1. Tourism Resources of Ethiopia

2. : Intangible cultural tourism resources,
Main highlights 0f Ethiopia: :
To understand the nature of different tourism products ,
To develop and manage appropriate tourism products
To able to know the major tourism resources and current tourism circuits of Ethiopia
Main topics:
: Unique features of Tourism Product in Ethiopia,
: Tangible cultural tourism resources of Ethiopia,
: Intangible cultural tourism resources,
: Wildlife resource and their conservation areas,
: Major tourism circuits of Ethiopia.

3. Unique features of Tourism Product in Ethiopia
Fascinating range of experiences make Ethiopia, truly a land of discovery, brilliant and beautiful, secretive, mysterious, extraordinary.
Ethiopian tourism resources
Cultural
Tangible
Monuments
Palaces &
Museums
Handicrafts Architecture
Sculpture
Heritage sites
Intangible
Festivals
Religions
Seculars
Dance, music & legend
Natural
Biological
Plants & biosphere
Animals & N/Park
Physical
Water, body
Landscape, mountains

4. Ancient Time (from ancient -1270)
Historical perspective
Ancient Time (from ancient -1270)
Ethiopia is the only country in sub-saharian Africa with tangible historical remnants stretching back to the ancient Mediterranean civilization
The Cradle of Humankind
Ethiopia is origin of homo sapiens (modern human).
Lucy a 3.5 million years old found in Hadar Danakil
New genus Ardipithecus a 5.8 million years old hominid was found
Prehistory: Ethiopian highland were inhabitants stone-Age hunter-gatherers.
1000BC Aksumite has been practicing agriculture
3000BC produce indigenous pottery
4000BC pastoralist as practiced millet cultivation
The Aksumite Empires: trade and civilization (b/n 52 and 92 generation )
The Zagew Daynasty (385years in power): A peace & powerful Christian kingdom, began by Mera-Teklehaymanot end-up immediately after Lalibela.

5. Medieval time (1270-1855) Modern time (1855-now)
The rise of Solomonic Dynasty (13-15 century)
The War of Ahmed Gragn (1528)
The Gondarian Period ( )
Modern time (1855-now)
Ethiopian under Emperor Tewodros II ( )
Ethiopian under Emperor Yohannes IV ( )
Ethiopian under Emperor Menelik II ( )
The Rise of Haile Selassie ( & )
The Derg ( )
All these are important historical tourism resources in Ethiopia.

6. Brain storming question!
What do you mean biophysical?
What are the biophysical resources of Ethiopia?

7. The Biophysical Resources of Ethiopia
This resources can be physical and bioloical
Physical Resources:
the well known African continent's irregular landscapes,
The country of many volcanically formed Highlands and mountains
The Great Rift Valley
the Western and the Northern highlands (the central highland including to Jzeta, Beshlo, Wonchit, Jzema valley) the chains extending to the Simen mountains )
the Eastern and Southeastern highlands (Arsi-Bale mountains Chains, and the Eastern Harerge highland including Dengego mountains)
The sources of the Blue Nile and other many rivers
The great lake country
The country of 13th months of sunshine and comfortable weather condition
The country of big land mass with rugged landsacpe

8. Topography/ landscape:
to summarized the topographic feature:
from Danakil depression120m bsl to 4543m absl Ras Degen.
the steep escarpment
deeply incised lowland valley
highland plains and valleys
mountains chains and submit
lowland plains

9. Water fall: same well known waterfall are,
Cheleankua water fall: south west Mekele, 60m height waterfall
Jenbar waterfall: in the Simen Mountains National Park, 800m height,
The Blue Nile Fall,
Tesikie waterfall: located in Awie Zone about 180m height
Ajora, Sangana, Andabo Falls: in woliyta south of Hosa’ena 100m into the thickly wooded gorge,
Logeta water falls
about 67 waterfalls in Sheka zone i.e. Sheksheko
Guder Falls: located at Nekemt road
Barta & Woshi falls in Kefa
Sora waterfall: located in Metu
Many other undiscovered waterfall by tourists and other many seasonal water falls in the country that can be a tourism resources.
Sheksheko waterfall

10. Located in Afar Regions
Erta Ale:
Located in Afar Regions
Erta Ale is a Shield volcano with a base diameter of 30km and a one km2 large crater at top of volcano.
Around Ertal Ale there are many colorful lakes (i.e. Lake Afdera)
One of the most fascination & physically challenging natural attractions anywhere in Ethiopia (Briggs, 2009)
Metehara: a volcanic region around Adama

11. Lakes:
Ethiopia is the best known by it’s lakes:
Rift valley lake: ( i.e. lake Afrera, lake Abbe, Metehara/Beseka, Zoway, Langano, Abijata, Shalla, Awasa, Abaya, Chamo and Chew Bahir, Turkana)
North west Ethiopia lake: (i.e. lake Ashenge (Korem), Lake Hayke Estifanos, lake Tana, lake Zengena, lake Georgis (holly lake in Mertolelariam), lake Terba 155 dipth in Awie zone
Central Ethiopia: Lake Horra, lake Ara-Shetan around south side of Butajira, lake Wenchi, lake Dundi, lake Boye at Jimma road

