1. Internet Architecture
Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol specifications, can communicate, reliably even when not directly connected.

2. Internet Addresses :

3. IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number
Internet Addresses
IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number

4. Decimal Equivalents of 8-Bit Patterns

5. Binary and Decimal Conversion

6. IP Address Classes

7. IP Address Classes

8. Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses
Class A (24 bits for hosts) * = 16,777,214 maximum hosts
Class B (16 bits for hosts) * = 65,534 maximum hosts
Class C (8 bits for hosts) * = 254 maximum hosts
* Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address

9. IPv4 Address Classes Class D Addresses
A Class D address begins with binary 1110 in the first octet.
First octet range 224 to 239.
Class D address can be used to represent a group of hosts called a host group, or multicast group.
Class E Addresses
First octet of an IP address begins with 1111
First octet range 240 to 255.
Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes and should not be used for addressing hosts or multicast groups. 

10. IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

11. Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses
An IP address such as that has all binary 0s in the host bit positions is reserved for the network address.
An IP address such as that has all binary 1s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address.

12. Private Addresses

13. Basics of Subnetting Subnet Classical IP addressing Subnetworks
Subnet mask
Boolean operations: AND, OR, and NOT
Performing the AND function

14. Subnetting :-
During the era of classful addressing, subnetting was introduced. If an organization was granted a large block in class A or B, it could divide the addresses into several contiguous groups and assign each group to smaller networks (called subnets) or, in rare cases,
share part of the addresses with neighbors.
The job of the subnet is to carry messages from host to host,

15. Subnetting :- can be done for a variety of reasons Organization
Use of different physical media
Preservation of address space
Security
The most common reason is to control network traffic

16. Subnetworks
To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion and designates them as the subnet field.

17. Subnetworks

18. Subnet masking :- Class C – 255.255.255.0
Applying a subnet mask allows you to identify the network and Host parts of the address. A router will then determine whether the address is local or remote.
Network bits are masked as 1s
Host bits are masked as 0s
Class A –
Class B –
Class C –

19. Subnet masking :

20. Subnet masking :
Performing a bitwise logical AND between the IP address and the subnet mask results in the network address
Ex: Class - B
Network Address =

21. Subnet Mask
Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field
Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:
1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form.
2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s.
3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s.
4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation.

22. Subnet Mask
Subnet mask in decimal =

23. Boolean Operations: AND, OR, and NOT
AND is like multiplication.
OR is like addition.
NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1.

24. Performing the AND Function

25. Subnet Addresses

26. Creating a Subnet Boolean AND operation
IP configuration on a network diagram
Host and subnet schemes
Private addresses

27. Subnetting Example with AND Operation

28. IP Configuration on a Network Diagram
The router connects subnetworks and networks.

29. Given the Class B address 190.52.0.0
Subnet Example
Given the Class B address
Class B
Network
Network
Host
Host
Using /24 subnet...
Network
Subnet
Host
Internet routers still “see” this net as
But internal routers think all these addresses are on different networks, called subnetworks

30. Subnet Example Network Subnet Host
Using the 3rd octet, was divided into:
and so on ...

31. Subnet Example Network address 190.52.0.0 with /16 network mask
Using Subnets: subnet mask or /24
Network
Subnet
Host
Subnets
190 52
Host
190 52 1
Host
190 52 2
Host
255 Subnets
28 - 1
190 52 3
Host
190 52
Etc.
Host
190 52
254
Host
Cannot use last subnet as it contains broadcast address
190 52
255
Host

32. What is broadcast:-
1) In broadcast communication, the relationship between the source and the destination is one-to-all. There is only one source, but all the other hosts are the destinations.
2) A station can send packets to a group of stations or to all stations.

33. Thank You…………