1. Defn: connecting 2 pieces of plant tissue to grow as one plant Terms:
Grafting
Defn: connecting 2 pieces of plant tissue to grow as one plant
Terms:
scion: upper portion (usu. the shoot system)
stock: lower portion (usu. the root system)
interstock: stem piece between the scion and stock
budding: scion is reduced to a bud

2. Reasons for grafting/budding
perpetuating clones that can’t be maintained by other asexual methods
obtaining the benefits of a rootstock
changing cultivars of established plants (usu. fruit trees)
obtaining special plant forms
repairing damaged parts of trees
virus indexing

3. Growth activity of stock/scion wood
for some methods, best results are obtained when both stock and scion are dormant
for other methods, stock and/or scion wood needs to have “slipping” bark

4. Grafting Methods Bench grafting Field methods
Container or field methods
Repair grafting

5. Bench grafting
Whip-and-tongue graft
Saddle graft

6. Whip-and-tongue grafting
useful for small (1/4-1/2 in.) material, double working (interstocks), root grafting, and bench grafting
splice grafting (the tongue is not made)
both stock and scion are dormant

10. Figure 1
Figure 2A (top), Figure 2B (bottom)
Figure 3A (left), Figure 3B (right)

11. Saddle grafting
useful for machine grafting, bench grafting of grape and Rhododendron
scion and stock should be the same size
grafting is done when stock and scion are dormant, then the completed graft is stored in a grafting case until the graft union has healed

13. Field methods
Cleft graft
Wedge graft
Bark graft
Four-flap graft

14. Cleft grafting
useful for topworking fruit trees, crown-grafting grapes
the best time is early spring, before active growth
wedge grafting allows 1 more scion per stock

17. Formation of successful graft unions: sequence of events
lining up of vascular cambia
the wound healing response
callus bridge formation
new cambium formation
vascular tissue formation

18. Bark grafting
Two types (rind and inlay-bark grafts) differ only in prep of stock’s bark, which should be slipping
often used in lieu of cleft graft later in the season

19. Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26

20. Container or field methods
Side grafts
Approach grafts

21. defn: (smaller) scion inserted into the side of a (larger) stock Types
Side grafting
defn: (smaller) scion inserted into the side of a (larger) stock
Types
side-stub: nursery trees too large for whip-and-tongue, not large enough for cleft
side-tongue: useful for broad- and narrow-leaved evergreens (e.g., oriental arbovitae)
side-veneer: useful for small potted plants, e.g., upright junipers

24. Approach grafting
two independent plants are grafted together
after union, the top of the stock and the base of the scion are removed
used when other methods are unsuccessful (e.g., Camellia)
often done on plants in containers
three methods: spliced-, tongued-, and inlay-approach grafting

26. Repair grafting
Inarching
Bridge grafting

27. Inarching
used for repairing damaged roots of a full-grown tree
seedlings are planted around the tree during the dormant season, grafting is done in the spring

29. Bridge grafting
used for repairing a damaged trunk
early spring (with the bark slipping) is the best time
(dormant) scion wood should be 1/4 to 1/2 in. diam.

32. Technique
Date
Use
Bark grafting
Mid-April through mid-May
Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree or to completely topwork a tree.
Bridge grafting
Repair trees girdled above the ground line.
Cleft grafting
Late February and March
Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree or to completely topwork a tree. Limbs should be 1 inch or more in diameter.
Inarch grafting
Repair trees girdled at or below the ground line. Also used if a root disease is suspected or feared.
Saw-kerf grafting
February and March
On peaches, nectarines and plums to completely topwork a tree.
T-budding
June through mid-September
Propagate actively growing rootstocks in the nursery. May also be used to topwork apple and pear trees up to 3 years old and 1-year-old peach, nectarine and plum trees.
Whip grafting
February and early March
Propagate 1-year-old rootstocks. May also be used to establish a pollinating limb on a young, established tree.

33. Fruit
Method
Propagation in Nursery
Topworking
Tree Repair
Apple
Whip grafting, June budding or dormant budding
T-budding on trees three years old or less, cleft or bark grafting on older trees
Bridge or inarch graft
Peach, plum and nectarine
June budding or dormant
Saw-kerf grafting
Not normally done
Pear
For propagating seedlings, whip graft, June budding or dormant budding
For propagating on quince rootstocks, the interstem piece should be whip grafted and the scion variety June or dormant budded onto the interstem.
T-budding on trees 3 years old or less, cleft or bark grafting on older trees
Persimmon
June budding, dormant budding or whip grafting
Cleft graft or bark graft