1. NICKY FIFTH’S NEW JERSEY
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SECONDARY PROGRAM
EDUCATION
History of Education in USA

2. Education in America has greatly evolved since the first settlers arrived. From the 1600s to the modern schools of today, there are actually some similarities in the midst of all of the differences.

3. Through the 18th Century
Although formal schooling was not widely available, education was important to the early American colonists. Quickly realizing that simply teaching children to read and write at home and in church was insufficient, colonists began to establish public schools in the early 1600s, with the founding of the Boston Latin School in By the time of the American Revolution, some other colonies, like Georgia, were at least partially funding public grammar schools.

4. Early public schools in the United States did not focus on academics like math or reading. Instead they taught the virtues of family, religion, and community.
The first colonial public schools bore little resemblance to our modern system. At first, only boys attended these institutions, and their coursework seldom went further than what today we would call a grammar school curriculum. Throughout the 17th century, only women whose families were wealthy enough received formal private educations. The education of poor women was typically limited to whatever they picked up at home.
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5. Girls were usually taught how to read, but not how to write in early America.

6. In the South, public schools were not common during the 1600s and the early 1700s. Affluent families paid private tutors to educate their children.

7. 19th Century Innovation
Prior to the mid-19th century, students of all ages were taught together in one-room schoolhouses. But well-traveled U.S. educators, like Horace Mann, knew that in other countries, students were segregated by age. Building upon the Prussian system, Mann introduced “age grading” of students in Massachusetts in This method proved so successful that it quickly became the norm in public education across the country.

8. Common Schools educated students of all ages in one room with one teacher. Students did not attend these schools for free. Parents paid tuition, provided housing for the school teacher, or contributed other commodities in exchange to allow their children to attend the school.

9. By the mid-19th century, academics became the sole responsibility of public schools.
v. Board of Educationbcte.org/blog/?p=97
Another innovation introduced Mann in 1837 was the standardization of public school curricula. Theoretically, this ensured that children could expect the same high-quality education from any school, district-wide. Prior to this reform to model American schools after the Prussian “common school” system, public education varied dramatically between schools. Once it was instituted, the American student population, one of the most internationally diverse in the world, came one step closer to achieving equal access to high-caliber educations.
Horace Mann

10. Part and parcel with homogenizing the public schools was the effort to ensure that all eligible children were present for instruction. As a result, compulsory attendance laws were passed beginning in And by 1918, compulsory attendance through elementary school was the law in each of the (then) 48 states.
Public Schooling in the South was not widespread until the Reconstruction Era after the American Civil War.

11. Higher education didn’t become more of an interest to the nation, as a whole, until the latter half of the 19th century when industry and information began to replace agriculture as the nation’s primary engine of economic growth. Until then, the demand for a formally educated or highly skilled U.S. labor force didn’t make college a top priority for either parents or politicians.
That all changed in 1862, when Congress decided to follow the lead of states like Michigan and Pennsylvania and create “land grant colleges” for other states. These first secondary state institutions were focused on training students in the increasingly technical agricultural and engineering sciences.
Some of the first federal land grant colleges included Michigan State University, Pennsylvania State University, Iowa State University, Kansas State University, Purdue University, Texas A&M University and The Ohio State University.
Ohio State University

12. The end of the 19th century saw the rise of the Progressive Movement and with it came an eagerness to address the nation’s largest social ills and injustices through education reform.
Hundreds of more schools were founded to serve the booming U.S. population. Furthermore, a greater focus on the need for secondary education led many communities to establish compulsory high schools.
The compulsory attendance resulted in a major advance in the average level of education attained by Americans. By 1920, 30% of all Americans between the ages of 14 and 17 had attended some form of high school.
The idea of a progressive education, educating the child to reach his full potential and actively promoting and participating in a democratic society, began in the late 1800s and became widespread by the 1930s. John Dewey was the founder of this movement.

13. Federally funded black colleges would not be created for nearly thirty years. Finally, in 1890, the Morrill Act did just that.
This congressional move was overdue, but it did lead to the founding and funding of several famous historically black colleges like Alabama A&M University, Florida A&M University, Langston University, South Carolina State University, University of Arkansas Pine Bluff and West Virginia State University.

