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Racial segregation - Bahrain
On 28 April 2007, the lower house of Bahraini Parliament passed a law banning unmarried migrant workers from living in residential areas. To justify the law MP Nasser Fadhala, a close ally of the government said "bachelors also use these houses to make alcohol, run prostitute rings or to rape children and housemaids".

Sadiq Rahma, technical committee head, who is a member of Al Wefaq said: "The rules we are drawing up are designed to protect the rights of both the families and the Asian bachelors (..) these labourers often have habits which are difficult for families living nearby to tolerate (..) they come out of their homes half dressed, brew alcohol illegally in their homes, use prostitutes and make the neighbourhood dirty (..) these are poor people who often live in groups of 50 or more, crammed into one house or apartment," said Mr Rahma

Nabeel Rajab, then BCHR vice president, said: "It is appalling that Bahrain is willing to rest on the benefits of these people’s hard work, and often their suffering, but that they refuse to live with them in equality and dignity

Telecommunications in Bahrain - History
When Batelco was first founded in 1981, Bahrain already had 45,627 telephone lines in use. By 1982, the number reached 50,000. In 1985, the country's first fibre optic cable was installed. Batelco enjoyed being a monopoly in the telecommunications sector for the next two decades. By 1999, the company had around 100,000 mobile contracts.

In 2002, under pressure from international bodies, Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the establishment of an independent Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). In 2003, Batelco's monopoly over the sector broke when the TRA awarded a license to MTC Vodafone, which later re-branded itself as Zain. In January 2010, VIVA (a subsidiary of STC) started operations in Bahrain.

Telecommunications in Bahrain - Telephonic services
Telephones - main lines in use: 194,200 (2006)

county comparison to the world: 124

Telephones - mobile cellular: 1,116,000 (2007)

domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones

international: country code - 973; landing point for the Fire-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)

Telecommunications in Bahrain - Internet service
country comparison to the world: 135

Qatar - Bahraini rule (1783–1868)
In 1821, as punishment for piracy, an East India Company vessel bombarded Doha, destroying the town and forcing hundreds of residents to flee. The residents of Doha had no idea why they were being attacked. As a result, Qatari rebel groups began to emerge in order to fight the Al-Khalifas and to seek independence from Bahrain. In 1825, the House of Thani was established with Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani as the first leader.

In addition to censuring Bahrain for its breach of agreement, the British Protectorate (per Colonel Lewis Pelly) asked to negotiate with a representative from Qatar.

The request carried with it a tacit recognition of Qatar's status as distinct from Bahrain

Muslim Brotherhood - Bahrain
In Bahrain, the Muslim Brotherhood is represented by the Al Eslah Society and its political wing, the Al-Menbar Islamic Society

In March 2009, the Shi'a group The Islamic Enlightenment Society held its annual conference with the announced aim of diffusing tension between Muslim branches. The society invited national Sunni and Shi'a scholars to participate. Bahraini independent Salafi religious scholars Sheikh Salah Al Jowder and Sheikh Rashid Al Muraikhi, and Shi'a clerics Sheikh Isa Qasim and Abdulla Al Ghoraifi spoke about the importance of sectarian cooperation. Additional seminars were held throughout the year.

In 2010, the U.S. government sponsored the visit of Al-Jowder, described as a prominent Sunni cleric, to the United States for a three-week interfaith dialogue program in several cities.

Bahrain The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway

Formerly a state, Bahrain was declared a "Kingdom" in 2002

Bahrain As of 2012, Bahrain had a high Human Development Index (ranked 48th in the world) and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy. The country is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organisation, the Arab League, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of the Islamic Conference as well as a founding member of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. Bahrain was designated a major non-NATO ally by the George W. Bush administration in 2001.

Bahrain The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.

Bahrain - Etymology In Arabic, Bahrayn is the dual form of bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn means "the Two Seas" although which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Qur'an, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as Awal—but rather to the oases of al-Katif and Hadjar (modern al-Hasa). It is unclear when the term began to refer exclusively to the Awal islands, but it was probably after the 15th century.

Bahrain - Etymology Today, al-Hasa belongs to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island, the seas north and south of the island, or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water as noted by visitors since antiquity.

Bahrain - Etymology An alternate theory with regard to Bahrain's toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the Great Green Ocean and a peaceful lake on the Arabian mainland. Another supposition by al-Jawahari suggests that the more formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.

Bahrain - Etymology Until the late Middle Ages, "Bahrain" referred to the larger historical region of Bahrain that included Al-Ahsa, Al-Qatif (both now within the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) and the Awal Islands (now the Bahrain Islands). The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn's "Bahrayn Province". The exact date at which the term "Bahrain" began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown.

Bahrain - Pre-Islamic period
Bahrain may have been associated with the Dilmun civilisation, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

At this time, Bahrain comprised the southern Sassanid province along with the Persian Gulf's southern shore.