12. Mountains and peaks
Ethiopia's mountains are almost untouched by rock climbers.
Some of the peaks are:
Simen Mountains , The Bale Mountains,
Abona Yosef in Lasta , Peaks Adewa in Adewa Tigray
The Irob region in northeastern Tigray,
Tossa mountain in Dessie
Chilalo and other mountains in Arsi,
Choke mountain in eastern Gojjam
The peaks such as Zukualla in Shoa
Fantalle in Awash National Park
Peaks of Arbagugu
Menz (Takma-bamer mountain chain)
peak of Megezeze in Shoa

13. Natural Hot springs: Several hot springs around Denakle
Adis Ababa fl-wuha
Soderie
Zeway Island hot springs
Shalla hot springs
Garagadi hot sprigs the collection of 16 hot springs bubbles from large field 15k from Adama
Wondogent
Arot in Alaba
Bersiss in Sidamo!!
Kuma in Omo
Wanzaye
Gono Gebriel
Guramba south Gondar
Harbu Hot Springs: 15 km to Kombolch,
Lebka Iysus: Merhabeta
Charduka: around Debark and others undiscovered hot springs in the country.

14. Sof Omar Cave is remarkable for a number of reasons
Caves:
Sof Omar Cave is remarkable for a number of reasons
over 15 km in length, the longest of Ethiopia's caves,
the Web River heads underground,
once the refuge of a medieval Muslim holy man,
Achare & Aynage Cave: around Arba Gugu
is the most extensive subterranean network next cave to Sof Omar
Laga Oda cave: popular painting near Harar
Cave church: Makina Medhane Alem, Nakuto La'ab, Imrahana Christos; Jemedo Mariam monastry in north Wollo, there are many others undiscovered cave all over the country (i.e. about 25 caves around Dangla)
about 37 historical caves only in sheka zone

15. Biological resource:
There are 277 species of mammals (31 are endemic)
862 species of birds (16 endemic)
201 species of reptiles (10 endemic)
63 species of amphibians (24 endemic)
150 species of fishes (4 endemic)
324 species of butterflies
over 7000 species of higher plants (15% are endemic)
Their distribution and occurrence normally vary along with elevation, encompassing major ecosystems such as afro-alpine, savanna, desert and wetlands.

16. Star of David, Ezana Park Aksum

17. traditions (custom/belief) history of a region, architecture,
Element of culture “tangible and intangible cultural resources” that attract tourism
handicrafts
traditions (custom/belief)
history of a region,
architecture,
local food
art and music
folklore (traditional local story and legends)
monuments
ways of life
religion
language
traditional dresses
costumes etc… (France, 1997)

18. Unit two: Tangible cultural tourism resources of Ethiopia
Tangible cultural resources are those, which can be seen and touched.
It divide as movable and immovable (monuments, group of buildings and sites).
Immovable:
Archeological site:
Hadar: Ethiopia has oldest traces of humanity (Lucy), making it an important area in the history of human evolution.
Cradle of human origin (for the discovery of Lucy and Ardi)
Fossils in the Lower and Middle Awash Valley over about sixty localities of artifacts.
Konso Gardula and Melka Kunture (1963): deferent a stone age fossils found
Lower Omo Valley (1967): human fossil “Turkana Boy” a nearly complete skeleton dating back 1.6 million years
Axum, Azezo Teklehaimanot, Aleyu/Amba area are important archeological site
Ethiopian Rift Valley in particular most important sites of human biological and cultural.
Unit two: Tangible cultural tourism resources of Ethiopia

19. Popular Ethiopian Monuments:
Aksum: Ethiopia's most ancient city with many remarkable monolithic stone obelisks standing as high as meters
Tiya tekle stone:
The obelisks of Tiya in southern Ethiopia are an impressive sight. There are 36 stones in total, & decorated with carvings, the tallest of which is some 3.7m height.
Tututi Stelae Field: In south of Tutu Fela comprises about 1200 stelae scattered in and around Tututi small village
Manchiti rock engravings: better known for its medieval stelae around Dilla
Ba’eta Lemariam: an indicator of modernization and shows the dream of Menelik II
Lion of Judah Monument: was created as part of the coronation celebrations that took place in 1930 in Addis Ababa near Legehar railway station .
Menelik II Square: is located just outside the entrance to St. George's Cathedral in Addis Ababa.
Other monuments in Addis: equally important to use as tourism resources
In each regional capital site: there are several monuments considered as tourist resources

20. Battles Field:
Many significant battles have taken place in Ethiopia
Shimbra Kure and Woina Dega (1529): around Debrezit, christian kingdom and the sultanate Adal. Adal defeat Lebne Dingel
Maqdala (1868): the Napier Expedition to Magdala and historic Ethiopian military campaigns
Metema Yohannes (1889): he led his troops against the Mahdist stronghold at Metema and Yohannes fatally wounded.
Adowa battle field (1896): The Adwa battlefield is world significance
The Ethiopian army decisively defeated the Italian force at the Battle of Adwa
Historic site of Yisma Negus (1889): Emperor Menelik had signed the Treaty of Wichale
Maichew 1936: commanded by Haile Selassie , & Ethiopia lost the battle

21. Palaces and Museums:
Palaces:
Qeen Sheba palace in Axum
Yohannes IV palace in Mekele
Gondar palaces: Guzar, Denkez, Michael Sual, Kuskuam, Gorgora
Menelik palace in Entoto, Addis
Empire Haileslassie palace in Bahirdar
Negus Teklehaimanot palace in Debremarkos
Ras-Mekonen, Empire Haileslassie palaces in Harar
Abajifar Palace in Jimma
Ruined and maintained Ankober palace
Cumsa Moroda Palace in Nekemt
Shek OJelie palace Benshangule Gumuse leader old house in Shegolie Addis

22. Museums
National Museum: one of a number of public and church museums in the capital, with the largest collections of hominids and ethnographic objects.
Negus Michael palace /Dessie Museum: with good collections,
Yohannes IV’s palace in Mekele, now converted into a museum: enriched with significant collections.
The archaeological museum of Aksum: is enriched with valuable archaeological remains discovered in Aksum and in the surroundings.
The church museum of Aksum: hosts impressive ancient relics.

