1. No audio. Recording preparation.
Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 4.0

2. The Culture of Health Care
Health Professionals—The People In Health Care
Welcome to The Culture of Health Care: Health Professionals—The People in Health Care. This is Lecture c.
The component, The Culture of Health Care, addresses job expectations in health care settings, the organization of patient care within a practice setting, privacy laws, and professional and ethical issues encountered in the workplace.
Lecture c
This material (Comp 2 Unit 2) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC This material was updated in 2016 by Bellevue College under Award Number 90WT0002.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

3. Health Professionals—The People in Health Care Learning Objectives
Define terms used in health care and in health professionals’ education and training, including clinician, patient/consumer, disease, and syndrome. (Lecture a)
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physicians, including those in primary care and other specialties. (Lecture a)
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of nurses, advanced practice nurses, licensed practical nurses, medical assistants, and medication aides. (Lecture b)
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physician assistants, pharmacists, therapists, allied health professionals. (Lecture c)
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of paramedics, emergency medical technicians, dental professionals, mental health professionals, and social workers. (Lecture c)
The objectives for Health Professionals—The People in Health Care are to:
Define terms used in health care and in health professionals’ education and training, including clinician, patient/consumer, disease, and syndrome.
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physicians, including those in primary care and other specialties.
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of nurses, advanced practice nurses, licensed practical nurses, medical assistants, and medication aides.
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physician assistants, pharmacists, therapists, and allied health professionals.
Describe the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of paramedics, emergency medical technicians, dental professionals, mental health professionals, and social workers.

4. Physician Assistant Education Training Certification
Most PA applicants have bachelor of science degree
Associate’s, bachelor’s, or master’s degree
Training
Preclinical
Clinical
Certification
Required to pass the Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam
Maintaining certification requires continuing medical education and recertifying every six years
This lecture describes the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of a number of health professionals.
Most applicants to physician assistant programs have a bachelor’s degree, and some have a master’s, but an associate’s degree is also accepted by many programs. Preclinical training includes basic and clinical sciences such as biochemistry, microbiology, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and physical diagnosis.
Clinical rotations include core specialties such as internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics [uhb-stet-triks] and gynecology [gahy-ni-kol-uh-jee], surgery, and emergency medicine with electives in other specialties and subspecialties.
Certification requires passing the Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam. Requirements for maintaining certification include continuing medical education and recertification every six years.

5. Physician Assistant Continued
Licensure
In most states, licensure is by a the medical board
Some states have a specific PA board
Roles
Diagnose and treat patients
Prescribing authority
Hospital and nursing home rounds
In most states, licensure is by a medical board, and some states have a specific board of physician assistants.
Physician assistants diagnose and treat patients under the supervision of a physician.
Most states allow prescribing authority for physician assistants.
Most states also allow physician assistants to make hospital and nursing home rounds.

6. Pharmacy Training Travis Nimmo CC-BY
Since 2007, a pharmacist must have a doctor of pharmacy degree (a PharmD).
The training can be thought of as a two-plus-two-plus-two type of program. This includes two years of general studies, often before admittance to the PharmD program; two years of pharmacy sciences; and two years of clinical pharmacy. Options exist for residency and fellowship programs after completing the PharmD.
Travis Nimmo CC-BY

7. Pharmacy Certification
Six specialty practice areas recognized by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties:
Ambulatory care pharmacy
Nuclear pharmacy
Nutrition support pharmacy
Oncology pharmacy
Pharmacotherapy
Psychiatric pharmacy
The Board of Pharmacy Specialties also recognizes voluntary certification in six specialty practice areas: ambulatory care pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, nutrition support pharmacy, oncology [ong-kol-uh-jee] pharmacy, pharmacotherapy [fahr-muh-koh-ther-uh-pee], and psychiatric pharmacy.

