1. Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction & Development

2. Key Ideas
2.1d – In a sexually reproducing organisms, all the genes come from a single parent. Asexually producing offspring are normally genetically identical to the parent.
2.1e – In sexually reproducing organisms, the new individual receives half of the genetic information from its mother (via the egg) and half from its father (via the sperm). Sexually producing offspring often resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parent.
4.1d – The zygote may divide by mitosis and differentiate to form the specialized cells, tissues, and organs of multicellular organisms.
2.1j – Offspring resemble their parents because they inherit similar genes that code for the production of proteins that form similar structures and perform similar functions.

3. Reproduction
Reproduction – life process by which living things produce other living things of the same species
Not necessary for life; however, it is necessary for the continued survival of a particular group of organisms
Species must reproduce regularly in order for a species to survive from generation to generation
Types of Reproduction –
Asexual reproduction – requires only one parent and results in large numbers of genetically identical offspring
Sexual reproduction – involves two parents and the offspring is genetically different from the parent cells

4. Cell Reproduction
Cell Division – a complex series of changes in the nucleus of a cell that leads to the production of new cells
Types of Cell Division –
Mitosis – results in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell and to each other
Meiosis – results in daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes found in the parent cells and occurs only in gamete formation

5. Cell Reproduction Vocabulary
Diploid (2n)– when a cell contains two sets of chromosomes, usually one set from the mother and another set from the father.
Body Cells resulting from mitosis are diploid
Haploid (n)- when a cell only contains one set of chromosomes
Gametes (sex cells) resulting from meiosis are haploid

6. Mitosis All body cells (except sex cells) are produced by mitosis
Produces 2 daughter cells
1 Cell division
Daughter cells have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell
If a parent cell is diploid (2n), then the resulting daughter cells are diploid (2n)
Mitosis = Asexual Reproduction
Daughter Cell is genetically identical to parent cell
In multicellular organism, results in growth and repair of body tissues
In one-cell organisms, form of asexual reproduction

7. Phases of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
2A. Prophase
2B. Metaphase
2C. Anaphase
2D. Telophase
Cytokinesis

8. Phases of the Cell Cycle
Have a student come up and point out each phase
Find and Insert video clip

11. Meiosis
Sex cells (gametes = sperm & egg cells) are produced by meiosis
Produces 4 daughter cells
2 cell divisions
Daughter cells contain one-half of the chromosome number as the parent
If a parent cell is diploid (2n), then the resulting daughter cells are haploid (n)
Daughter cells are genetically different than parent cells
Meiosis = Sexual reproduction
When sperm and egg cells unite during fertilization, species’ normal chromosome number is restored

12. Meiosis Consist of two separate divisions Meiosis I Meiosis II
Starts with 1 Diploid (2n) cell and results in 2 Diploid (2n) cells
Meiosis II
Starts with 2 Diploid (2n) cells and results in 4 Haploid (n) cells
Males = 4 Haploid sperm cells
Females = 1 Hapoid egg cell and 3 haploid polar bodies

13. A. Prophase I (Crossing over occurs) B. Metaphase I C. Anaphase I
Phases of Meiosis I
1. Interphase
2. Meiosis I
A. Prophase I (Crossing over occurs)
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I

15. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission – parent cell divides into two daughter cells of approximately the same size
Budding – division of the cytoplasm is unequal and the offspring is smaller than the parent cell
Sporulation – formation of spores (specialized reproductive cells that contain a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm
Regeneration – development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism
Vegetative Propagation – part of a plant grows into a new plant

16. Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction :
Recombination of chromosomes = Increased genetic variation
Increased genetic variation = Increase an organism’s chances for survival and play a significant role in species evolution
Includes the fusion (joining) of two sex cells formed during meiosis
Sex cell nuclei fuse during fertilization forming a fertilized egg called a zygote. Zygote will then divide by mitosis and develop into a new organism
Gametes – mature sex cells (egg and sperm cells)
Gametogenesis – sex cell formation involving meiosis of immature sex cells. Two types
Spermogenesis – formation of sperm cells
Oogenesis – formation of egg cells

18. Spermogenesis Oogenesis Occurs in Males Occurs in testes
Produces 4 sperm cells
Motile (can move)
½ genetic material
Haploid cell (n)
Occurs in Females
Occurs in ovaries
Produces 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies (small, non-functioning cell that disappears)
Non-motile (not able to move)
½ genetic material
Haploid cell (n)

19. Fertilization
Fertilization – union of egg and sperm cell nuclei that restores the chromosome species number
Types of Fertilization:
Internal Fertilization – takes place inside the body of the female where the male deposits its sperm inside the reproductive tract of the female
External Fertilization – takes place in a water environment outside the body of the female

20. Internal Development
Embryonic development begins immediately after fertilization
Zygote undergoes repeated cell divisions by mitosis called cleavage
Developing organism is called the embryo
Beginning Steps:
Solid ball of cells form (morula)
Center of ball becomes hollow (blastula)
One side of the ball folds inward forming a second, inner, layer of cells (gastrula)
Three germ layers form – ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Division continues and form all the tissues, organs and organ systems by the process of differentiation