23. Museums of monasteries of Lake Tana :
all most all 20 monasteries has their own museum,
Kibran Gebriel has the largest library of ancient books of any in the region
about 200 volumes in total
a beautifully illustrated 15th –century life of Christ
17 kg book
Ba’eta St. Mary Museum:
It displays a number of precious treasures including:
the chair Emperor Menelik used during the Mass,
golden cross of Abune Kerilos of Alexandria,
a royal stick of Empress Zewditu
remains’ of the Emperor Menelik, queen Taitu, Zewditu, Abune Mathewos, princess Tsehay
religions books and other treasures of religious

24. Entoto St. Mary’s Museum
- objects related to the reign of Menelik II,
- the battle of Adowa and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- bed and ceremonial clothes of Emperor Menelik II and Queen Taitu
tremendous treasures of religious and historical value
Museum of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies (IES):
focus is the material culture of Nationalities and traditional art
The Zoological Natural Hustory Museum:
- focus on Ethiopian wildlife Species
St. George Cathedral Museum:
exhibits including costumes of spiritual leaders, crosses of different kids, religious books written on parchments and several works of art and handcrafts
The Ethiopian Postal Museum
- it maintains all samples of the Ethiopian stamps from 1894 until the present time
Addis Ababa Museum:
- collections are targeted to show the historical, political, economical and social developments of the city since its foundation.

25. Dejachmach Wube house/ Addis Ababa Restaurant (wube bereha)
others:
Dejachmach Wube house/ Addis Ababa Restaurant (wube bereha)
Abune Pitros Monument
3000 people Sidest kilo
Related to Italian Merkato Market place
Equity of the religion
Great run and race

26. Merto-lemariam church: the kings and Gragn Ahmed honorable cloths, the crowns and precious treasury
Museum in Nekemte: one of the best ethnographic museum in Ethiopia, displays vast collections of crafts and artifacts of the Wolega Oromo people
Jimma museum: displays selected personal belongings of Abba Jiffar, numerous historic and ethnographic objects
Mekele the memorial museum: that narrates the thirty years struggle, are some of the physical treasures in Mekele.
Bahirdar the memorial museum: that narrates the thirty years struggle, are some of the physical treasures in Bahirdar.
Adama the memorial and cultural museum: a huge collection of cultural treasuries
Red-terror memorial Museum:
Berihan Ethiopia Museum: huge collection of Ethiopian cultural and natural attraction and try to create small Ethiopia in Addis.
Coffee museum in Kefa: types of coffee

27. Moveable cultural tenable tourism resources
These are Sculpture, Artifacts and Handicrafts
Sculpture:
Sculpture (Latin sculpere, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes.
Carving:
Ethiopia has several carving sculpture in and around the churchs
Modelling
consists of addition to, or building up of, form. The materials used are soft and yielding and can be easily shaped, enabling rapid execution
Casting
Womasha : Ancient Sidama currency was functional before ‘’ Martareza’’
Artifacts and Handicrafts:
Art for everyday uses
metal work, leather work, weaving, baskets, pottery, and horn work, utensils
wood carving for furniture

28. ceremonial and religious objects objects of divination (forecasting)
Art and ritual
masks
headdresses
ceremonial and religious objects
objects of divination (forecasting)
Art and adornment
Scarification
Jewelry
Weaving and Textiles
Art and prestige
Weapons
Regalia / symbolic object or cloths

29. Christian heritage sites and pilgrimage centers of Ethiopia
Abune Aron
Ark of the covenant & Arks
Axum-Tsion church
Bahere-Asaba, Senksar and old religious books
Debre Damo
Debrelibanos monastery
Debresina mariam
Diema Giorgies
Gishen debre kerbie
Epiphany
Kidus Yared monastery
Lake Tana monasteries
Mahbere selsie monastery
Merto lemariam
Meskel
Meskle chirstocs church
Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela
Waldieba monasteries
Zina Markos monasteries
Zozamba Giwrgies

30. Muslim pilgrimage Sites Christen pilgrimage site
Geta and Geta Lion: made from a single stone for Muslim community, People come to this place even from Areb world. Some people believed that this sculpture made by Christian community,
Drie Sheh-hussin: around Sof Omar Cave, a famous Mosque
Al-Nejash: in Wukro also in this time become pilgrimage centre
Kulibe Gebreal
Shenkora yohanes
Tsarkanie mariam
Kristos Samra
Tsion Mariam
Gishen Mariam
Debrelibanos
Waldeba/ Abre-antant
Shenkoraw Yohanes
Arsiema Kidest
Church of Lalibela
And many others centers at local level

