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Unit 4: Module 16.

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1 Unit 4: Module 16

2 1. What occurs when experiences influence our interpretation of data?
Selective attention Transduction Bottom-up processing Top-down processing Signal detection theory Answer d) Top-down processing

3 2. What principle states that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage rather than a constant amount? Absolute threshold Different threshold Signal detection theory Priming Weber’s law Answer e) Weber’s law

4 3. What do we call conversion of stimulus energies, sights and sounds, into neural impulses?
Transduction Perception Priming Signal detection theory Threshold Answer a) Transduction

5 c) a difference threshold.
4. Natalia is washing her hands and adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Natalia’s adjustment until she feels a difference is an example of… a subliminal stimulus. an absolute threshold. a difference threshold. signal detection. Weber’s law. Answer c) a difference threshold.

6 perceptual set. absolute threshold. difference threshold.
5.Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, “It was cold when I first got in, but now my body is used to it. Come on in!” Tyshane’s body became accustomed to the water due to… perceptual set. absolute threshold. difference threshold. selective attention. sensory adaptation. Answer e) sensory adaptation.

7 Unit 4: Module 17

8 1. What do we call a mental disposition that influences or interpretation of a stimulus?
A context effect Perceptual set Extrasensory perception Emotion Motivation Answer b) Perceptual set

9 2. Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit on a warm summer day
2. Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit on a warm summer day. Kimberly’s brother knows to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because of… context. ESP. precognition. bottom-up processing. clairvoyance. Answer a) context.

10 3. Which of the following is produced by perceptual set?
Not noticing that the songs change in a restaurant Noticing a difference in weight of a friend from one week to the next Moving an arm quickly so that a mosquito flies away Surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak a British accent Not noticing a watch on your wrist as the day goes on Answer d) Surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak a British accent

11 Unit 4: Module 18

12 1. Light’s ____ is the distance from one wave peak to the next
1. Light’s ____ is the distance from one wave peak to the next. This dimension determines the ____ we experience. hue; wavelength wavelength; hue hue; intensity wavelength; intensity intensity; wavelength Answer b) wavelength; hue

13 2. What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital lobe’s visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements? Rods Cones Foveae Feature detectors Ganglion cells Answer d) Feature detectors

14 3. Which of the following explains reverse-color afterimages?
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory The blind spot Hering’s opponent-process theory Feature detectors Parallel processing Answer c) Hering’s opponent-process theory

15 b) Short wavelength; large amplitude
4. Your best friend decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following best fits the physical properties of the color’s light waves? No wavelength; large amplitude Short wavelength; large amplitude Short wavelength; small amplitude Long wavelength ; large amplitude No wavelength; small amplitude Answer b) Short wavelength; large amplitude

16 5. What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye?
Pupil Iris Cornea Lens Fovea Answer c) Cornea

17 Unit 4: Module 19

18 a) perceptual constancy.
1. A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer’s gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles instantly bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but chose to wear the goggles for a half hour. After 30 minutes, the student was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of… perceptual constancy. visual interception. sensory restriction. binocular cues. Answer a) perceptual constancy.

19 2. What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession? Phi phenomenon Perceptual constancy Binocular cues Retinal disparity Depth perception Answer a) Phi phenomenon

20 e) figure-ground relationships.
3. Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of… the visual cliff. the phi phenomenon. color constancy. sensory restriction. figure-ground relationships. Answer e) figure-ground relationships.

21 4. The view from Narmeen’s left eye is slightly different from the view from her right eye. This is due to which depth clue? Retinal disparity Relative size Linear perspective Relative motion Convergence Answer a) Retinal disparity

22 5. Bringing order and form to stimuli, which illustrates how the whole differs from the sum of its parts, is called… grouping. monocular cue. binocular cue. disparity. motion. Answer a) grouping.

23 Unit 4: Module 20

24 1.What type of hearing loss is due to damage to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea? Sensorineural Window-related Conduction Cochlear Basilar Answer c) Conduction

25 2. Pitch depends on which of the following?
Amplitude of a sound wave Number of hair cells stimulated Strength of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time Decibels of a sound wave Answer d) Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time

26 3. Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is related to the number of impulses travelling up the auditory nerve in a unit of time? Place theory Frequency theory Volley principle Sound localization Stereophonic hearing Answer b) Frequency theory

27 4. The three small bones of the ear are located in the…
cochlea. outer ear. inner ear. middle ear. auditory nerve. Answer d) middle ear.

