1. EMEES bottom-up case application 5: Energie-efficiënt cold appliences and washing machines An example of the use of a standardised calculation method
Cees Maas, SenterNovem
IEA expert meeting Task XXI; Standarisation of Energy Savings Calculations
25-26 March 2009, Utrecht, The Netherlands

2. EMEEES; evaluation and monitoring for the EU directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services
EMEEES is a a project in support of the EU Commission for the development of bottom-up methods
In EMEEES a general method was developed
20 case applications were worked out

3. Four basic calculation steps

4. Three levels of harmonisation

5. Step 1: unitary gross annual energy savings worked out more closely
- Step 1.1: general formula / calculation model - Step 1.2: baseline Step 1.3: requirements for normalisation factors
- Step 1.4 Specifying the calculation method and its three related levels
- Conversion factors
- Considering the rebound effect
- Defining values and requirements

6. Step 1.1 General formula Cold appliances:
([energy consumption/yr.]bl - [energy consumption/yr.]bat) * F annual consumption data provided by energy-label
Washing machines: ([CC * AC]bl - [CC * AC]bat) * F
annual consumption data: CC (cycle consumption) provided by energy-label AC # of cycles per year for an average household F: correction factor reflecting the ratio of energy consumption under standard test conditions and measured energy consumption in real life.

7. Step 1.2: Baseline
Normal replacement a) average of A+ to C appliances sold on the market (if calculating additional energy savings) b) average stock appliance (if calculating all energy savings)
Early replacement average stock appliance for the number of years that replacement has been advanced; average of A+ to C appliances sold on the market thereafter

8. Baseline and the levels of evaluation
Cold appliances Washing machines
Level 1 (EU) A+ to C ≥ 0.17 kWh/kg
market EU average EU average
Stock not applicable not applicable
Data: European statistics, market monitors, etc.
Level 2 (MS) A+ to C ≥ 0.17 kWh/kg
market MS average MS average
Stock MS average MS average
Data: national statistics, market monitors etc.
Level 3 (MS) As in level 2, but using monitoring data or survey data

9. Step 1.3: normalisation factors
What parameters influence energy consumption? Examples:
Cold appliances:
temperature for cold appliances (can only be a factor in a level 3 calculation)
Washing machines:
Level 1: present normalisation based on cycle at 60°C / Cotton / full load / # of cycles
Level 2: include effect for # of appliances with ‘hot fill’ based on national survey
Level 3: as in level 2

10. Step 1.4 Specifying the calculation method
Level1: Deemed savings based on EU market surveys: average energy consumption of energy efficient vs. energy inefficient (sub) classes of the EU energy label, weighted by market share of (sub) classes
Level 2: As above, based on national market surveys and national average energy consumption per (sub) class of the EU energy label
Level 3: Mix of deemed savings and ex-post. Weighted average energy consumptions in level 2 (but measure specific). For early replacement: ratio and length of the advancement period must be substantiated with (survey) data

11. Step 2: Total gross annual energy savings
Formula: gross annual energy saving per (BAT) unit x number of BAT units sold
L1: default value cold appliance = 61kWh per unit default value washing machine = 0.06 kWh/cycle per unit units sold: national value (market monitors; GFK, GIFAM)
L2: national deemed gross energy saving per unit; users consumption behaviour; units sold: national value (market monitors ; GFK, GIFAM)
L3: As in level 2 but measure specific evaluations; users consumption behaviour; climate influence units sold per category and monitoring is measure specific

12. Step 3: from gross to net savings
Taking into account disturbances in the calculations; for example:
Double counting (-); white goods are targeted with several different measures. When evaluating the measures the total effect is not the sum of the separate effects of the measures, but less.  try to evaluate the effect of the total package
Technical interactions; the combination of a ‘hot fill’ appliance with solar heated hot water storage
Multiplier (+); the measure(s) accelerate market penetration, thereby reducing production costs (greater numbers) thus creating a further stimulus in demand
Free riders (-); ratio of appliances that would have been sold anyway even without stimulating measures

13. Step 4: Energy savings lifetime
Special item for ESD as it is related to targets in 2016
Targets defined at a specific point in time  only effects that (still) have an effect at that point must be counted
Energy Savings lifetime: EU default/harmonised values
EU harmonised efficient cold appliances 15 years
efficient wet appliances 12 years
Values based on report CWA15693 of CEN workshop 27:
Saving lifetimes of energy efficiency improvement measures in bottom up calculations