31. Other useful tourism resources
Recreation
camping sites
designated walking tracks
walking routes
viewpoint
swimming sites
boat ramps
Information
pre-visit information
maps, leaflets
orientation/directional signs
Interpretation
interpretation signs
guiding

32. Unit three: Intangible cultural tourism resources:
Intangible cultural resources are those that cannot be felt by hands but can be seen or heard.
Intangible cultural resources, includes
social practices, rituals and festive events
oral traditions
expressions including language
performing arts such as traditional music, dance and theater
knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe,
traditional craftsmanship
(UNESCO convention 2003)

33. Can be classified as Religious and Secular Religious Festivals
Christian festivals: with a special religious music
Invented in the 6th century by St. Yared.
there are three modes, Ge’ez, Ezil & Araray
Ge’ez: during fasting and mourning days
Ezil: during great church feast
Araray: during ordinary days
Enkutatash: Ethiopia still retains the Julian calendar
- New year festivals and dancing can be seen every where!
Commemoration of the finding of the True Cross (Meskal):
Meskal has been celebrated in the country for over 1600 years.

34. Ethiopian Christmas (Genna):
Celebrating seriously by a church service Ethiopian specialty
Lalibela is the best place to spend gana!
the Gena game practices by almost all Ethiopian highland
Epiphany (Timket):
Epiphany is the greatest festival of the year
festival in Addis Ababa and Gondar is extremely colorful
Easter festival:
- the Ethiopian Good Friday: praying ceremony
Easter and the Holy Week: the Church ceremony is fascinating
during Easter week festivity is everywhere!

35. Islamic festival:
Id Al Fatar/Arefa, in November
Maulid the birth of Prophet Mohamed in February
Id Al Fatar /Remedan in August
Waka-feta festival:
Erecha: in Hora lake is one of the colorful festival in Oromo culture

36. Secular:
The folklore: The traditional beliefs, practices, customs, stories, jokes, songs (etc.) of a people, handed down orally or behaviorally from individual to individual
Secular music has unique feature and largely varied in style and contents
Major type of Ethiopian secular music are folk music/zefen, qererto, fukera, musho & song.
Dance Festivals
New year dance festivity:
Sheraton, Hilton, Millennium hall, Stadium and Meskel flower,
dancing and singing can be heard at every village in the green countryside
in Northern Ethiopia: Ashenda / Shadey in Tigray and Waghimra, & Tsemket
In Amhara: Tsemket and Meskel (hoyahoye) as well as Mishamisho
In the Southern Nation: Tsemako, Hamer and Welayta dance
Folk dancing has an overall impressive effect that provides a picture of graceful body movement, facial expression and charming to the extreme.

37. The Hamer people:
bull jumping or “maz” ceremony in Hamer: procedure of social jump from youth to adulthood (age for marriage)
the whipping of the young female
hair styling and decoration by the Hamer people
The Karo people:
bull jumping ceremony “Pilla”
famous in their traditional dace at the time of marriage
the Mursi and Surma:
Donga, stick fighting
lip clay plate is the sign of beauty
Body painting to be more attractive to the opposite sex
Konso and Dorze:
colorful celebration of the meskel holiday (Dorze)
ceremony of slaughter animals and dance (Dorze)

38. Queen of Fura
the Sidama culture:
The people of Sidama are rich in culture and tradition.
Expressed in –its traditional belief
Calendar ,New Year ’’Fiche’’ celebration’’
Luwa’’ traditional judgment procedure
Type of marriage
Traditional cloths

39. Myths and Legends:
Alka Gebrehana’s Tale,
The serpent king: the people of Axum had constantly to supply it with milk and virgins
The virgin lady/Qeen shaba and Angabo the killer of the serpent
Belya Sub and the Virgin Mariam
Yodit Godit and her breast cut,
Gragne Mohamods and his big stone, his Muslim mother,

40. Qeen Sheba and the wise man Solomon, - The queen went to Jerusalem in search of wisdom. - She took many precious gifts for Solomon. - seven hundred and ninety seven camels were loaded and mules and asses. - When she arrived at Jerusalem he paid her great honor and received a habitation in the royal palace.
Journey to Jerusalem

41. The story of Prester John:
There are in our country
elephants and other animals called dromedaries/ humped camel, and also
white horses and wild bulls of seven horns, white bears, and
the strongest lions of red, green, black and blue color.
You should also know that we have birds called griffins that can easily carry an ox or horse into their nest to feed their young.
Like wise, you should know that we have other birds called Tigers who are so strong and bold that they lift and kill an armored man together with his horse
In the wilderness, their lived horned men and women who have but one eye in front and four in the back.
There are also other kinds of men who feed only on raw flesh of men and women and do not hesitated to die.

42. The story of Prester John
We have also a fountain who ever drinks of its water three times on an empty stomach ,will have no sickness for thirty years.
When we went to war fourteen crosses that are made out of gold and jewels were carried before us.
Let it be known to you that we have swift horses which can carry a knight in full armor for three or four days with out taking food
We also give license for the men who feed only on raw flesh of human, so as to eat our enemy.

43. The legend of queen of Fura: the Sidama society believes that the Fura Ergetem was a queen at some point in time.
She is known to have laid the domination of woman over men atrociously

44. Paintings :
Painting in the church's , painting in the caves and other paintings
Church paintings:
Traditional paintings are found in the form of icons/pictures, as well-painting in the churches and in manuscripts.
In Ethiopia, there are very large numbers of churches decorated with various mural paintings.
the traditional paintings are generally characterized by Biblical themes and figures.