However, Bahrain was also a center of Nestorian Christianity, including two of its bishoprics.

Bahrain - Islam, Persian and Portuguese control
Traditional Islamic accounts state that Al-ʿAlāʾ Al-Haḍrami was sent as an envoy to the Bahrain region by the prophet Muhammad in 628 AD and that Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi, the local ruler, responded to his mission and converted the entire area.

Thereafter, the Qarmatians demanded tribute from the caliph in Baghdad, and in 930 AD sacked Mecca and Medina, bringing the sacred Black Stone back to their base in Ahsa, in medieval Bahrain, for ransom

In 1253, the Bedouin Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty, thereby gaining control over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain

In 1753, the Huwala clan of Nasr Al-Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranian Zand leader Karim Khan Zand and restored direct Iranian rule.

Bahrain - Rise of the Bani Utbah
During that time, they started purchasing date palm gardens in Bahrain; a document shows that 81 years before arrival of the Al-Khalifa, one of the shaikhs of the Al Bin Ali tribe (an offshoot of the Bani Utbah) had bought a palm garden from Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sindi in Sitra island.

Bahrain - Rise of the Bani Utbah
Later, different Arab family clans and tribes from Qatar moved to Bahrain to settle after the fall of Nasr Al-Madhkur of Bushehr

Bahrain - Al Khalifa ascendancy
In 1820, the Al Khalifa tribe were recognised by Great Britain as the rulers ("Al-Hakim" in Arabic) of Bahrain after signing a treaty relationship

In 1860, the Al Khalifas used the same tactic when the British tried to overpower Bahrain. Writing letters to the Persians and Ottomans, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter's protection in March due to offering better conditions. Eventually the Government of British India overpowered Bahrain when the Persians refused to protect it. Colonel Pelly signed a new treaty with Al Khalifas placing Bahrain under British rule and protection.

Other agreements in 1880 and 1892 sealed the protectorate status of Bahrain to the British.

Sir Arnold Wilson, Britain's representative in the Persian Gulf and author of The Persian Gulf, arrived in Bahrain from Muscat at this time

Bahrain - Early 20th Century reforms
In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country

Bahrain - Early 20th Century reforms
Britain's interest in Bahrain's development was motivated by concerns over Saudi and Iranian ambitions in the region.

Bahrain - Discovery of petroleum and WWII
The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco), a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of California (Socal), discovered oil in 1931 and production began the following year. This was to bring rapid modernisation to Bahrain. Relations with the United Kingdom became closer, as evidenced by the British Royal Navy moving its entire Middle Eastern command from Bushehr in Iran to Bahrain in 1935.[self-published source?]

Bahrain participated in the Second World War on the Allied side, joining on 10 September On 19 October 1940, four Italian SM.82s bombers bombed Bahrain alongside Dhahran oilfields in Saudi Arabia, targeting Allied-operated oil refineries. Although minimal damage was caused in both locations, the attack forced the Allies to upgrade Bahrain's defences, an action which further stretched Allied military resources.

In 2008, Bahrain's king appealed to former-Bahraini Jews abroad in the US and UK to return to the country and had also offered compensation and citizenship.

In the 1950s, the National Union Committee, formed by reformists following sectarian clashes, demanded an elected popular assembly, removal of Belgrave and carried out a number of protests and general strikes. In 1965 a month-long uprising broke out after hundreds of workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off.

Bahrain - Abandonment of Iranian claim
At this time, Britain set out to change the demographics of Bahrain

Eventually Iran and Britain agreed to put the matter of Dominion of Bahrain to international judgment and requested the United Nations General Secretary take on this responsibility.

Iran pressed hard for a referendum in Bahrain in the face of strong opposition from both the British and the Bahraini leaders. Their opposition was based on Al Khalifa's view that such a move would negate 150 years of their clan's rule in the country. In the end, as an alternative to the referendum, Iran and Britain agreed to request the United Nations conduct a survey in Bahrain that would determine the political future of the territory.

Report no was submitted to the UN General Secretary and on 11 May 1970, the United Nations Security Council endorsed Winspeare's conclusion that an overwhelming majority of the people wished recognition of Bahrain's identity as a fully independent and sovereign state free to decide its own relations with other states. Both Britain and Iran accepted the report and brought their dispute to a close.

Bahrain - Independence
The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war.

Following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, in 1981 Bahraini Shī'a fundamentalists orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain

As part of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State (dawla) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Following the political liberalisation of the country, Bahrain negotiated a free trade agreement with the United States in 2004.

Bahrain - Bahraini uprising
Inspired by the regional Arab Spring, large protests started in Bahrain in early 2011.:162–3 The government initially allowed protests following a pre-dawn raid on protesters camped in Pearl Roundabout.:73–4, 88 A month later it requested security assistance from Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries and declared a three-month state of emergency.:132–9 The government then launched a crackdown on opposition that included conducting thousands of arrests

Bahrain - Geography Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. It consists of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment with the highest point the 134 m (440 ft) Mountain of Smoke (Jabal ad Dukhan). Bahrain had a total area of 665 km2 (257 sq mi) but due to land reclamation, the area increased to 767 km2 (296 sq mi), which is slightly larger than the Isle of Man.

Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers
Bahrain - Geography Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers

Bahrain - Geography Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

Bahrain - Climate The Zagros Mountains across the Persian Gulf in Iraq cause low level winds to be directed toward Bahrain. Dust storms from Iraq and Saudi Arabia transported by northwesterly winds, locally called Shamal wind, cause reduced visibility in the months of June and July.

Bahrain - Climate Due to the Persian Gulf area's low moisture, summers are very hot and dry. The seas around Bahrain are very shallow, heating up quickly in the summer to produce high humidity, especially at night. Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions. Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular. Rainfalls mostly occur in winter, with a recorded maximum of 71.8 mm (2.83 in).

Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)
Bahrain - Climate Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)

Bahrain - Biodiversity
In 2003, Bahrain banned the capture of sea cows, marine turtles and dolphins within its territorial waters.

The Hawar Islands Protected Area provides valuable feeding and breeding grounds for a variety of migratory seabirds, it is an internationally recognised site for bird migration. The breeding colony of Socotra Cormorant on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world, and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second largest dugong aggregation after Australia.

Bahrain has five designated protected areas, four of which are marine environments. They are:

Bahrain - Politics Bahrain under the Al-Khalifa regime claims to be a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; however, given its dictatorial oppression and lack of parliamentary power and lack of an indepedent judiciary, most observers assert that Bahrain is an absolute monarchy

Bahrain - Politics Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly (al-Jam'iyyah al-Watani) consisting of the Shura Council (Majlis Al-Shura) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab) with 40 seats

Bahrain - Politics In 1973, the country held its first parliamentary elections; however, two years later, the late emir dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution after it rejected the State Security Law

Bahrain - Politics The opening up of politics saw big gains for both Shīa and Sunnī Islamists in elections, which gave them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies

Bahrain - Politics Analysts of democratisation in the Middle East cite the Islamists' references to respect for human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region

Bahrain - Human rights The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the "State Security Law Era", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile. After the Emir Hamad Al Khalifa (now king) succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, he introduced wide reforms and human rights improved significantly. These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a "historic period of human rights".

Bahrain - Human rights Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again. In 2011, Human Rights Watch described the country's human rights situation as "dismal". Due to this, Bahrain lost some of the high International rankings it had gained before.

Bahrain - Human rights In 2011, Bahrain was criticised for its crackdown on the Arab spring uprising. In September, a government appointed commission confirmed reports of grave human rights violations including systematic torture. The government promised to introduce reforms and avoid repeating the "painful events". However, reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening.

Bahrain - Women's rights
When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third woman in history to head the world body

Bahrain - Women's rights
In 2006, Lateefa Al Gaood became the first female MP after winning by default. The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections. In 2008, Houda Nonoo was appointed ambassador to the United States making her the first Jewish ambassador of any Arab country. In 2011, Alice Samaan, a Christian woman was appointed ambassador to the UK.

Bahrain - Media Bahraini journalists risk prosecution for offences which include "undermining" the government and religion. Self-censorship is widespread. Journalists were targeted by officials during anti-government protests in Three editors from opposition daily Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) were sacked and later fined for publishing "false" news. Several foreign correspondents were expelled.

Bahrain - Media Bahrain will host the Saudi-financed Alarab News Channel, expected to launch in December 2012

Bahrain - Media By December 2011, Bahrain had 694,000 internet users. The platform "provides a welcome free space for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored", according to Reporters Without Borders. Rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and content deemed obscene. Bloggers and other netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011.

Bahrain - Military The kingdom has a small but well equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), numbering around 13,000 personnel. The supreme commander of the Bahraini military is King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and the deputy supreme commander is the Crown Prince, Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.

Bahrain - Military The Government of Bahrain has close relations with the United States, having signed a cooperative agreement with the United States Military and has provided the United States a base in Juffair since the early 1990s, although a US naval presence existed since 1948

Bahrain - Foreign relations
Relations with Iran tend to be tense as a result of a failed coup in 1981 which Bahrain blames Iran for and occasional claims of Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain by ultra-conservative elements in the Iranian public.

Bahrain - Governorates
In 1960, Bahrain comprised four municipalities including Manama, Hidd, Al Muharraq, and Riffa

The first municipal elections to be held in Bahrain after independence in 1971, was in The most recent was in The municipalities are listed below:

Map Former Municipality

7. Rifa and Southern Region

After 3 July 2002, Bahrain was split into five administrative governorates, each of which has its own governor. These governorates are:

Bahrain - Economy According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest growing economy in the Arab world. Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth freest overall in the world based on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal.

