1. ENGR100 - Introduction to Engineering (for Computer Engineers)
Lecture 1

2. Outline Lectures Introduction to Computer Engineering (First week)
Matlab (Approximately six weeks)
Areas of Computer Engineering and Science
Data storage & Manipulation
Operating Systems
Networking & the Internet
Algorithms
Programming Languages
Software Engineering
Data Abstraction
Database Systems
Artificial Intelligence
Theory of Computation
Labs
Robotics: Programming and motion control

3. Grades
Homeworks: %
Labs: %
Midterm: %
Final exam: %

4. Book

5. Don’t forget to check it regularly!
Website
Contains:
Lecture notes (in pdf files)
Homeworks and solutions
Supplementary material
Grades
Announcements
Don’t forget to check it regularly!

6. It’s a great time to be a software engineer!

7. It’s a great time to be a software engineer!

8. It’s a great time to be a software engineer!
Software engineering is a great and growing profession!
The field is young
It is innovative and fast-paced
Lots of unsolved, complex problems
Lots of new solutions every day
Lots of opportunities for smart, energetic people to make their mark!
This is not just the greatest profession of our time –
It’s the greatest profession of all time

9. How important is software?
Very important
Many businesses, entire industries, the global economy rely on software
Financial institutions, the stock market, …
Aerospace, automotive, almost any manufacturing
Inventory, supply-chain management
e-commerce
Government, medicine, other research, ..
Reflected in economic indicators
Guess
Turkey’s Gross National Product
~$200 billion
Turkey’s yearly budget
~$70-80 billion
Yearly revenue of the software industry
~$150 billion

11. Demand for Computer Engineers will Increase
“ ...
These experts play down the two explanations most often offered for flagging enrollment: the dot-com bust and the movement of high-tech jobs offshore.
“People think there are no jobs, but that is not true,” said Jan Cuny, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon who directs a National Science Foundation program to broaden participation in computer science. “There are more people involved in computer science now than at the height of the dot-com boom.”
And there is widespread misunderstanding about jobs moving abroad, said Ed Lazowska, a computer scientist at the University of Washington. Companies may establish installations overseas to meet local licensing requirements or in hopes of influencing regulations, he said, “but the truth is when companies offshore they are more or less doing it for access to talent.”
“Cheap labor is not high on the list,” Dr. Lazowska said. “It is access to talent.”
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, demand for computer scientists in the United States will only increase in coming years, Dr. Cuny said.
...”

12. Computer Engineering ≠ Programming
...
“The nerd factor is huge,” Dr. Cuny said. According to a 2005 report by the National Center for Women and Information Technology, an academic-industry collaborative formed to address the issue, when high school girls think of computer scientists they think of geeks, pocket protectors, isolated cubicles and a lifetime of staring into a screen writing computer code.
This image discourages members of both sexes, but the problem seems to be more prevalent among women. “They think of it as programming,” Dr. Cuny said. “They don’t think of it as revolutionizing the way we are going to do medicine or create synthetic molecules or study our impact on the climate of the earth.”

13. Computer Engineering = Solving World’s Problems Using Computation
Like others in the field, Dr. Cuny speaks almost lyrically about the intellectual challenge of applying the study of cognition and the tools of computation to medicine, ecology, law, chemistry — virtually any kind of human endeavor.
“The use of computers in modern life is totally ubiquitous,” said Barbara G. Ryder, a professor of computer science at Rutgers University. “So there are niches all over for people who understand what the technology can do and also for people who want to advance the technology.
“But students don’t see that,” Dr. Ryder said. “And it seems to be happening more with the women than with the men.”

16. Engineering & Technology
The English word "Engineer" has the Latin root "Ingeniatorem " which means "expert in planning.”
The Turkish word for engineer is "Mühendis“ whose root is the Arabic word "Hendese " which means calculation.
Accordingly, "Mühendis" is the person who does calculations!
The word "Technology" has the Greek roots "Techne“ (which means skill or craft) and "logia" (which means investigation and science).

17. What is Engineering?
We can describe Engineering as the process which is typically composed of the following steps aiming to develop a product:
Analysis
Computation
Design
Optimization
Verification

18. Engineering vs. Science
A nice example of early engineering outputs is the "Bent Pyramid" in ancient Egypt.
It has the initial angle of 55 degrees at the bottom but at one point towards the top the angle changes to 43 degrees.
The reason: The timeline for the change in angle aligns with the collapse of another pyramid with an angle of 55 degrees.
Design by Trial & Error!