45. Cave painting:
ancient inhabitants, in many parts Ethiopia had been embarked on cave painting by around 10,000BC.
ancient time painting found in many parts of the region, most notably in Harerge, Gamu Gofa and Tigray.
The most dominant pictures were:
the milking of cattle
other use of bows and arrows, spears and shields
humped and humpless cattle, goat, lion and elephants
Laga oda rock paintings around Hara is popular one

46. Wildlife resource and their conservation areas
Wildlife resources
Conservation areas
277 species of mammals,
862 species of birds,
201 species of reptiles,
63 species of amphibians,
150 species of fishes
324 species of butterflies/
15 national parks,
4 sanctuaries,
9 wildlife reserves,
2 biosphere reserves,
18 control hunting area).
4.1. National Park : It’s a large area of public land chosen by a government for its scenic, recreational, scientific, or historical importance and usually given special protection

47. Simen Mountains National Park
۩ Location: it is situated on the Simen mountains massif with an altitudinal range from 1900 to 4543m asl.. 
۩ Major wildlife species: 23 mammals,182 birds and about 500 plant species
۩ Endemic mammals: Gelada Baboon, Walia Ibex, Ethiopian Wolf, Menelik s’ bushback & about five rodent species.
۩ Endemic birds: seven, Abyssinian cat bird, Abyssinian long-claw, Spot-breasted plover, Black-headed forest Oriol, Abyssinia Catbird & Black-headed siskin .
۩ Major physical/geological features: spectacular mountain scenery and escarpments consist of dark Trapp basalts and bright, soft tuff.
Simen Mountains National Park

48. Awash National Park
Location: the park is located in the northern part of the Great Rift Valley. Its altitude ranges between m .
Major wildlife species: 81 mammals & 453 birds species
Dominant mammals: Beisa oryx, Greater kudu, Soemmerring’s gazelle, Lesser kudu, dikdik, Reedbuck.
Endemic bird species: five endemic species include Golden-backed woodpecker, White-winged cliff-chat, White-billed starling,
 Vegetation types: grassland, thorn- bush-woodland, vegetation on steep slopes & lava.
Major physical features:
the most geologically active regions; Fantalle Crater, Hot springs
Awash River with its waterfall and gorges is scenic features of the park.

49. 4.1.3. Abijata-Shalla National Park
Location: the park is located within an altitude range of m asl.
Vegetation types: Acacia-Euphorbia woodlands savanna
Major wildlife species: 76 mammals & 436 Birds
Waterfowls: the Great White Pelicans, Storks, Flamingoes, Egrets and Herons, Cormorants and Plovers.  
Mammals: Grant’s gazelle, Colobus monkey, Grivet monkey, Warthog, Greater kudu, Klipspringer, Oribi and Jackals. 
Endemic mammals: about 5 small mammals including Scott’s Hairy Bat, White-toothed Shrew, White-toothed Rat,
Endemic birds: six including Yellow-fronted Parrot
Major physical: Lakes Abijata and Shalla, hot springs, lava caves and four islands

50. 4.1.4. Bale Mountains National Park
 Location: the park is located Bale Zone within an altitude range of m asl.
Vegetation types: Afro-alpine heather, woodland, Gaysay grassland, and Herenna forest.
Major wildlife species: 77 mammals & 260 birds and accepted as center for endemicity
Endemic mammals: include Mountain nyala, Statck’s hare, Ethiopian wolf, Bale monkey, and few other rodents
Endemic birds: about 7 ( i.e. Abyssinian catbird, Abyssinian longclaw, Yellow-fronted parrot, Spot-breasted plover, Black-headed siskin and Golden-backed woodpecker)
Flora: most notable are Giant lobelias, Kniphofia, Helichrysum sp. Hypericum, Hagenia abyssinica and Juniperus procera.
Major physical: pronounced by mountain formations, extensive plateau, valley and mountains.

51. 4.1.5. Yangudi-Rassa National Park
Location: the park is found on the north-eastern part of the country with altitudinal ranges between m asl.
Vegetation types: semi-desert trees and succulent scrub, semi-arid grass and plains, shrub-steppe, bushland and acacia-wooded grassland.  
Major wildlife species: 36 mammals & 230 birds
Mammals: Soemmerring’s Gazelle, Hamadryas Baboon, Cheetah, Leopard, Lion, Kudu, Salt’s Dikdik. Wild Ass is world endangered species
Endemic: wild ass
Major physical features: Awash River, active volcanoes, archeological sites, extensive arid-desert ecosystem & Dallol depression.
Very sadly this species almost
extinct from this national park

52. 4.1.6. Nechisar National Park
Location: the park is located near Arbaminch town in Gamogofa zone.
Vegetation type: Savanna characteristics (grassland, forest, wetlands and bush land).
Major wildlife species: 84 mammals and 342 bird species include Burchell’s Zebra, Swayne’s Hartebeest, Hippopotamus, crocodile, African hunting Dog, Lion and Leopard.
Endemic mammals: including Swayne’s Hartebeest, Scott’s hairy Bat, White-footed Rat, Ethiopian grass Rat and Hinde’s Bat.
Endemic birds: Nechisar nightjar
Major physical features: lakes Abaya and Chamo, Rift valley escarpment, Kulfo ground water forest and Filwoha hot spring.

