1. Bluetooth Technology Name- Bittu Kumar Roll No.- A05 Section- E2801
Reg. No
Course code-CSE 001D

2. An Introduction to BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

3. One of the first modules (Ericsson)
What is Bluetooth?
“Bluetooth wireless LAN technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.”
One of the first modules (Ericsson)
A recent module

4. Cordless Computer

5. Overview of Bluetooth History
What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.
Why this name?
It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who unified Denmark and Norway.
When does it appear?
1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones & accessories.
5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998.
First specification released in July 1999.

6. Technical features Connection Type
Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping) & Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec)
Spectrum
2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of spectrum = 79 channels)
Modulation
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Transmission Power
1 mw – 100 mw
Data Rate
1 Mbps
Range
30 ft
Supported Stations
8 devices
Data Security –Authentication Key
128 bit key
Data Security –Encryption Key
8-128 bits (configurable)
Module size
9 x 9 mm

7. Classification
Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated & corresponding maximum Range.
POWER
RANGE
CLASS I
20 dBm
100 m
CLASS II
0-4 dBm
10 m
CLASS III
0 dBm
1 m

8. Architecture of Bluetooth
Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in a piconet.
Point to Point Link
Primary – secondary relationship
Bluetooth devices can function as Primary or secondary
Piconet
It is the network formed by a Primary and one or more secondary (max 7)
Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to which users synchronize to
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps) P s s P

9. Piconet Structure All devices in piconet hop together.
Primary
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
All devices in piconet hop together.
Master’s ID and Primary’s clock determines frequency hopping sequence & phase.

10. Ad-hoc Network – the Scatternet
Inter-piconet communication
Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet
Multiple piconets can operate within same physical space
This is an ad-hoc, peer to peer (P2P) network

11. Bluetooth layer

12. Radio Layer
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies.
Reduce interference with other devices.
Pseudorandom hopping.
1600 hops/sec- time slot is defined as 625 microseconds, it means each device changes its modulation frequency 1600 times per second.
Packet 1-5 time slots long.

13. **Baseband layer--Physical link**
Two type of links can be created between a primary and secondary: SCO links and ACL links.
SCO- A synchronous connection oriented link used when avoiding latency(delay in data delivery) is more important than intergrity (error free delivery). In a SCO link, a physical link is created between the primary and secondary by reserving specific slot at regular intervals. The basic unot of connection is two slot, one for each direction. If the pocket is damaged, it never retransmitted.
ACL- an asynchronous connection link (ACL) is used when data intergrity is more important than avoiding latency. In this type of link, if a payload encapsulated in the frame is corrupted, it is retransmitted.
FRAME FORMATE-
. Frame in baseband layer can be one of three types:- one slot, three slot , or five slot.
. A slot is 625 micro-sec, however, in one slot frame exchange, 259 micro-sec is needed for hopping and control mechanism. This means that a one slot frame can last only or 366 micro-sec. with a 1 MHz bandwidth and 1bit\sec, the size of a one slot frame is 366 micro-sec.

14. Frame formate
Data in piconet is encoded in packets. The general packet format is shown below:
1. Access code- This 72-bit field normally contains synchronization bits and the identifiers of the primary to distinguish the frame of one piconet from another.
2. Header- this 54-bit field is a repeated 18-bit pattern. Each pattern has following subfield. .

15. A). Address- The 3-bit address can define up to seven secondary (1 to 7). If the address is zer0, it used for broadcast communication primary to all secondary.
B). Type- The 4 bit-type subfield defines the type of data coming from the upper layer.
C). F- this 1-bit subfield is for flow control.
D). A- The 1 bit field for acknowledgement.
E). S- The 1-bit subfield holds a sequence number.
G). HEC- the 8-bit header error correction subfield is a checksum to detect error in each 18-bit header section.
The header has three identical 18-bit section. The receiver compares these three section bit by bit. If each of the corresponding bits is the same, the bit is accepted. If not , the majority opinion rules. This is a form of forward error correction.
3. Payload- This subfield can be 0 to 2740 bits long. It contains data or control information from the upper layers.

16. L2CAP Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols
Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities
Segmentation & reassembly of large packets
L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.

17. Core Bluetooth Products
Notebook PCs & Desktop computers
Printers
PDAs
Other handheld devices
Cell phones
Wireless peripherals:
Headsets
Cameras
CD Player
TV/VCR/DVD
Access Points
Telephone Answering Devices
Cordless Phones
Cars

18. Security Security Measures Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.
Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys.
Further encryption can be done at the application layer.

19. A Comparison
WLAN

20. Bluetooth vs. IrD Bluetooth IrD Point to Multipoint Point to point
Data & Voice
Easier Synchronization due to omni-directional and no LOS requirement
Devices can be mobile
Range 10 m
IrD
Point to point
Intended for Data Communication
Infrared, LOS communication
Can not penetrate solid objects
Both devices must be stationary, for synchronization
Range 1 m

21. Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into consumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products
Must provide benefits for consumer
Must not destroy current product benefits
Key Success Factors
Interoperability
Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience

22. Summary A new global standard for data and voice Eliminate Cables
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization.
Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.

23. Thank You