Bahrain - Economy Petroleum production and processing account is Bahrain's most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP

Bahrain - Economy In 2004, Bahrain signed the US-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, which will reduce certain trade barriers between the two nations

Bahrain - Economy Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems. In 2008, the jobless figure was at 4%, with women over represented at 85% of the total. In 2007 Bahrain became the first Arab country to institute unemployment benefits as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Dr. Majeed Al Alawi.

Bahrain - Tourism As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eight million visitors in 2008 though the exact number varies yearly. Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states although an increasing number hail from outside the region due to growing awareness of the kingdom's heritage and its higher profile as a result of the Bahrain International F1 Circuit.

Bahrain - Tourism Some of the popular historical tourist attractions in the kingdom are the Al Khamis Mosque, which is the one of the oldest mosques in the region, the Arad fort in Muharraq, Barbar temple, which is an ancient temple from the Dilmunite period of Bahrain, as well as the A'ali Burial Mounds and the Saar temple

Bahrain - Tourism Bird watching (primarily in the Hawar Islands), scuba diving and horse riding are popular tourist activities in Bahrain. Many tourists from nearby Saudi Arabia and across the region visit Manama primarily for the shopping malls in the capital Manama, such as the Bahrain City Centre and Seef Mall in the Seef district of Manama. The Manama Souq and Gold Souq in the old district of Manama are also popular with tourists.

Bahrain - Tourism Since 2005, Bahrain annually hosts a festival in March, titled Spring of Culture, which features internationally renowned musicians and artists performing in concerts. Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League. The 2012 festival featured concerts starring Andrea Bocelli, Julio Iglesias and other musicians.

Bahrain - Infrastructure
Bahrain has one main international airport, the Bahrain International Airport (BIA) which is located on the island of Muharraq, in the north-east. The airport handled more than 100,000 flights and more than 8 million passengers in Bahrain's national carrier, Gulf Air operates and bases itself in the BIA.

Bahrain has a well-developed road network, particularly in Manama. The discovery of oil in the early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and highways in Bahrain, connecting several isolated villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama.

To the east, a bridge connected Manama to Muharraq since 1929, a new causeway was built in 1941 which replaced the old wooden bridge. Currently there are three modern bridges connecting the two locations. Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the Bahrain International Airport in Ring roads and highways were later built to connect Manama to the villages of the Northern Governorate and towards towns in central and southern Bahrain.

The King Fahd Causeway, measuring 24 km (15 mi), links Bahrain with the Saudi Arabian mainland via the island of Umm an-Nasan

Bahrain's port of Mina Salman is the main seaport of the country and consists of 15 berths. In 2001, Bahrain had a merchant fleet of eight ships of 1,000 GRT or over, totaling 270,784 GRT. Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city.

Bahrain - Telecommunications
In 2004, Zain (a rebranded version of MTC Vodafone) started operations in Bahrain and in 2010 VIVA (owned by STC Group) become the third company to provide mobile services.

Bahrain - Telecommunications
The number of Bahraini internet users has risen from 40,000 in 2000 to 250,000 in 2008, or from 5.95 to 33 percent of the population

Bahrain - Demographics
In 2010, Bahrain's population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals. It had risen from 1.05 million (517,368 non-nationals) in 2007, the year when Bahrain's population crossed the one million mark. Though a majority of the population is ethnically Arab, a sizeable number of people from South Asia live in the country. In 2008, approximately 290,000 Indian nationals lived in Bahrain, making them the single largest expatriate community in the country.

Bahrain is the fourth most densely populated sovereign state in the world with a population density of 1,646 people per km2 in The only sovereign states with larger population densities are city states. Much of this population is concentrated in the north of the country with the Southern Governorate being the least densely populated part. The north of the country is so urbanised that it is considered by some to be one large metropolitan area.

Baha'is constitute approximately 1% of Bahrain's total population.

Bahrain is unwilling to accept Syrian refugees.

Bahrain - Languages Among the non-Bahraini population, many people speak Persian, the official language of Iran, or Urdu, the official language of Pakistan

Education in Bahrain Bahrain - Education

Bahrain - Education Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Education is free for Bahraini citizens in public schools, with the Bahraini Ministry of Education providing free textbooks. Coeducation is not used in public schools, with boys and girls segregated into separate schools.

Bahrain - Education 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in Muharraq

Bahrain - Education In addition to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the Bahrain School (BS)

Bahrain - Education In addition to the Arabian Gulf University, AMA International University and the College of Health Sciences, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain.

Bahrain - Health Private hospitals are also present throughout the country, such as the International Hospital of Bahrain.

Bahrain - Health As a result, cases of malaria and TB have declined in recent decades with cases of contractions amongst Bahraini nationals becoming rare

Bahrain - Health Sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia.

Culture of Bahrain Bahrain - Culture

Bahrain - Culture Bahrain is sometimes described as "Middle East lite" due to its combination of modern infrastructure with a Persian Gulf identity. While Islam is the main religion, Bahrainis are known for their tolerance towards the practice of other faiths.