8. Pharmacy Continued Licensure Roles Varies by state
North America Pharmacy Licensure Exam (NAPLEX)
Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE)
Some states require a state exam instead of or in addition to the MPJE
Roles
Dispensing, community and hospital based
Consulting, usually hospital based
Licensure varies by state, but all states require the North American Pharmacy Licensure Exam (NAPLEX) [nay-plehx].
Some require the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE), but some states have an alternative exam.
Pharmacist have two general types of roles. The first is dispensing medication, which can be either in the community or in hospital-based settings. Pharmacists can also have a consulting role, which is usually hospital-based. This role often includes providing information on the best medications for a particular problem, monitoring medication dosages or serum [seer-uhm] drug levels, and more complex medication administration orders, like the initiation and maintenance doses of heparin [hehp-ur-rihn].

9. Respiratory Therapy Education Training Certification: Two levels
Usually an associate’s degree, but there are bachelor’s degrees in respiratory therapy
Training
Preclinical
Clinical
Certification: Two levels
Certified Respiratory Therapist Exam (CRT)
Registered Respiratory Therapist Exam (RRT)
Both exams are offered by the National Board of Respiratory Care
Most respiratory therapists attain an associate’s degree, but there are also bachelor's degrees in respiratory therapy. Preclinical training may include courses in general studies, anatomy, physiology, chemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, respiratory mechanics, respiratory physics, and principles of mechanical ventilation.
Clinical courses may include respiratory assessment and the clinical application of respiratory therapy, including courses that emphasize neonatal, pediatric, adult, and critical care.
There are two levels of certification. Graduates of an accredited entry and advance program may take the CRT [C-R-T] exam, which is the Certified Respiratory Therapist Exam.
CRTs who graduate from an advanced program and have met certain other eligibility requirements may take the Registered Respiratory Therapist Exam. The National Board of Respiratory Care offers both.

10. Respiratory Therapy Continued
Licensure
Required in most states
Successful completion of the CRT exam required
Roles
Respiratory assessment
Patient education
Respiratory treatments and medication
Oxygen administration and ventilator support
Licensure is required in most states, many of which require completion of the CRT exam. The roles of respiratory therapists depend on the type of facility and areas of focus. Basic respiratory assessment, administration of oxygen, and nebulized [neb-yuh-lahyzd] medication and patient education occur in ambulatory and inpatient settings. Ventilator support can occur in specialized units, such as a neonatal intensive care unit. There is also growing interest in home mechanical ventilation that often requires respiratory therapy support.

11. Physical Therapy Physical therapy aide Physical therapy assistant
On-the-job training
Not licensed
Physical therapy assistant
Associate’s degree
Licensure varies by state
Physical therapist
Master’s or doctoral degree
Licensure
National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE)
Other exams or requirements
Physical therapy exemplifies the pattern often seen in the health professions of a variety of level of practitioners. Typically, as the amount and degree of training increases, so does level of responsibility. Physical therapy aides are usually trained by the institution and function in a support and administrative role. They are not licensed and do not participate in any clinical care. A physical therapy assistant usually obtains an associate’s degree and assists a physical therapist, which includes assessment and therapy. Most states require either licensure or registration, but the only consistent requirement is graduation from an accredited program. Some states have their own exam or require the physical therapy assistant version of the National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE) administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy.
Physical therapists may have a master’s or doctoral degree. All states require licensure and the Physical Therapist version of the National Physical Therapy Exam administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Some states have additional exams or other requirements. Physical therapists direct and provide care for patients with physical limitations caused by injuries or diseases with the aim to improve mobility and function and to relieve pain.

12. Occupational Therapy Occupational therapy aide
On-the-job training
Not licensed
Occupational therapy assistant
Associate’s degree or certificate
Certification
Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA)
Licensure varies by state
Occupational therapist
Master’s or doctoral degree
Occupational Therapist Registered Exam
Occupational therapy offers several practice levels. Occupational therapy aides are usually trained by the institution and function in a support and administrative role. They are not licensed and do not participated in any clinical care. An occupational therapy assistant usually obtains an associate’s degree and assists an occupational therapist, which includes assessment and therapy. Most states require either licensure or registration, but the only consistent requirement is graduation from an accredited program.
Occupational therapy assistants may become certified by passing the Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA) [koh-tuh] exam administered by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy.
Occupational therapists complete a master’s or doctoral degree. Occupational therapists may become certified by passing the Occupational Therapist Registered Exam administered by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT). Licensure for occupational therapists varies by state. Most states require an occupational therapist to have NBCOT certification for licensure. Some states have other requirements or additional exams. Occupational therapists direct and provide care for patients with disabilities to improve function, job skills, activities of daily living, and cognitive abilities.

