sinuses

22. What is sinuses?
Sinuses, are hollow spaces within the bones of the skull that open into the nasal cavity. They provide resonance for the voice, and they lighten the weight of the head.
These spaces are then filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane.
Infections or allergies causes these membranes to become swollen or inflamed due to the cilia break down or paralyses, leading to excessive mucus production, that lingers over delicate epithelial cells, and a watery discharge is produced.

24. Sinus & Sinusitis explained (1.13 sec)
Infected Sinuses filled with mucus
Frontal Sinus
Excess Mucus/ Sinus Infections
Maxillary Sinus
Sinus & Sinusitis explained (1.13 sec)

25. Sinusitis Pathology What are the causes of Sinusitis?
This is a viral or bacterial infection (usually associated with cold or flu), which causes the inflammation of the membrane lining of the sinuses.
Types of Sinusitis
Non-infectious sinusitis – known as allergic rhinitis or hay fever which causes the inflammation of the sinus membrane without underlying infection.
Infectious Sinusitis – pathogenic invasion followed by an inflammatory response that creates a vicious circle, where the body creates excessive mucus to help remove infectious agents, but inflamed tissues make drainage of that mucus difficult or impossible. These type of sinuses generally, has to do with complications of the upper respiratory tract infections such as colds and flu.
Signs and Symptoms
High temperature (or severe headache)
Blocked or runny nose
Painful throbbing feeling in the cheeks, behind the nose and eyes
There may be a reduction or loss of the sense of smell.
Note: Smoking is one the causes that covers the cilia in tar, preventing them from getting rid of the bacteria from the lungs.

26. Treatment Sinusitis treatment begins with: Self help
Staying in humid air or breathing steam to help moisturize and liquefy the clogged mucus.
Increasing daily water intake and reducing the use of alcohol, caffeine, and other diuretics products which may help to soften and loosen thick, sticky mucus.
Use saline wash to rinse the sinuses regularly
Use air filters to remove irritation
Prescribed drugs/ Medications
Use antibiotics if the infection is bacterial
Use decongestants to help shrink the mucous membrane (short-term usage only)
Use Corticosteroids in nasal spray to help reduce swelling
Severe cases, surgery is recommended, where an insertion of a tube

27. Massage
Risks
Acute sinus infections contraindicate any bodywork that could exacerbate symptoms
In case of fever, chills, or other signs of systemic infection, avoid giving massage. Is best to delay until this has passed, because a client with inflamed sinuses have trouble in lying flat on a table, especially when faced down.
Benefits
A gentle massage around the face, can be made, as long as, no infection is present. This is help the sinuses to drain, and the sinus pain to diminish.
Also, a patient with inflamed sinuses who does not have an infection, can benefit from a bodywork massage as long as they feel comfortable on the table.
Alternative options
Therapists trained in lymphatic work can find this approach successful for allergic sinusitis