Bahrain - Culture Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours; the traditional attire of women usually include the hijab or the abaya. Although the traditional male attire is the thobe which also includes traditional headdresses such as the Keffiyeh, Ghutra and Agal, Western clothing is common in the country.

Bahrain - Culture Bahrain legalized homosexuality in 1976, including same-sex sodomy. Another facet of Bahrain's openness is the country's status as the most prolific book publisher in the Arab world, with 132 books published in 2005 for a population of 700,000. In comparison, the 2005 average for the entire Arab world was seven books published per one million people, according to the United Nations Development Programme.

The architecture of Bahrain is similar to that of its Gulf neighbours
Bahrain - Art The architecture of Bahrain is similar to that of its Gulf neighbours

Literature of Bahrain Bahrain - Literature

Bahrain - Literature Literature retains a strong tradition in the country; most traditional writers and poets write in the classical Arabic style. In recent years, the number of younger poets influenced by western literature are rising, most writing in free verse and often including political or personal content. Ali Al Shargawi, a decorated longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary icon of Bahrain.

Bahrain - Literature In literature, Bahrain was the site of the ancient land of Dilmun mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Legend also states that it was the location of the Garden of Eden.

Bahrain - Music Bahrain was also the site of the first recording studio amongst the Gulf states.

Bahrain - Sports Association football is the most popular sport in Bahrain. Bahrain's national football team has competed multiple times at the Asian Cup, Arab Nations Cup and played in the FIFA World Cup qualifiers, though it has never qualified for the World Cup. Bahrain has its own top-tier domestic professional football league, the Bahraini Premier League. Basketball, Rugby and horse riding are also widely popular in the country.

Bahrain - Sports Bahrain has competed in every Summer Olympic since 1984 but has never competed in the Winter Olympics.

Bahrain - Sports The latest edition of the Bahrain Grand Prix was the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix, that occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing protests in the country

Bahrain - Sports In 2006, Bahrain also hosted its inaugural Australian V8 Supercar event dubbed the "Desert 400". The V8s returned every November to the Sakhir circuit until 2010, in which it was the second event of the series. The series has not returned since. The Bahrain International Circuit also features a full-length drag strip where the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams to try to raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East.

Bahrain - Sports In April Zimbabwean ex-pats based in Bahrain became the first men to official circumnavigate the Bahraini mainland and Hawar Islands unassisted in single man kayaks taking 6 days. Paul Curwen and Chris Bloodworth undertook their expedition to raise funds for locally based and Zimbabwean charities.

Bahrain - Holidays On 1 September 2006, Bahrain changed its weekend from being Thursdays and Fridays to Fridays and Saturdays, in order to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the world. Notable holidays in the country are listed below:

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery - Bahrain
The Medical University of Bahrain or RCSI-Bahrain, is a constituent university of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and awards its graduates the MB/BCh BAO, the same degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.

Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
'Telephones - main lines in use:'

'Telephones - mobile cellular:'

Morocco's state broadcaster RTM operates a radio service from Laayoune; the broadcaster's TV service is also relayed in the territory. RTM website lists AM 711kHz as Dakhla, not Laayoune. Both located in former Spanish Sahara. Regional service of Radio Laayoune:

On the other side of the political divide, a Polisario-backed mediumwave (AM)and shortwave radio station is on the air.

AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 1 (7460kHz relaying AM 1550kHz. e.g. in Spanish UTC)

Unofficial amateur radio stations occasionally operate, using the callsign prefix S0. This identifier has not been issued by the International Telecommunications Union.

Debit card - Bahrain In Bahrain debit cards are under The Benefit Company|Benefit, the interbanking network for Bahrain. Benefit is also accepted in other countries though, mainly GCC, similar to the Saudi Payments Network and the Kuwaiti KNET (interbank network)|KNET.

List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location - Bahrain
* Gulf Air Flight 072 (23 August 2000)—Pilot error and an apparent engine fire caused the plane to come down in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Bahrain.

Virgin Megastores - Bahrain
As of September 2008, there is currently one Virgin Megastore in Bahrain. It is in the Bahrain City Centre.

As of 2008, education expenditure accounts for 2.9% of Bahrain's GDP.
Education in Bahrain As of 2008, education expenditure accounts for 2.9% of Bahrain's GDP.

Education in Bahrain - History
Quran schools were the only source of education in Bahrain prior to the 20th century; such schools were primarily dedicated to the study of the Qur'an

Parents who could afford to fund their children's studies often sent them to schools in Bombay or Baghdad

The country's first Education Committee was established by several leading Bahraini merchants, headed by Shaikh Abdulla bin Isa Al-Khalifa, the son of the then-ruler of Bahrain Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, who acted as the de facto Minister of Education

In 1926, a second public school for boys opened up in the capital city, Manama. Two years later, in 1928, the first public school for girls was established. Due to financial constraints suffered by the Education Committee, the Bahraini government took control of the schools in 1930.

