1. Translation norms

2. Polysystems approach and DTS
Target orientation – the study of translated texts and their functions in the TS
From single texts to systems
The study of translated texts within the target norms
G. Toury,(1995) Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond, Amsterdam, John Benjamins
T. Hermans, On Modelling Translation: Models Norms and the Field of Translation, Livius 4 (1993)

3. DTS Translation is a fact of the target culture (G. Toury)
Translation replaces the ST for the TC (T. Hermans)

4. Norms
What are norms?
What are conventions?
What is the role of norms?

5. The initial norms – acceptability vs. adequacy
Norms – G. Toury
The initial norms – acceptability vs. adequacy
Preliminary norms – translation policy, social attitudes,
Operational norms – strategies (selection of vocabulary)

6. Expectancy norms <> preliminary Professional norms
Norms - Chesterman
Expectancy norms <> preliminary
Professional norms
accountability (ethics)/communication/relation (ST<>TG)
Constraints: patronage, poetics, the universe of discourse, languages, ideology. (See Lefevere)

7. Evidence of norms Translated texts
Translators’ statements, prefaces, anthologies
Professional documents( reviews, codes of practices, contracts)

8. Questions Are norms static or changing?
If changing, why do they change?
Do translators encourage change, or promote change?

9. Lost in Translation 1

10. Lost in Translation 2

11. French

12. German

13. German