19. Modern Engineering
Especially after the 15th century, scientists began to analyze existing engineering products: why and how do they work?
The methodology of the improved science, which is the controlled experiments supported by the mathematical induction, transformed the art of engineering to the science of engineering.
Engineers started to use a systematic approach in designing their products where they also started to use the knowledge about the laws of nature acquired by scientific studies.
This was the start of a new era: "Modern Engineering".
Computer Engineering is considered as a branch of Modern Engineering.

20. Computer Engineering Computer Engineering encompasses:
hardware
software
digital communication
A computer engineer applies the basic principles of engineering & computer science to the design of:
computers
networks
peripheral devices
software systems
A computer engineer has the responsibility of designing and building the interconnections between computers and their components

21. Computer Science Computer scientists:
are traditionally more mathematically oriented than computer engineers
have become involved in writing computer software over the past decade
Unlike the computer scientist, however, the computer engineer is expected to be fluent in both hardware and software aspects of modern computer systems

22. Computer Engineering in the Market
sold for $4B last year
$110B, est. 1998
$47B, est. 1995
$114B, est. 1984
$64B, est. 1977
$290B, established 1975
Note: Turkey’s GNP is about $300B

23. By September 2002 The Internet Reached Two Important Milestones:
> 200,000,000 IP Hosts
> 840,000,000 Users
Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

24. Internet has been growning exponentially!

25. Some Rules from Bill Gates
Rule 1: Life is not fair - - get used to it!
Rule 2: The world won't care about your self-esteem. The world will expect you to accomplish something BEFORE you feel good about yourself.
Rule 3: You will NOT make $60,000 a year right out of high school. You won't be a vice-president with a car phone until you earn both.
Rule 4: If you think your teacher is tough, wait till you get a boss.
Rule 5: Flipping burgers is not beneath your dignity. Your Grandparents had a different word for burger flipping -- they called it opportunity.
Rule 6: If you mess up, it's not your parents' fault, so don't whine about your mistakes, learn from them.

26. Some Rules from Bill Gates (cont.)
Rule 7: Before you were born, your parents weren't as boring as they are now. They got that way from paying your bills, cleaning your clothes and listening to you talk about how cool you thought you are. So before you save the rain forest from the parasites of your parent's generation, try delousing the closet in your own room.
Rule 8: Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life HAS NOT. In some schools they have abolished failing grades and they'll give you as MANY TIMES as you want to get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest resemblance to ANYTHING in real life.

27. Some Rules from Bill Gates (cont.)
Rule 9: Life is not divided into semesters. You don't get summers off and very few employers are interested in helping you FIND YOURSELF. Do that on your own time.
Rule 10: Television is NOT real life. In real life people actually have to leave the coffee shop and go to jobs.
Rule 11: Be nice to nerds. Chances are you'll end up working for one.
from BILL GATES' SPEECH TO MT. WHITNEY HIGH SCHOOL in Visalia, California.

28. Key historical developments in computers
The zeroth generation: Mechanical Computers ( )
Curta Handheld
Babbage Machine

29. Key historical developments in computers
The zeroth generation: Mechanical Computers ( )
The first generation: Vacuum Tubes ( )
ENIAC
Designed by Eckert and
Mauchly in 1946.
Was the primary computing engine of US Army between
27m x 1m x 3m
18,000 tubes
1900 additions per sec.
(current supercomputers can do hundreds of Tflops and desktops a few Gflops!)

30. Another first generation computer

31. Key historical developments in computers
The zeroth generation: Mechanical Computers ( )
The firsth generation: Vacuum Tubes ( )
The second generation: Transistors ( )
IBM System 360, after $5B investment
1.6 MHz, kB, $225K
2 MHz, kB, $550K
5 MHz, 256 kB - 1 MB, $1,200K
5.1 MHz, 256 kB - 1 MB, $1,900K

32. Home Computer

33. Key historical developments in computers
The zeroth generation: Mechanical Computers ( )
The firsth generation: Vacuum Tubes ( )
The second generation: Transistors ( )
The third generation: Integrated Circuits ( )
Apple II europlus (1978)

34. Key historical developments in computers
The zeroth generation: Mechanical Computers ( )
The firsth generation: Vacuum Tubes ( )
The second generation: Transistors ( )
The third generation: Integrated Circuits ( )
The fourth generation: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) ( ?)
The fifth generation - ? (Biologic, Quantum, ???)

