1. Mesopotamian Civilization
Why were River Valleys so important in the ancient world?

4. Mesopotamia’s Civilization Why were River Valleys so important to the development of civilization?
Rich soil made farming easier, surplus food supplies created more time for people to specialize in different jobs and crafts.
Rivers provided fresh water, fish to eat and made travel and trade easier.
Governments were formed to maintain order and take charge of food supplies and keep records
BIG IDEA- Fertile soil provides farmers with a FOOD SURPLUS, that leads to specialized jobs, record keeping, government and finally to literature.

5. The Rise of Sumer
People learned to control the flow of water from the rivers to the fields and to control the seasonal floods. This is called irrigation.
Sumerian civilization rises in the region of Mesopotamia; it means the land between two rivers in Greek. It is a fertile plain between the rivers.
Irrigation is the man made way to water crops on the farm like building canals and other waterways.
BIG IDEA- New irrigation technology allowed people to grow more crops. More crops= more money, more time to specialize in other crafts, more food!

7. City-States- separate governments, mini-countries, similar culture
Each Sumerian city and the land around it became a city-state, each was separated/isolated by geography
Each had its own government, was usually surrounded by a wall and often went to war with other city-states.
Used river mud to make bricks for buildings

10. The Royal Standard of Ur War

11. The Royal Standard of Ur Peace

12. Gods and Rulers-polytheistic, kings were rulers, built hills of heaven- Ziggurat
The Sumerians were polytheistic, they believed in many gods and each god was in charge of a natural force or human activity (basket weaving, rain, flooding etc.)
They tried hard to please their gods; they built temples called Ziggurats to worship them. Ziggurat means hill of heaven or mountain of god.
Kings often inherited the title from their father. The king of the Akkadians was Sargon and Hammurabi was the king of Babylon.

14. Life in Sumer Specialization leads to a middle class of workers who live in more comfortable homes.
Upper class- kings, priests, government officials; middle class- artisans, merchants, traders, farmers, fisherman; lower class- slaves
People lived in mud brick houses
Artisans are skilled workers who made metal products, pottery and cloth

15. Why was Sumerian writing important
Why was Sumerian writing important? -First written language; created the need for scribes, allowed for record keeping and passing down ideas to others
First writing system invented by Sumerians called Cuneiform. Cuneiform is written on soft clay tablets with sharp ended reeds.
Those who were taught writing were called scribes; most wealthy boys learned to write- scribes were the record keeper for business and governments and scribes could become judges, political leaders.
Eventually scribes went from just record keeping to passing on ideas as well as information. It was an honored position in society.

18. Sumerian Literature- The oldest story in world.
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a poem about a hero king who travels the world. It is the oldest known written story in the world. It teaches moral lessons.

19. Excerpt from the Epic of Gilgamesh
"Where is the strength? It is Gilgamesh who will venture first into the Cedar Forest,
and you can follow after, crying out: 'Go on, go forward, go on, embrace the danger!'
You who have fought with lions and with wolves, you know what danger is. Where is your courage?
If I should fall, my name will be secure. 'It was Gilgamesh who fought against Huwawa!
It is Gilgamesh who will venture into the Forest and cut down the Cedar down and win the glory.
My fame will be secure to all my sons.'"
Ferry, p. 17
Here, Gilgamesh admonishes Enkidu's fear prior to their battle with Humbaba/Huwawa. Gilgamesh boasts of how, regardless of how the battle goes, his fame is cemented. This passage demonstrates Gilgamesh's view of himself and life in general. To him, fame and a legacy are the most important aspects of life. While one can argue that Gilgamesh is only saying these things to encourage Enkidu, he is also clearly on a power trip. Contrast this with how Gilgamesh feels following Enkidu's death.

20. Advances in Math and Science- Influence modern math and science and how we live today
They used geometry to measure their fields to farm and build buildings.
They watched the skies to learn the best time to plant the crops and hold religious festivals and make a twelve month calendar based on the cycles of the moon.
They created a number system based on the number 60, such as 60 second minute, 60 minute hour and 360 circle.
They invented the wagon wheel to help carry goods and people.

22. Sargon and Hammurabi
Mesopotamia was taken over by Sargon the Akkadian king in 2340 BCE. This became the world’s first empire.
An empire is a group of many lands ruled by one ruler.
In 1792 BCE, Hammurabi the king of Babylon conquered the Mesopotamian region, he is best known for is code of law.

23. What was Hammurabi’s code?
It is a set of laws for the Babylonian empire.
These laws were written down in cuneiform and were the same for all people
Hammurabi wrote the 282 laws in 1750 BCE- they included laws on farming, crimes, business activities, marriage and the family.

24. Words to Know civilization: complex societies (page 17)
irrigation: man-made way of watering crops (page 18)
city-state: city and its surrounding lands (page 19)
artisan: skilled worker (page 20)
cuneiform: ancient Sumerian form of writing (page 20)
scribe: record keeper (page 20)
empire: group of lands under one ruler (page 23)

25. Questions and Answers
1. Why was the region of Mesopotamia so well suited for the growth of civilization?
Rich soil made farming easier, surplus food supplies created more time for people to specialize in different jobs and crafts.
Rivers provided fresh water, fish to eat and made travel and trade easier.
Governments were formed to maintain order and take charge of food supplies and keep records
BIG IDEA- Fertile soil-FOOD SURPLUS leads to specialized jobs, record keeping and finally literature
2. What is a city-state?
A city and the surrounding land; has its own government.
3. What is a civilization?
A civilization is a complex society with government, religion, art, class division and a writing system.

26. More Questions and Answers
4. Why was Sargon’s Empire important?
Sargon conquered the entire Mesopotamian region in 2340 BCE, making it the first empire in the world. It lasted for a little more than 200 years before it was taken over.
5. How did people reach the upper levels of the Ziggurat?
The main stair took you to the top and the side stairs to the upper levels of the Ziggurat

27. Even More Q & A
6. In what ways is education different today than it was in Mesopotamia?
Today
Both boys and girls attend
Many subjects are taught
We get to decide our careers
In Mesopotamia:
Only boys attend school
Boys are taught to write, read and do math
They are chosen to be scribes
7. Into what body of water do the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow?
The Persian Gulf
8. How did the Mesopotamians control the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
With dams, walls, ditches and canals.