53. Mago National Park
Location: the park is situated in South Omo Zone. Its altitude ranges between 450-2,528m asl.
Vegetation type: Savanna (predominantly patchy grasslands, woodland, bushland and riverine forests).
Major wildlife species: about 81 and 257 bird species & three endemic birds.
Large mammals include Buffalo, Elephant, Burchell’s Zebra, Greater Kudu, African hunting Dog, Lion, Leopard, Cheetah,
Major physical/geological features: Mago Mountain and Omo River.

54. Omo National Park
Location: the park is situated in South Omo Zone, some 870km south of Addis Ababa. Its altitude ranges between 440-1,183m asl.
Vegetation type: Savanna predominantly plains, deciduous woodland, bushland and riparian formations.
Major wildlife species: 75 mammals and 325 bird species & a endemic birds
Mammals: include Common Eland, Buffalo, Elephant, Burchell’s Zebra, Greater Kudu, African hunting Dog, Lion, Leopard, Cheetah, and Ostrich.
Major physical features: the plain land, Omo River and Kuma hot springs.

55. 4.1.9. Gambella National Park
Gambela National Park
Location: the park is situated in Gambella Region. The altitude of the park ranges from asl.
Vegetation type: Savanna characteristics predominantly swamp deciduous woodland and riparian formations.
Major wildlife species: 41 mammals and 154 birds
Dominant Mammals, Nile Lechwe, A. Buffalo, Elephant, White Eared Cob, Roan Antelope
Major physical features: extensive swamps and wetlands.
Gambella National Park

56. Alatish National Park
Location: the park is situated in southwester of North Gondar. Its altitude ranges between m asl.
Vegetation type: Savanna, combretum-Terminalia woodland, woody grass land and riverine forests.
Major wildlife species: about 37 mammals and 204 bird species
Dominant mammals: African Elephant, Greater Kudu, Lesser Kudu, Aubis Baboon, monkey, Jackal, Warthog, Lion, Caracal, striped Hyena and Serval Cat.
Major physical features: almost 97% of the area is plain and few small peaks and Ayema and Alatish River

57. 4.1.11. Geralli National Park: located in Somalia Region and Oromia around Borena
Established in 2005 with a total area of the National Park is 3858Km2
Significant species : Beisa Oryx. Grant’s Gazelle
Large mammal : 27

58. 4.1.12. Kafta Sheraro National park
Located in Tigray Region, north Ethiopia
lies in the lowlands of the Tekezze Valley, south of the Tekezze River.
Area 5,000 km2, bordered by southern Eritrea
The ground cover is mostly open savannah with thorny bushes and grass, typical of Combretum-Terminalia woodland type.
Kafta-Shiraro National Park supports one of the nine isolated elephant (Loxodonta africana) populations in Ethiopia
The park supports about 100 elephants (Shoshani ,2004),
The elephants in this population seasonally migrate between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and possibly to eastern Sudan (Yirmed 1997)

59. Chebera-churchura:
Esblished : 2005, Area : 1215Km2
Significant species: African , Elephant, Lion, Leopard
Mammals: 37
Vegetation: Grass land, woodland
Maze National Park:
Esblished : 2005, Area : 210km2
Significant species: swayne’s Hartebeest, Oribi, Guereza, Lion
Mammals:
Vegetation: Acacia woodland, open grassland.

60. 4.1.15. Borena Saynt National Park
Established in 2009
Total area of the National Park is 43.75km2
>174 plants (e.g.Dombeya, Hagenia, Hypericum, Juniperus procera, Olea europaea, Podocarpus f, Erica, Festuca spp)
11 endemic plants (e.g. Erythrina brucei, Kniphofia foliosa, Lobelia rhynchopetalum, Acacia abyssinica)
23 large mammals Klipspringer, caracal, Colombus gureza, Canis aureus Common bushbuck, Leopard etc .
4 endemic species Minilik’s bush back, Gelada baboon, Ethiopian wolf and Stark’s hare
57 birds (e.g. White-collared Pigeon, Thick-billed Raven, Slender-billed Starling, Augur Buzzard)
4 endemic birds Abyssinian cat bird, Abyssinian woodpecker, Black headed siskin, Harwood's Francolin
Ecosystem: Afro alpine, Sub Afro alpine and Montane
Vegetation Type: Afro alpine grassland complex and dry evergreen montane forest

61. 4.1.16. Bahir Dar Blue Nile Millennium Park
The Amhara region has:
16 priority forest reserves
1 community conservation area (Menze Guassa),
11 important bird Areas

62. 4.2.2. Senkelle Swayne’s Hartebeest Sanctuary
Location: the sanctuary is situated 300km south of Addis Ababa, with the altitude ranges ,300m asl.
Vegetation type: Savanna grassland and bushland
Major wildlife species: 37 mammals and 91 bird species
Endemic species: Swayne’s Hartebeest;
Yabello Sanctuary
Location: it is located in Borena Zone, some 550km south-east of Addis Ababa with altitude ranges between ,500m asl.
Major wildlife species: 43 mammal and 194 bird species,
Endemic birds: Prince Ruspoli’s Touraco, Abyssinian Bushcrow, White-tailed Swallow, Degodi Lark and Sidamo Lark
Kuni Muktar Sanctuary: located in kuni Mountains in Asebe Teferi
Wildlife species: 20 mammals and 24 birds specie,
Endemic species: 1 mammal & 4 birds are endemic
Physical feature: Mountains range/chains