14. The 1950s
The single most noteworthy change to the American education system during the tumultuous sixties was desegregation. Prior to the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, the law held that the Constitution was satisfied by racially segregated schooling facilities as long as they were considered to be “equal.” (The insidious and infamous phrase, “separate, but equal” was a line handed down by the justices half a century before in another ruling known as Plessy v. Ferguson).
Of course, classrooms were not only separate, they were also far from equal. Classrooms were cramped and facilities were poorly maintained. Course materials were dated, extra-curriculars non-existent, and teachers were often under-qualified or spread too thin across too many students to be effective.

15. After a long struggle, and through a carefully thought out strategy, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s (NAACP) Thurgood Marshall (who would later serve as a justice on the Supreme Court) successfully argued that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown, entered May 17, 1954, began a period of conflict across public schools in the south. Among the most violent and famous of these clashes happened outside Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in Tensions were so high outside the school, that the students who were brave enough to enter needed to be escorted by federal troops. Although great strides have been made, unintentional segregation still exists, such as that created simply by housing patterns. Attempts to eradicate this segregation, such as through busing students to neighboring districts, have faced resistance.

16. The U. S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v
The U.S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483, on May 17, The decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation. After the decision, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the South. In Little Rock, the capital city of Arkansas, the Little Rock School Board agreed to comply with the high court's ruling. Virgil Blossom, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of gradual integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which the board unanimously approved. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year, which would begin in September By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High, selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance.
The nicknamed "Little Rock Nine" consisted of Ernest Green (b. 1941), Elizabeth Eckford (b. 1941), Jefferson Thomas (1942–2010), Terrence Roberts (b. 1941), Carlotta Walls LaNier (b. 1942), Minnijean Brown (b. 1941), Gloria Ray Karlmark (b. 1942), Thelma Mothershed (b. 1940), and Melba Pattillo Beals (b. 1941). Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower.

17. The 1960s
As part of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, the U.S. Congress passed the Higher Education Act of 1965; this important legislation established a system of low-interest loans and scholarships to make college education more affordable for everyone.
The same year, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed; prior to its enactment, most school districts were independently operated and financed by local governments and initiatives. With the passage of the act, as federal monies were funneled to local school districts, local funding lost importance.
Following the money came federal requirements and oversight. Today, programs such as No Child Left Behind (2002) tie the receipt of needed federal funds to student achievement on standardized tests.

18. The 1970s
In 1972, Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments. This landmark legislation insisted on non-discrimination based on gender in educational programs and activities that received federal funds. With its enactment, equal opportunities in athletics were mandated, and sexual harassment and discrimination because of pregnancy were eradicated.

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The 21st Century, So Far
Today’s schools are marked by changes as significant as the technology that populates them. In many places, particularly rural communities where populations are shrinking, school districts are being consolidated in order to stay fiscally sound while providing students with all of the necessary and desirable modern facilities. While students in these consolidated districts have longer travel times, they are also able to avail themselves to Wi-Fi, tablets, laptops and computer labs enjoyed by students in metropolitan districts.

20. The hi-tech devices enjoyed by our students are fostering a digital revolution in the classroom. Enabling more engaging distance learning and bringing the world to students, digital learning is transforming modern instruction. With access to other cultures and translation devices, the woes of early eras, such as teaching the growing Hispanic population and other non-native English speakers, are eliminated with a few keystrokes.
Hand-in-glove with our faith in democracy, Americans have long believed that in order to fully participate in their government, citizens need to be educated. Our nation’s unflagging commitment to public education has transformed a nation of (mostly) poor immigrants into the world’s largest economy and greatest superpower. The continuing efforts of today’s educators will ensure that Americans continue to prosper for many years to come.
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21. By the 21st Century, education had entered into an era of education accountability and reform. Beginning with NO Child Left Behind to Every Child Succeeds to Race to the Top and Common Core, there has been an effort to keep every child on the same page.
To date, these efforts have not been successful, nor have they been embraced by the actual professionals in the education community. These hasty efforts to provide the illusion of a sensible solution are nothing more than an illusion. Accountability, placed solely at the feet of teachers and administrators fails to include the most important pieces of the education puzzle: students and parents. Without the dedicated, continued efforts of every student, without the commitment of every parent to oversee their children’s education and priorities, and without addressing the poverty experienced by 1-in-5 students in the US, sensible solutions will become blame and excuses.
-Lisa Funari Willever
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22. Key Words Education in America formal schooling Horace Mann
formal private educations virtues of family age grading
Federally funded black colleges common school Common Core
compulsory attendance homogenizing hi-tech devices
Brown v. Board of Education progressive movement higher education