13. Radiology Technician/Technologist
Education
Certificate, associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree
Training
Some general studies
Anatomy, physiology, math, physics, radiation technology
Clinical practicums
There is a lack of uniformity in titles and training of those involved in taking x-rays and assisting in radiologic procedures. There are certificate programs as well as associate’s and bachelor’s degrees. Training usually includes general studies, math, science, and applied courses—for example, anatomy, physiology, physics, and radiation technology. Training also includes supervised clinical practicums emphasizing general radiology procedures and exposure to specialty areas such as computerized tomography [tuh-mog-ruh-fee].

14. Radiology Technician/Technologist Continued
Certification
Voluntary certification by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologist (ARRT)
Accredited training program and an exam
Licensure
Varies by state, but most require licensure
ARRT certification is often a requirement
The American Registry of Radiological Technologists also offers voluntary certification. To be ARRT [A-R-R-T] certified, graduation from an accredited training program and successful completion of an exam is required. Most states require licensure; many states require ARRT certification to be eligible for licensure.

15. Radiology Technician/Technologist Continued 2
Role
Help maintain and calibrate equipment
Position and set controls for x-rays
May specialize in a specific type of radiology such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Radiology technologists perform a variety of roles, including maintaining and sometimes calibrating equipment. They have a prominent role in positioning the patient, positioning the imaging equipment, and setting controls such as strength and length of exposure. They don’t interpret x-rays, but they do have to have sufficient skills to make sure the image displays the appropriate part of the anatomy and is properly exposed for optimal interpretation. Some radiology technologists specialize in specific types of imaging, which may require additional training.

16. EKG Technician Education Training Often on-the-job training
Certificate programs usually consists of a single course
Training
Basic anatomy, physiology, and electrophysiology of the heart
Technical training on how to use the equipment and verify quality of the tracing
There are no uniform requirements for education or training of electrocardiogram [ee-lec-tro-car-dee-o-gram], or EKG, technicians, and many receive on-the-job training. Certificate programs are available and usually entail a single course of fifty to sixty contact hours. Training includes basic anatomy and physiology of the heart. It is particularly important for EKG technicians to understand cardiac electrophysiology [ee-lek-troh-fiz-ee-ol-uh-jee], including how an electrical impulse is generated and transmitted through the heart to create sequential contraction of the chambers of the heart. This electrical activity allows blood to circulate through two parallel systems that supply blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The technician also needs to understand how the placement of the leads [leeds] (usually twelve leads, one on each limb and six on the chest in a specific pattern) allow measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the heart. EKG technicians also are trained on how to use the equipment and verify the quality of the EKG tracing.

17. EKG Technician Continued
Certification
Certification exams are available but generally aren’t required
License
No state license required
Role
At the most basic level, EKG technicians set up the EKG equipment, run the test, evaluate whether it is an accurate recording, and prepare the recording for interpretation
EKG technicians may take a national certification exam, but it is generally not required. There is no state licensure exam for EKG technicians. EKG technicians set up EKG equipment, run the test, assure an accurate recording, and sometimes prepare the recording for interpretation. Preparing the EKG for mounting usually involves adhering the tracing or parts of the tracing to a uniform record that can be placed in a paper chart or file. There is a growing use of digital EKG machines that store EKGs internally and transfer to a secure digital (SD) card or electronic health record. Many come with print options, if paper copies are needed for interpretation or storage.

18. Dietetics and Nutrition
Dietetic technician, registered (DTR)
Associate’s degree
Registration Examination for Dietetic Technicians
Variable licensure
Registered dietician (RD)
Bachelor’s degree
Registration Examination for Dieticians
Most states require licensure, certification or registration
Dietetic technicians usually have an associate’s degree, and they may take a voluntary registration examination. Licensure of dietetic technicians varies. Most states require dietetic technicians to work under the supervision of a registered dietician except in the area of food preparation. Dietetic technicians are involved in the process of food services and nutritional programs.
Dieticians must have a bachelor’s degree and complete the Registration Examination for Dieticians to become registered dieticians (RD). The Commission on Dietetic Registration administers both the dietetic technician and dietician registration exams. Most states require dieticians to be licensed, certified or registered. Being an RD is often a requirement. Dieticians are involved with providing medical nutrition therapy to patients in addition to supervising dietary departments.