63. Reserves Area (km2) Location Alledeghi 1,832 Afar Awash West 1,781
4.3. Wildlife reserves A large area of land where birds or animals are kept in protected conditions in the wild, either for conservation purposes or to be hunted for sport.
Reserves
Area (km2)
Location
Alledeghi
1,832
Afar
Awash West
1,781
Bale
1,766
Chew Bahir
4,212
South Omo
Gewane
2,439
Mille-Sardo
8,766
Shire
753
Tigrai
Tama
3,269
Erer -
Easter Harerge

64. Controlled hunting area Area (km2) Location
4.5. Control hunting area:
Hunting is not permitted in a controlled hunting area without first obtaining a controlled hunting area permit.
Controlled hunting area
Area (km2)
Location
Afdem-Gewane
5,932
Afar Region
Akobo
5,049
Southern and Gambella Region
Arsi
10,876
Oromia Region
Awash West
9,136
Bale
9,663
Borana
45,366
Boyo Swamp -
Southern Region
Chercher & Arba Guggu
3,045
Dabus Valley
2,127
Erer-Gota
2,386
Jikau
3,375
Gambella Region
Lower Wabe Shebelle
23,788
Somalia Region
Mizan-Teferi
Murle
4,172
Maze
Omo West
4,561
Tedo
2,347
Segen

65. 4.4. UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB)/ Biosphere reserve
It is protected area managed primarily to preserve natural ecological processes.
Each reserve must contain a diverse, natural ecosystem large enough to be an effective conservation unit.
Kafa:
more than 700,000 ha containing more than 50% of Ethiopia’s remaining Afromontane evergreen forests ecosystems,
The site is a scientific, economic, aesthetic and cultural treasure house
fertile valleys and lowlands linking the mountains and ridges,
a number of majestic waterfalls, including the Barta & Woshi falls,
origin of the rare and critically endangered coffee Arabica.
Yayu:
is part of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot,
one of the world’s 34 vital yet threatened areas for biodiversity conservation,
managed for the production of coffee, spices, honey and wood,
important ecosystem services such as watershed protection in the Nile Basin,
Yayu found in the south-western Illubabor Zone of the Oromiya

66. Bird watching site
Gefersa Reservoir
Sululta Plains,
Jzemma plateau, Jzemma escarpment & Valley
Ankober to Awash via Melka Jebdhu
Awash National Park
Genale River
Lake Awasa, Fish Market
Wondo Genet forest
Lake Langano, Abijatta-Shala National Park
Fantalle Crater, Debre Zeit
Lake Ziway
Ankober, Melka Jebdu
Fogera wetland, & Ethiopian Highland
Wetland around Gorgora
Wetland of Gambela

67. 4.5. Botanical and Zoological gardens
Botanical gardens:
It is garden in which plants are grown and displayed primarily for scientific and educational purposes.
the earliest botanical gardens was established in ancient Athens about 340 bc by Aristotle
we have only few botanical gardens in Ethiopia:
Addis Ababa University ( at the level of arboretum)
Wondo gent collage (at the level of arboretum)
other few private garden in Addis to sale seedlings

68. Zoological Garden:
Zoo is an institution devoted to the exhibition, preservation, and study of animals.
The earliest zoos date back more than 4,000 years, now about 1,000 zoos around the world.
The Berlin Zoological Gardens the world’s largest animal collection, with more than 15,000 animals belonging to nearly 1,700 species.
In Ethiopia we don’t have such big zone,
but we have only Ambesa Gebi in sedest Killo!
plan to establish big zoo around Addis Alem in Oromia

69. 4.6. Facilities in wildlife conservation areas
Office level
Some major facilities:
information desk
information leaflet
map of the park
local guide
souvenir shop
tourism professional
mini library
At campsite
toilets, and portable water
recreation seats /chair
trekking or walking pass & view points
signpost
cooking site & cooking materials rental
rentable sleeping bag, tents and other gears
local product food and beverages
local product souvenir shop
communication system
first aids too kite and in case of emergency
wastes disposal system or rubbish pits
riding and pack animals
security, and porter if needed

70. Unit –Five: Major tourism circuits of Ethiopia
Northern tourism Circuits
The circuit pivots around four cities, all are very different from others,
Debrelibanos:
monasteries of St. Teklehaimanot
the Jzema valley & the blue Nile George
Bahir Dar:
Blue Nile Falls
Lake Tana
Tana medieval monasteries
Gondar:
17th century castles
Beautifully decorated church of Debre Birhan Selassie
Simen Mountain National Park
Axum:
Giant engraved obelisks
2500 years Yaha Temple
Tsio Maryam
monastery of Debredamo
Lalibela:
Yemrehanna Kristos
Bilbilla
Asheton Maryam

71. 5.1.2. North Eastern Ethiopia
Afar: the world known archeological site and the origin of homo sapiens (modern human).
the Kemisie and Batie local market
Danakil: the endangered wild ass, the salt caravan, the hot springs, the lake and the colorful salt deposits
Erta Ale: the amazing natural phenomena of the active volcano