35. Some milestones in the development of modern digital computer

36. Moore’s Law
Overall, processor performance doubled every 18 months during 1982 – 1996 time period.
This growth apllied to the automative industry, would have resulted in cars reaching speeds above 70,000 km/h at a fuel consumption rate below 7,000 km/lt! “Unmatched by any other industry,” by John Crawford
memory sizes, in bits
Moore’s law predicts a 60% annual increase in the number of transistors that can be put on a chip.

37. The current spectrum of computers

38. And, finally
In 2000, Koç University Engineering Faculty was established.

39. Computer Engineering Courses in KU (1st year)
Comp Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
An introduction to core software engineering concepts focusing on the control of complexity in large programming systems
Building abstractions with procedures and data
Modularity, objects and state
Machine models, compilers and interpreters
Substantial weekly programming assignments are an integral part of the course!
Comp Introduction to Programming
Object-oriented programming using the Java programming language
Compiling and executing Java applications and applets
Control Statements
Methods
Arrays
Abstract Data Types, Classes, Objects
Inheritance and Type Hierarchies
Polymorphism
Strings and Characters
Iteration
Packages
Access and Visibility Control
Exceptions
Files and Streams
Selected standard packages, utilities
Collections
Introduction to Graphical User Interfaces

40. Computer Engineering Courses in KU (2nd year)
Comp 201 Discrete Computational Structures
Basic concepts of logic, propositional logic, set theory, functions, sequences, counting, relations
Algorithms and their complexity analysis
Applications of number theory
Mathematical reasoning, induction and recursion
Graph theory, shortest path problems, trees, sorting and searching algorithms
Application of these concepts to various areas of engineering.
Comp 242 Advanced Programming
Advanced programming techniques using C and C++
Introduction to the C and C++ languages
Functions, Arrays and pointers
C++ classes
Dynamic storage allocation, memory management
Operator overloading
Inheritance
Virtual functions and polymorphism
C++ Stream Input/Output
Templates
Exception Handling. File processing. Bits, characters, strings and structures
Standard Template Library

41. Computer Engineering Courses in KU (2nd year)
Comp 202 Algorithms and Data Structures
Construction of algorithms and their complexity analysis
Data types; lists, stacks and queues
Tree-searching and basic graph algorithms
Sorting and searching
Hashing.
Elec 204 Digital Systems Design
Computer technology, digital hardware
Boolean algebra, logic functions and gates
Canonical forms, simplification of boolean functions, Karnaugh maps
Number systems, conversions, complement arithmetic, adders, multiplexer
Tri-state outputs, decoders, encoders
Sequential logic, flip-flops, sequential circuit analysis, sequential circuit design
Registers and counters
Memory and programmable logic
Central Processing Unit
A design project

42. Computer Engineering Courses in KU (3rd year)
Comp 301 Programming Language Concepts
Programming languages (i.e. C++, Java, Ada, Lisp, ML, Prolog), concepts and paradigms. Syntax, semantics. Abstraction, encapsulation, type systems, binding, run-time storage, sequencers, concurrency, control. Providing examples from functional, object-oriented and logic programming paradigms.
Comp 303 Computer Architecture
Hardware organization of computers. Computer components and their functions. Instruction sets, formats, addressing modes and pipelining. Interrupt handling, assembly and machine language. Data paths and microprogrammed control. Computer arithmetic. Memory systems and input-output organization.
Comp 302 Software Engineering
Review of methods and tools used in software development. Object oriented design and open software architectures. Requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance and management. Engineering applications.
Comp 304 Operating Systems
Introduction to operating systems concepts, process management, memory management, virtual memory, input-output and device management, file management and file systems, job scheduling, deadlocks, interrupt structures, case studies of operating systems.
Comp 306 Database Management Systems
Introduction to database management systems, file structure, organization and processing, sequential files, direct files, sort/merge, indexed and hash files, relational data model, logical database design, entity-relationship data model, data description and query languages.

43. Computer Engineering Courses (4th Year - many area electives)
Senior Engineering Design
Microprocessors
Computer Networks
Computer Graphics
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
Algorithms and Computational Complexity
Software Methodologies
Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition
Parallel Computing
Distributed Computing
Internet Technologies
Speech Processing
Bioinformatics and Algorithms in Computational Biology
Digital Speech and Audio Processing
Digital Image and Video Processing …