19. Requirements for Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and Paramedics
Position
Requirements
EMT
120 – 150 hours of coursework
CPR
Artificial ventilations
Administer oxygen
Basic airway management
Spinal immobilization
Vital signs
Bandaging and splinting
Transport patients
Advanced EMT
200 – 400 hours of coursework
In addition to EMT tasks:
Start IV lines
Automated defibrillation
Paramedic
1,200 – 1,800 hours of coursework
In addition to Advanced EMT tasks:
Administer medications
Advanced airway management
Manual defibrillation
This slide represents the progression of training available for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics. As the amount of training increases, so does the level of skills acquired, as judged by the types of procedural skills tested. The number of training hours represents ranges seen in various training programs; the suggested content of the courses is a minimal content level. This table outlines the current progression for EMT training. However, changes have been proposed for the requirements of these three levels: EMT, advanced EMT, and paramedic.
States vary on how much course work and type of testing required for licensure, but all states require EMTs and paramedics to be licensed. The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians does provide a mechanism for certification of EMTs at a national level.
EMTs and paramedics are generally the first medical responders to arrive on the scene of an emergency, accident, or disaster to treat injuries or serious illnesses. They are responsible for the patient’s initial assessment, stabilization, and transport. They typically have contact with a hospital emergency department to discuss diagnostic and treatment options with physicians prior to patient transportation to the hospital if needed.
2.2 Table: This work by Travis Nimmo was adapted from MedicOne Medical Response, “Difference between Paramedics and EMTs” (2009), and is licensed under CC-BY

20. Dental Health Dental Assistant Dental Hygienist Education
On the Job
Certificate
Associate’s degree
Certification
Certified Dental Assistant Exam
Licensure
Varies by state
Dental Hygienist
Education
Associate’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Licensure
National Dental Hygiene Board Exam
State clinical board
Dental assistants provide aid to a dentist, including setup and assistance with dental exams and procedures and equipment maintenance and sterilization. Some dental assistants take on additional duties, such performing x-rays and polishing or restoration, but many states require additional training and licensure. Dental assistant programs range in length, including the time requirement for on-the-job training, but all Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA [koh-duh]) approved programs are one-year diploma or certificate programs or two-year associate’s degrees. You must graduate from a CODA approved program to be eligible to sit for the Certified Dental Assistant Exam administered by the Dental Assisting National Board, Incorporated. Most states that require licensure or registration require candidates to be a certified dental assistant. Dental assistants work under the supervision of a dentist.
A dental hygienist [hahy-jen-ist] usually completes an associate’s or bachelor’s degree program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. Education usually includes the typical preclinical health courses of biology, chemistry, microbiology, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and sometimes radiology. Practical courses emphasize dental pathology [puh-thol-uh-jee], periodontology [per-ee-oh-don-tol-uh-jee], dental materials, and dental hygiene. Although all states accept the National Dental Hygiene Board Exam administered by the Joint Commission on National Dental Examinations, some states require additional testing and have other eligibility criteria. Dental hygienists are generally under the supervision of a dentist. Many states do not require the dentist to be present while the dental hygienist is conducting procedures.

21. Dentist Education Training
Doctor dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of dental medicine (DMD)
4 years of college
4 years of dental school
Training
Preclinical
Clinical
The doctor of dental surgery and doctor of dental medicine degrees are the same; the designation merely reflects the terminology that the dental school uses. Most dental schools require a bachelor’s degree to be eligible to attend. Dental school is usually a four-year program that consists of two years of preclinical courses and two years of clinical courses. Preclinical training consists of science and preclinical dental courses in biology, chemistry, microbiology, anatomy (emphasizing head and neck), physiology, pharmacology, and operative and laboratory procedures. Clinical courses include dental radiology, restorative dentistry, prosthodontics [pros-thuh-don-tiks] (which is prosthetic [pros-thet-ik] dentistry), orthodontics [awr-thuh-don-tiks] (which is treatment of improper bites), periodontics [per-ee-uh-don-tiks] (which is treatment of gum disease), oral surgery, pediatric dentistry, and oral pathology.