Education in Bahrain - Hi
In the 1986–87 academic year, 88,152 students attended 139 Public school (government funded)|public schools

Education in Bahrain - Hi
In the academic year of 2008/2009 the number of public classes in Bahrain ( including religious classes) are 4326, with the number of male students and female students with a distribution of in primary classes, in preparatory classes (junior high) and in secondary schools.

Education in Bahrain - Private schools
In addition to the American Mission School, another foreign private school was opened in 1910; Al-Ittihad school, funded by the Persians in Bahrain|Persian community of Bahrain.

Education in Bahrain - Private schools
Other notable schools include Al Noor International School, British School of Bahrain, Indian School, Bahrain|The Indian School and Sacred Heart School (Bahrain)|Sacred Heart School

Education in Bahrain - Higher education
The first institution of higher education in Bahrain, the Gulf Polytechnic, was established in 1968 as the Gulf Technical College

In 2008 a new Bahrain Polytechnic opened on the University of Bahrain's old campus location at Isa Town.

The College of Health Sciences, Bahrain|College of Health Sciences, established in 1959, offers various medical technology and nurses' training programs

The AGU campus has been completed to contain a faculty of medicine, faculty of agriculture and Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim|Princess Jawhara of Saudi Arabia donated a centre for molecular biology inherited disorders. Built right across the street from the campus to encourage the development of regional research in this issue.

Further liberalisation of the education sector has occurred in Bahrain. New private universities are sprouting up by the day, which has led to a low standard of education in some of these private establishments. This low standard has led to the establishment of the Quality Assurance Authority for Education and Training, which primarily focuses on scrutinising all the programs offered by each university.

Mass surveillance - Bahrain
The level of Internet filtering and surveillance in Bahrain is one of the highest in the world

G Bahrain Three of Bahrain's internet service provider|ISP's:- Batelco, Etisalcom and Lightspeed Communication provide up to 16Mbit/s downstream (1Mbit/s upstream) of ADSL2+ broadband Internet connection with only Batelco supporting up to 2Mbit/s upstream.

Telecommunications in Bahrain
'Telecommunications in Bahrain' officially began in 1981 when the Bahraini government founded the BATELCO|Bahrain Telecommunications Company. Since then, other companies such as Zain and VIVA Bahrain|VIVA have entered the telecommunications sector.

In 2002, under pressure from international bodies, Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the establishment of an independent Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain |Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). In 2003, Batelco's monopoly over the sector broke when the TRA awarded a license to MTC Vodafone, which later re-branded itself as Zain. In January 2010, VIVA (a subsidiary of Saudi Telecom Company|STC) started operations in Bahrain.

'Telephones - landline|main lines in use:' 194,200 (2006)

'Telephones - mobile phone|mobile cellular:' 1,116,000 (2007)

:county comparison to the world: 132

*domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones

* international: country code - 973; landing point for the Fire-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine communications cable|submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)

Telecommunications in Bahrain - Internet service
:country comparison to the world: 135

Identification badge - Bahrain
Bahrain citizens have must have both an ID card called smart card that is recognized as an official document and can be used within the Gulf Cooperation Council and a passport that is recognized worldwide.

Bahrain Airport 'Bahrain International Airport' () is an international airport located in Al Muharraq|Muharraq, an island on the northern tip of Bahrain, about northeast of the capital Manama. It is the primary hub for Gulf Air and was the hub for the now defunct Bahrain Air.

Bahrain Airport A BD113m ($300 million) expansion and refurbishment program was launched in the third quarter of 2006 which will see the creation of a new multi-storey car park and retail complex adjacent to the main terminal building. The expansion also includes a full resurfacing of the main runway, a new perimeter fence, state-of-the-art security systems and additional aircraft parking bays. Runway 12R/30L is mostly used as a taxiway.

Bahrain Airport A significant portion of passengers served by the airport are Saudis and Western expats working in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Designated bus and limousine services move passengers from Dammam, Khobar and other Saudi cities to Bahrain Airport.

Bahrain Airport - History
Bahrainairport.com

Bahrain Airport - History
Navy as Aviation Support Unit (ASU) Bahrain.

Bahrain Airport - Through the years
In 1976, the airport marked another significant first with the inauguration of supersonic flights, which saw the start up of regular British Airways|BA Concorde service between London and Bahrain

Bahrain Airport - Expansion
It will also create 4 to 5 additional contact gates, 9 remote gates and 40 more check-in counters as well as an enlarged transfer facility amongst several other capacity improvements and value added facilities [ BAHRAIN AIRPORT COMPANY BEGINS NEW AIRPORT EXPANSION ]

Two new Airport terminal|terminals will be opened in the next four years as part of the expansion

Retrieved on [ Bahrain airport plans two new terminals | Aviation]

There are plans to build Bahrain light rail network|light rail lines which would connect the airport to the rest of Bahrain.