28 Unit 4: Module 21

29 1. Sensing the position and movement of individual body parts is an example of which sense?
Kinesthetic Vestibular Auditory Umami Olfactory Answer a) Kinesthetic

30 2. Which of the following is the best example of kinesthesia?
Awareness of the smell of freshly brewed coffee Ability to feel pressure on your arm Ability to hear a softly ticking clock Ability to calculate where a kicked soccer ball will land from the moment it leaves your foot Awareness of the position of your arms when swimming the backstroke Answer e) Awareness of the position of your arms when swimming the backstroke

31 3. Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction?
Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection Finding that the cold pool water doesn’t feel so cold after a while All of these are examples Answer b) Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold

32 4. Which of the following is most closely associated with hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals? Body position Smell Hearing Pain Touch Answer a) Body position

33 Unit 4: AP Exam Questions

34 1. What is the purpose of the iris?
To focus light on the retina To process color To allow light into the eye To enable night vision To detect specific shapes Answer c) To allow light into the eye

35 2. Neurons that fire in response to specific edges, lines, angles, and movements are called what?
Rods Cones Ganglion cells Feature detectors Bipolar cells Answer d) Feature detectors

36 c) Absolute thresholds
3. Signal detection theory is most closely associated with which perception process? Vision Sensory adaptation Absolute thresholds Smell Context effects Answer c) Absolute thresholds

37 4. Which of the following represents perceptual constancy?
We recognize the taste of McDonald’s food each time we eat it. In photos of people, the people almost always are perceived as figure and everything else as ground. We know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight to shadow. From the time they are very young, most people can recognize the smell of a dentist’s office. The cold water in a lake doesn’t seem so cold after you have been swimming in it for a few minutes. Answer c) We know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight to shadow.

38 5. Our tendency to see faces in clouds and other ambiguous stimuli is partly based on what perception principle? Selective attention ESP Perceptual set Shape constancy Bottom-up processing Answer c) Perceptual set

39 6. The process by which rods and cones change electromagnetic energy into neural messages is called what? Adaptation Accommodation Parallel processing Transduction Perceptual setting Answer d) Transduction

40 b) The intensity of pain at the end of the event
7. Which of the following is most likely to influence our memory of a painful event? The overall length of the event The intensity of pain at the end of the event The reason for the pain The amount of rest you’ve had in the 24 hours preceding the event The specific part of the body that experiences the pain Answer b) The intensity of pain at the end of the event

41 8. Frequency theory relates to which element of the hearing process?
Rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates Number of fibers in the auditory nerve Point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration Decibel level of sound Number of hair cells in each cochlea Answer a) Rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates

42 9. Which of the following best represents an absolute threshold?
A guitar player knows that his D string has just gone out of tune. A photographer can tell that the natural light available for a photograph faded slightly. Your friend amazes you by correctly identifying unlabeled glasses of Coke and Pepsi. A cook can just barely taste the salt she has added to her soup. You mom throws out the milk because she says it tastes “off.” Answer d) A cook can just barely taste the salt she has added to her soup.

43 c) How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces
10. Which of the following describes a perception process that the Gestalt psychologists would have been interested in? Depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world Why we see an object near us as closer rather than larger How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces What the smallest units of perception are The similarities between shape and constancy and size constancy Answer c) How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces

44 d) Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea
11. Which perception process are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup involved in? Processing intense colors Processing information related to our sense of balance Supporting a structural frame to hold the eardrum Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea Holding hair cells that enable hearing Answer d) Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea

45 c) Dizziness and a loss of balance
12. Which of the following might result from disruption of your vestibular sense? Inability to detect the position of your arm without looking at it Loss of the ability to detect bitter tastes Dizziness and a loss of balance An inability to detect pain Loss of color vision Answer c) Dizziness and a loss of balance

46 c) Stroboscopic movement
13. When we go to the movies, we see smooth continuous motion rather than a series of still images because of which process? The phi phenomenon Perceptual set Stroboscopic movement Relative motion Illusory effect Answer c) Stroboscopic movement

47 14. Two monocular depth cues are most responsible for our ability to know that a jet flying overhead is at an elevation of several miles. One cue is relative size. What is the other? Relative motion Retinal disparity Interposition Light and shadow Linear perspective Answer a) Relative motion

48 b) The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception
15. Which of the following phrases accurately describes top-down processing? The entry level data captured by our various sensory systems The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception Our tendency to scan a visual field from top to bottom Our inclination to follow a predetermined set of steps to process sound The fact that information is processed by the higher regions of the brain before it reaches the lower brain Answer b) The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception


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