1. Lexical Change

2. Quick Quiz – look up answers you don’t know on your iPad
What is orthography? What is morphology? Name four invasions and state the impact that they had on the English language. In Middle English, what was the language of power (law, church, nobility)? What was the Great Vowel Shift? When did Caxton create the first printing press? What are the approximate dates of: Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, Late Modern English? When did Johnson publish the first fully standardized dictionary? What is prescriptivism? What is descriptivism? Name at least five factors that can influence language change.
Viking
Norman
Roman
Anglo-Saxon settlement

3. Recap- How does lexical change happen?
Acronyms are words formed by the initials of other words (NASA, NATO, LASER)
Abbreviations are words formed by the initials of other words, but each letter is pronounced (BBC, USA, FAQ)
Clipping is a form of abbreviation, such as veg and deli
Blending adds elements of two words together, such as chortle; motel; smog; Spanglish; glamping; screenager, netiquette, sitcom

4. Recap - How does lexical change happen?
Compounding Adds two words together as in body-blow, jet-set, man flu, couch potato, snail mail
Affixation:
Prefixes are added to the front of words, eg. hyper can be added to many nouns to give a sense of size as in hypermarket and hyperinflation
- Suffixes tend to change the class of word and
can also expand upon its range of meaning,
eg. Professional
Grammatical conversion/functional shift: a word changes its word class without changing its form, e.g. Google and text started life as a noun but can now be used as a verb too

5. Why does lexical change happen?
Words are always being put to new uses.
Why is this?
Sociolects change
Journalists/writers coin phrases (eg. WAGs; elephant in the room)
New inventions create new lexical fields (eg. surf the internet; chatroom)
Media is a strong influence (television shows, movies)
Acronyms are invented (eg. SATS)

6. OED new words

7. Oxford English Dictionary
Technology
Oxford English Dictionary
Religion

8. Lexical Expansion
French loan words (70% nouns) entered the language creating more synonyms or replacing OE words
Administration – chancellor, council, court
Law – advocate, crime, judge, jury, prison
Fashion – boots, brooch, cloak, collar, veil
Food – beef, lemon, veal, venison, pork
Home – chimney, ceiling, closet, quilt, turret
Military – archer, army, captain, navy, soldier

9. LEXICAL CHANGE
With new concepts, inventions and techniques, vocabulary changes are of most interest. Loan words (borrowings) from other languages added richness!
LATIN/GREEK: assassinate, capsule, encyclopedia, pancreas, virus, lunar, skeleton, thermometer, monopoly
FRENCH: anatomy, bayonet, chocolate, tomato, vogue, passport
ITALIAN: carnival, ballot, giraffe, opera, macaroni, volcano, sonnet, sonata, rocket
SPANISH/PORTUGUESE: banana, alligator, cocoa, guitar, hammock, hurricane, negro, tobacco,
Bamboo (Malay) bazaar (Persian) coffee (Turkish) knapsack (Dutch) harem (Arabic) yacht (Dutch)

10. Jane Austen activity
Look for points of interest and annotate your sheets:
Lexical change
Semantic change
Grammatical and syntax change
Punctuation change
Change in style and register

11. John Ruskin said:
“Say all you have to say in the fewest possible words, or your reader will be sure to skip them; and in the plainest possible words, or he will certainly misunderstand them.”

12. Wordiness:
‘This is otherwise known as long-windedness, pleonasm, prolixity, redundancy, verboseness, verbosity, windiness, wordage, verbiage, garrulousness, tautology or logorrhoea – is to be avoided at all costs.’
My Grammar and I, Caroline Taggart and JA Wines

13. The Inkhorn Controversy
The Inkhorn Controversy
The "Inkhorn controversy" is the name generally given to the extended dispute, largely in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, over whether English should continue to add words from Latin and Greek -- regarded by their fans as ornaments, by their detractors as moldy old things that came from an "inkhorn" (a reservoir of ink made from bone and worn about the neck of lawyers and clerks) rather from what they regarded as the good, wholesome, Saxon-rooted world of "native" English words.
The difference can be seen at once in the texts on both sides of this question, as well as in the alternative words set forth by those who opposed such "Aureate" language. If they had had their way, then instead of "resurrection" we might have had "gainrising," "crossed" for "crucified," and "ground-wrought" for "founded." Indeed, in German we can see how many such compounds might sound; their word for television, fernsehen, would be in English a "Far-Seer"; their word for refrigerator, kühlschrank, would give us "Cold-Cupboard“. We do in fact have quite a few words made the old Saxon way: wayfarer, toolbox, sunscreen, or shoehorn for example -- but when it comes to technical, legal, and medical terms, Latin and Greek lead the way with thermometer, telephone, computer, seismograph, macrosomia, hydroencephaly, psychoanalysis, and cyberspace.
Why do you think technological, legal and medical terms, in particular, use ‘inkhorn terms’ rather than more anglicised words?
So it's noteworthy that the vast majority of words despised by the anti-Inkhorn crew are still with us, among them ability, atmosphere, autograph, anonymous. capsule, crisis, democracy, dedicate, dogma, emphasis, ostracize, and education (for ex-ductere, 'to lead forth) and thousands of others.

14. Attitudes towards ‘inkhorn terms’
‘the treasure of our tongue’
‘the greatness of our stile’
‘our best glorie’ (Samuel Daniel, 1599)
‘Our English tongue, of all languages, most swarmeth with the single money of monasillables, whare are the onely scandell of it. Bookes written in them, and no other, seeme like shop-keepers boxes, that containe nothing else save halfe-pence, three-farthings and two-pences. (Thomas Nashe, 1593)
Which of these attitudes do you most agree with and why?
Do any of these attitudes still exist today?
Do you think the debate needs to be so polarised?

15. Paul Jennings, 1966
In a foregoing piece (a week ago in this same mirthboke) I wrote anent the ninehundredth yearday of the Clash of Hastings; of how in that mighty tussle, which othered our lore for coming hundredyears, indeed for all the following aftertide till Domesday, the would-be ingangers from France were smitten hip and thigh; and of how, not least, our tongue remained selfthrough and strong, unbecluttered and unbedizened with outlandish Latin-born words of French outshoot. […] The craft and insight of our Anglish tongue for the more cunning switchmeangroups, for unthingsome and overthingsome withtakings, gives a matchless tool to bards, deepthinkers and trypiecemen. […] If Angland had gone the way of the Betweensea Eyots there is every likelihood that our lot would have fallen forever in the Middlesea ringpath.
This text is a tongue-in-cheek example, published in Punch, of what English might have been like had so-called ‘inkhorn terms’ not been introduced, or indeed if William the Conqueror had been defeated at Hastings.
HOMEWORK:
TASK 1: Write a translation of this passage.
TASK 2: Are there any familiar words which you are surprised by? Can you find any Latinate/French synonyms for these words? Why do you think both are still in existence?