Bahrain Airport - Cargo
1Martinair operate aircraft in KLM colour scheme on these routes.

Treason - Bahrain In Bahrain, plotting to topple the regime, collaborating with a foreign hostile country and threatening the life of the Emir are defined as treason and punishable by death. The State Security Law of 1974 was used to crush dissent that could be seen as treasonous, which was criticised for permitting severe human rights violations in accordance with Article One:

Treason - Bahrain If there is serious evidence that a person has perpetrated acts, delivered statements, exercised activities, or has been involved in contacts inside or outside the country, which are of a nature considered to be in violation of the internal or external security of the country, the religious and national interests of the State, its social or economic system; or considered to be an act of sedition that affects or can possibly affect the existing relations between the people and Government, between the various institutions of the State, between the classes of the people, or between those who work in corporations propagating subversive propaganda or disseminating atheistic principles; the Minister of Interior may order the arrest of that person, committing him to one of Bahrain's prisons, searching him, his residence and the place of his work, and may take any measure which he deems necessary for gathering evidence and completing investigations.

Treason - Bahrain The period of detention may not exceed three years. Searches may only be made and the measures provided for in the first paragraph may only be taken upon judicial writ.

|official_languages = Arabic language|Arabic
Kingdom of Bahrain |official_languages = Arabic language|Arabic

|demonym = Bahraini (disambiguation)|Bahraini
Kingdom of Bahrain |demonym = Bahraini (disambiguation)|Bahraini

Kingdom of Bahrain |leader_title2 = Line of succession to the Bahraini throne|Crown Prince

|legislature = National Assembly of Bahrain|National Assembly
Kingdom of Bahrain |legislature = National Assembly of Bahrain|National Assembly

|upper_house = Consultative Council of Bahrain|Consultative Council
Kingdom of Bahrain |upper_house = Consultative Council of Bahrain|Consultative Council

Kingdom of Bahrain |lower_house = Council of Representatives of Bahrain|Council of Representatives

Kingdom of Bahrain |established_event2 = History of Bahrain#Independent Bahrain|End of treaties with the United Kingdom

|population_estimate = 1,234,571
Kingdom of Bahrain |population_estimate = 1,234,571

|population_census = |population_census_year =
Kingdom of Bahrain |population_census = |population_census_year =

|population_density_km2 = 1,626.6
Kingdom of Bahrain |population_density_km2 = 1,626.6

The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain
Kingdom of Bahrain The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain

Kingdom of Bahrain Oil was discovered in Bahrain in 1932, the first such find on the Arabian side of the Gulf.

Kingdom of Bahrain Bahrain has the first post-oil economy in the Gulf because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil. Since the late 20th century, Bahrain has heavily invested in the banking and tourism sectors. The country's capital, Manama is home to many large financial structures. Bahrain has a high Human Development Index (ranked 48th in the world) and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy. Bahrain was designated a major non-NATO ally by the George W. Bush administration in 2001.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Etymology
In Arabic, Bahrayn is the dual form of bahr (sea), so al-Bahrayn means the Two Seas although which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Qur'an, but does not refer to the modern islandoriginally known to the Arabs as Awalbut rather to the oases of al-Katif and Hadjar (modern al-Hasa). It is unclear when the term began to refer exclusively to the Awal islands, but it was probably after the 15th century.

In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water as noted by visitors since antiquity.

Until the late Middle Ages, Bahrain referred to the larger Bahrain (historical region)|historical region of Bahrain that included Al-Ahsa, Al-Qatif (both now within the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) and the Awal Islands (now the Bahrain Islands). The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn's Bahrayn Province. The exact date at which the term Bahrain began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Pre-Islamic period
Bahrain may have been associated with the Dilmun civilisation, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia and the Indus River|Indus Valley

At this time, Bahrain comprised the southern Sassanid province along with the Persian Gulf's Bahrain (historical region)|southern shore.

Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University of Chicago Press, 1984

Kingdom of Bahrain - Islam, Persian and Portuguese control
Traditional Islamic accounts state that Al-ʿAlāʾ Al-Haḍrami was sent as an envoy to the Bahrain (historical region)|Bahrain region by the prophet Muhammad in 628 AD and that Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi, the local ruler, responded to his mission and converted the entire area.A letter purported to be from Muhammad to al-Tamimi is preserved at the Beit al-Qur'an Museum in Hoora, Bahrain.