72. 5.1.3. South eastern tourism circuit:
 Includes the Bale and Arsi highlands, the Harerge highland and the Rift Valley South to Awash
Addis Ababa - Lake Hora and Debrezeit- Adama - Soderie - Asela - Bekoji - Adaba Dodola ecotourism site - Bale mountains National park - Sof omer cave- Shek Hussine mosque - Back to Wondo gent - Langano - Abjata - Zuway - Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa - Lake Hora & Debrezeit- Adama - Soderie - Metehar - Awash national Park - Asebeteferie - Denegego mountain chain - Kulibe Gebriel - Deridewa - Harer (the ancient building and the hyena-man)

73. 5.1.4. South routes & Southern Ethiopia
 Omo Value & National Parks Arba Minch Dorze Hamer Surma Body people Karo Ari Tsemai Konso Mursi Kangaton
Addis Ababa - Lake hora and Debrezeit - Lake Zeway - Lake Langano - Lake Abijata Shalla National park - Shashemene (Wondo-gent hot spring) - Lake Awassa - Wolayta and Tiya monuments - Arbamnch (the 40 spring water, Nechsar National Park – Konso – Jinka – Mago and Omo National Parks - cultural attraction including Mursi, Karo, Humer Bena, Surma and Body culture

74. 5.1.5. Western Ethiopia and undiscovered tourist circuit : 
      - Jimma
Gambella
Benshangul Gumez back to----
Wollega – Ambo hot spring
Wunche creator lake
 The western part of Ethiopia has comprise, several rolling hills, dense mountain forest, the spices, fruit tea and coffee plantation
the northern bank of Baro River, part of the Nile drainage system.

75. 5.2. Emerging Tourism Destination of Ethiopia
North Ethiopia
Adwa mountains and the battlefield
Alnejash Mosque
sekota, Mekele, lalibela ( shadey abeba, ashenda, Ashendye, holiday and other )
Arsema Kidest Meskerem, 29
Mekite eco-tourist site
Awramba (Zumira Village)
Wonqeshit Qedus Gebreal Church (Dera district)
Kirestos Semra
Northeast Ethiopia
Dallol depression,
Erta Ale and Archeological site Great rift Valley
Denakle Salt Caravan

76. The capital city:
Addis Ababa:
meskel festival in Addis Ababa
related to Bole airport transit ,
the International conference ,
investment opportunity
Merkato the larjest open air market in africa.
South east:
Adaba dodolla: due to community based tourism activities
Sof Omer cave
Dre-shek Hussin

77. Central Ethiopia:
Hora: Erecha ceremony
Wonchi crater
the new hydroelectric power dams
Zjema escarpment and Valley for bird watcher
Entoto and Menagesha suba forest plantation
religious pilgrimage in Tsadkanie Mariam
Adade Mariam
The south nation and nationality (about 56 ethnics groups for cultural tourism)
Awasa city
Wondogent
safari camps and eco-lodge in south Omo
the Konso Landscape “ 9th world Heritage site of Ethiopia”
Hamer bena
UNSCO biosphere reserve and the coffee plantation

78. Biosphere reserves of South Ethiopia in most protected area
5.3. Tourist circuits to reach a special interest groups ( i.e. ecotourism, rural tourism, camping tourism, adventure tourism)
Ecotourism:
Definition: The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people.
Some dominant eco-tourist sites in Ethiopia
Biosphere reserves of South Ethiopia
in most protected area
Adaba Dodolla
Wunchi area
Chelemo forest
Mekit
Adawa
Simen mountains national park:
Other undeveloped or promoted natural and cultural sites

79. Rural tourism:
Rural tourism is difficult to define with precision because rural areas are visited for recreational purposes for much shorter periods than the conventional ‘holiday’ and at more varied times of year (Barke, 2004).
Some activities in rural areas:
Indigenous use of the countryside
hang-gliding
long distance waking and hiking, riding
caving, canoeing
cultural features
religious pilgrimage
local markets

80. Simen Mountains to Lalibela through Tekeze valley Sekota,
Simen Mountains to Axum
Simen mountain to Mekele through Abi-Adie
Simen to Addis Ababa for the long trekkers ,
Gojjam to the Blue Nile Gorge
Awurambe – Deberetabor – Gafat- Mekite to Mekdela,
Dessie to Gishen deberekrbie,
from Bale to Bekoji,
In other many rural sites all over Ethiopian provinces specially in South west and Western Ethiopia

81. Camping tourism:
In general protected area (national park, sanctuary, wildlife reserves, controls hunting area)
sites of hot springs,
spectacular landscape,
view points
safari hunting sites
bird watching sites
other old trade route are the usual tourism circuit for camping tourism activities

82. Adventure tourism:
This type of tourist are risk taker. Tourism activities such as canoeing, climbing, caving, hang gliding, mountain bicycling, pony trekking.
The majority of these businesses are located in mountains areas.
Ethiopia is suitable for adventure tourism:
all Ethiopian mountains (central highland, south-eastern and north western highlands can be the best tourism destination area for adventure tourism specially for climbing, hang gliding/paragliding, mountain bicycling, pony trekking
the Omo river, Abay (Blue Nile) Baro, Tekeze, and other major river is also attractive for canoeing adventure tourism
Ethiopia is also have great potential for caving

83. You travel we care !