1. CS 580 chapter 4
paradigms

2. What is Paradigm? The way you see something Your point of view
Frame of preference or belief
The way we understand and interpret the world
It’s like a map in our head

3. The paradigm does not necessarily describe reality, and at best only describes one aspect of reality.

4. Our paradigms may be true, or not
Our paradigms may be true, or not. We cannot tell which until we change our paradigm! Then we can select a paradigm from our possible choices. The change is not a result of disproving a paradigm, but a decision.

5. Does everyone use the same Paradigm?

6. Think of an example of PARADIGM

7. Paradigm shift
Paradigm shift is the way of looking at something differently
A paradigm shift is a sudden change in point of view.
When we make a paradigm shift we can see, think, feel, and behave differently

8. Example of Paradigm Shift
Ptolemy thought the earth was the center of the universe
Copernicus believed the sun was the center of the universe (a paradigm shift occurred)

9. Paradigm Article

10. Exercise 1 What is your paradigm of how you deal with anger?
What is your paradigm shift (goal) you can make?

11. Paradigms of interaction
New computing technologies arrive, creating a new perception of the human—computer relationship.
We can trace some of these shifts in the history of interactive technologies.

12. Another Example of Paradigm Shift
The introduction of the personal computer and the internet have impacted both personal and business environments, and is a catalyst for a Paradigm Shift.
Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging, and web feeds.
The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites.
We are shifting from a mechanistic, manufacturing, industrial society to an organic, service based, information centered society, and increases in technology will continue to impact globally.

13. The initial paradigm Batch processing Impersonal computing
The earliest computers
extremely expensive devices
very slow.
Machines were typically dedicated to a particular set of tasks and operated by control panel
Impersonal computing

14. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Time-sharing:
A technique permitting many users simultaneous access to a central computer through remote terminals.
By allowing a large number of users to interact concurrently with a single computer
A group of users working at the same time
Interactive computing

15. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data.
Mix of computer hardware and computer software.
@#$% !
???
Community computing

16. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical displays
Images
Icons
Videos
etc
Move this file here,
and copy this to there.
C…P… filename
dot star… or was
it R…M?
% foo.bar
ABORT
dumby!!!
Direct manipulation

17. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical display
Microprocessor
It is a multipurpose
Programmable device
Accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.
Personal computing

18. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical display
Microprocessor
WWW
Global information

19. Example Paradigm Shifts
Batch processing
Timesharing
Networking
Graphical display
Microprocessor
WWW
Ubiquitous Computing
A symbiosis of physical and electronic worlds in service of everyday activities.

20. Metaphor
relating computing to other real-world activity is effective teaching technique
file management on an office desktop
word processing as typing
financial analysis on spreadsheets
virtual reality – user inside the metaphor
Problems
some tasks do not fit into a given metaphor
cultural bias

21. Language versus Action
actions do not always speak louder than words!
DM – interface replaces underlying system
language paradigm
interface as mediator
interface acts as intelligent agent
programming by example is both action and language

22. Multimodality a mode is a human communication channel
emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and output

23. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
CSCW removes bias of single user / single computer system
Can no longer neglect the social aspects
Electronic mail is most prominent success

24. The World Wide Web
Hypertext, as originally realized, was a closed system
Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP) and mark-up languages (e.g. HTML) made publishing and accessing easy

25. Ubiquitous Computing
Definition: The growing trend towards embedding microprocessors in everyday objects so they can communicate information.  
The words pervasive and ubiquitous mean "existing everywhere."
Pervasive computing devices are completely connected and constantly available. 

26. Sensor-based and Context-aware Interaction
Humans are good at recognizing the “context” of a situation and reacting appropriately
Automatically sensing physical phenomena (e.g., light, temp, location, identity) becoming easier
How can we go from sensed physical measures to interactions that behave as if made “aware” of the surroundings?

27. why study paradigms Concerns
how can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?
how can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?
History of interactive system design provides paradigms for usable designs

28. Exercise
What new paradigms do you think may be significant in the future of interactive computing?

29. Questions? What is paradigm? What is paradigm shift?
Think of an example of paradigm then give a paradigm shift of that example?