22. Dentist Continued Licensure Role Dental school
Written National Board Dental Examinations
Additional written and practical examinations vary by state
Role
General preventive, restorative, and periodontal care
All states license dentists and require graduation from a school of dentistry accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation and require the National Board Dental Examination. Some states require additional written or practical examinations.
Dentists provide general preventive care for overall oral health, restore teeth that are damaged by caries [kair-eez] or injuries, and treat gum disease.

23. Mental Health Professionals Roles and Training
Position
Role
Preparation
Requirements
Counselor
Directly counsel patients.
Cannot prescribe medications.
Usually earn master’s degree.
Licensure required by all states.
Certification varies by state.
Psychologist
May or may not directly counsel patients.
Administer and analyze psychological tests.
Usually earn doctoral degree (PhD).
Licensure required by all state.
Psychiatrist
Counseling Therapy.
Manage medications used to treat. psychological disorders.
Can prescribe medications.
Must complete medical school and a psychiatry residency.
Licensure required by all states by USLME exams
Certification usually required for hospital privileges and insurance payment.
There are many types of mental health professionals, including counselors, psychologists, and psychiatrists. Counselors usually complete a master’s degree, psychologists complete a doctoral degree, and psychiatrists complete medical school and a psychiatry residency program. Training may be general or in more specific areas, such as marital counseling, pediatrics counseling, eating disorders, geriatrics, and treatment of addiction.
All states require counselors and psychologists to be licensed. Psychiatrists must maintain a physician’s license in all states with some variation in requirements. Like any specialty, board certification in psychiatry is not a state requirement, but it is usually required for hospital privileges and for reimbursement by many types of payers. Mental health professionals participate in diagnosis, group and individual therapy, and counseling. Psychiatrists have the additional ability to prescribe medications. In many facilities, counselors and psychologists work with psychiatrists or other physicians to add medication to their treatment strategy.
2.3 Table: Mental Health Professionals Roles and Training

24. Social Workers Education Training Licensure
Bachelor’s degree in social work (BSW)
Master’s degree or master’s of social work (MSW)
Training
BSW focuses on direct service
MSW more clinical and supervisory training
Licensure
All states and the District of Columbia require licensure, certification, or registration
Social workers may obtain a bachelor’s or master’s degree in social work (BSW and MSW, respectively). Training for a BSW usually focuses on direct service, whereas the MSW involves training in clinical and supervisory skills. All states and the District of Columbia require licensure, certification, or registration.

25. Social Workers Continued
Roles
BSW
Direct service
Case management
Health, housing, relationships, disability
MSW
Counseling
Supervisory
May specialize in certain areas such as mental health, substance abuse, rehabilitation
BSWs usually provide direct services, including case management. Case management often focuses on health, housing, relationships, or disability.
MSWs can provide counseling, serve as case managers, or supervise facilities or departments. They may focus on a specific area of social work, such as mental health, substance abuse, or rehabilitation.

26. Case Manager Education Training Certification
Varies greatly to include on-the-job training, associate or certificate programs, nursing degrees, and social service degrees
Training
May include additional training specific for case management
Certification
Certification of case managers is available in specific fields but generally are not required
Although case management is ubiquitous in medical care, there is no uniform role description or preparation. Case managers most often are trained in a primary health profession that provides a foundation for working as a case manager. Some fields, such as social work, provide courses in case management as part of the education and training. Case managers in other fields may learn on the job or have additional training requirements. There are certificates and training programs for case management, but they may not be required to acquire a position.

27. Case Manager Continued
Licensure
Depending on education and training
Role
A case manager is required to assess a client’s problems and mobilize resources to enable the client to function at his or her best level
Requirements for licensure usually depend on the education and training of the case manager. For example, a nurse or social worker would usually fall under licensure requirements for those specific health professions.
Case management usually involves assessment of patient problems to mobilize resources, often from multiple sources, to increase the patient’s ability to function. For example, a case manager would be involved in discharge planning with the primary purpose of coordinating services after discharge. With the rise of managed care, the term case management can be used to describe professionals who monitor care to ensure that the most appropriate and cost-effective care is being delivered.

28. Two Examples of Other Roles
Health information management (HIM) professionals manage the patient’s medical record for clinical, financial, and legal uses
Biomedical engineers apply engineering principles in the design, development, and maintenance of IT systems and medical device equipment
There are many additional roles in the health care provider ecosystem. Roles presented in this lecture are critical in providing patient care. This slide depicts just two examples of support roles that do not involve direct patient care responsibilities.
Health information management professionals manage the patient’s medical record and work on classification of diseases and treatments to ensure the record is accurate and complete for clinical, financial, and billing purposes. They also support all legal requirements according to both state and federal requirements. The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) is the premier association of health information management professionals worldwide. AHIMA manages certification and accreditation, including the Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA).
Biomedical engineers apply engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for health care purposes. They are employed in hospitals, research facilities, medical institutions, medical device manufacturing firms, and government regulatory agencies. Their role may involve design and development of medical devices, performance testing of new or proposed products, and establishing safety standards for devices in government agencies. In hospitals, the biomedical engineer provides advice on the selection and use of medical equipment and maintains performance of medical equipment.

29. Health Professionals—The People in Health Care Summary – Lecture c
This lecture discussed the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles for physician assistants; pharmacists; respiratory, physical and occupation therapists and technicians; and nutrition and dietary personnel
Training and roles of paramedics and EMTs, dental health professionals, mental health professionals, social workers, and case managers were also reviewed
This concludes Lecture c of Health Professionals—The People in Health Care. In summary, this lecture provides information on the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles for physician assistants, pharmacists, respiratory, physical and occupation therapists, technicians, and nutrition and dietary personnel. This lecture also provides information on paramedics and EMTs, dental health professionals, mental health professionals, social workers, and case managers.

30. Health Professionals—The People in Health Care Summary
Terminology used in health care and in the education of health professionals was reviewed
Education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physicians, nursing personnel, and others, including common specialties and subspecialties, were discussed
The unit looked at health care roles in specific work settings, specialty areas, and nonclinical fields
This also concludes Health Professionals—The People in Health Care. This unit provided descriptions of terminology used in health care and in the education of health professionals. It also described the education, training, certification, licensure, and roles of physicians, nursing personnel, and a variety of other health care workers, including common specialties and subspecialties. Health care roles in specific work settings, specialty areas, and nonclinical fields were also discussed.

31. Health Professionals—The People in Health Care References – Lecture c
AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association). (2016). Certification. Retrieved from
American Board of Medical Specialties. (2016). Board certification and maintenance of certification. Retrieved from
American Medical Association. (2016). Obtaining a medical license. Retrieved from
American Medical Association. (2016). Requirements for becoming a physician. Retrieved from
Explore Health careers.org. (2016). Career explorer. Retrieved from
HRSA (Health Resources and Services Administration Health Workforce). (2016). Health workforce research. Retrieved from
MedlinePlus. (2014). Health occupations. Retrieved from
MedlinePlus. (2012). Medical dictionary. Retrieved from
National Association of Advisors for the Health Professions. (2013). Health professions links. Retrieved from
No audio.

32. Health Professionals—The People in Health Care References – Lecture c Continued
National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. (2016). National EMS certification. Retrieved from
NIH MedlinePlus. (2011). Life works: Explore health and medical science careers. NIH MedlinePlus. Summer. Retrieved from
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Biomedical engineers. In U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational outlook handbook, 2016–17 edition. Retrieved from
U.S. News and World Report. (2016). Best health care jobs. Retrieved from
Charts, Tables, Figures
2.2 Table: Travis Nimmo, adapted from MedicOne Medical Response, “Difference between Paramedics and EMTs” (2009), and licensed under CC-BY.
2.3 Table: Mental Health Professionals Roles and Training
No audio.
Images
Slide 5: Pharmacy Training. CC-BY by Travis Nimmo.

33. The Culture of Health Care Health Professionals—The People in Health Care Lecture c
This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC This material was updated in 2016 by Bellevue College under Award Number 90WT0002.
No audio.
Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 4.0