Thereafter, the Qarmatians demanded tribute from the caliph in Baghdad, and in 930 AD sacked Mecca and Medina, bringing the sacred Black Stone back to their base in Bahrain (historical region)|Ahsa, in medieval Bahrain, for ransom

In 1253, the Bedouin Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty, thereby gaining control over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain

187 In 1753, the Huwala clan of Nasr Al-Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranian Zand dynasty|Zand leader Karim Khan Zand and restored direct Iranian rule.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Rise of the Bani Utbah
Later, different Arab family clans and tribes from Qatar moved to Bahrain to settle after the fall of Nasr Al-Madhkur of Bushehr

Kingdom of Bahrain - Al Khalifa ascendancy
[ The Politics of Protection in the Persian Gulf: The Arab Rulers and the British Resident in the Nineteenth Century], Exeter University, 2004 p44 In 1820, the Al Khalifa tribe were recognised by Great Britain as the rulers (Al-Hakim in Arabic) of Bahrain after signing a General Maritime Treaty of 1820|treaty relationship

Kingdom of Bahrain - Al Khalifa ascendancy
In 1860, the Al Khalifas used the same tactic when the British tried to overpower Bahrain. Writing letters to the Persians and Ottoman Empire|Ottomans, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter's protection in March due to offering better conditions. Eventually the British Raj|Government of British India overpowered Bahrain when the Persians refused to protect it. Colonel Lewis Pelly|Pelly signed a new treaty with Al Khalifas placing Bahrain under British rule and protection.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Early 20th century reforms
In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country

Kingdom of Bahrain - Early 20th century reforms
Britain's interest in Bahrain's development was motivated by concerns over Saudi and Iranian ambitions in the region.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Discovery of petroleum and WWII
Although minimal damage was caused in both locations, the attack forced the Allies to upgrade Bahrain's defences, an action which further stretched Allied military resources.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Discovery of petroleum and WWII
In 2008, Bahrain's king appealed to former-Bahraini Jews abroad in the US and UK to return to the country and had also offered compensation and citizenship.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Independence
On 15 August 1971,[ Kingdom of Bahrain][ Country independence dates] Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. Bahrain joined the United Nations and the Arab League later in the year.

Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution in Iran, in 1981 Bahraini Shī'a fundamentalists orchestrated a 1981 failed coup in Bahrain|failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain

As part of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State (dawla) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Following the political liberalisation of the country, Bahrain negotiated a free trade agreement with the United States in 2004.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Bahraini uprising
[ Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case]

Kingdom of Bahrain - Geography
Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers

Kingdom of Bahrain - Geography
Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Climate
Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular

Kingdom of Bahrain - Politics
In 2010, about half of the Cabinet of Bahrain|government was composed of Al Khalifa family.[ Bahrain Shia demand cabinet change]

The Bahraini parliamentary by-election, 2011|2011 by-election was held to replace 18 members of Al Wefaq who resigned in protest against government crackdown.

[ Women in Bahrain and the Struggle Against Artificial Reforms]

Kingdom of Bahrain - Human rights
The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the State Security Law in Bahrain|State Security Law Era, saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile

Due to this, Bahrain lost some of the high International rankings of Bahrain|International rankings it had gained before.

However, reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening.[ Bahrain police 'continue to torture detainees']

Kingdom of Bahrain - Women's rights
When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa|Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third woman in history to head the world body.[ 'UN General Assembly to be headed by its third-ever woman president'], United Nations, 8 June 2006 Female activist Ghada Jamsheer said The government used women's rights as a decorative tool on the international level

Kingdom of Bahrain - Women's rights
[ Bahrain urges greater global religious tolerance]

Kingdom of Bahrain - Media
Bahraini journalists risk prosecution for offences which include undermining the government and religion. Self-censorship is widespread. Journalists were targeted by officials during anti-government protests in Three editors from opposition daily Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) were sacked and later fined for publishing false news. Several foreign correspondents were expelled.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Media
By December 2011, Bahrain had 694,000 internet users.InternetWorldStats.com. The platform provides a welcome free space for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored, according to Reporters Without Borders. Rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and content deemed obscene. Bloggers and other netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Military
The BDF is primarily equipped with United States equipment, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon|F16 Fighting Falcon, F-5 Freedom Fighter|F5 Freedom Fighter, UH-60 Blackhawk|UH60 Blackhawk, M60 Patton|M60A3 tanks, and the ex-, an Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate renamed the .

Kingdom of Bahrain - Military
Hypocrisy on Parade: Washington Arms Bahrain, Denounces Russia For Arming Syria]

Kingdom of Bahrain - Foreign relations
Relations with Iran tend to be tense as a result of a 1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt|failed coup in 1981 which Bahrain blames Iran for and occasional claims of Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain by Conservatism|ultra-conservative elements in the Iranian public.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Governorates
In 1960, Bahrain comprised four municipalities including Manama, Hidd, Al Muharraq, and Riffa

Kingdom of Bahrain - Economy
According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest growing economy in the Arab world.[ Bahrain expected to bustle] Arabian Business, 1 February 2007 Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth freest overall in the world based on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal.[ Index of Economic Freedom] Heritage Foundation

Kingdom of Bahrain - Economy
Petroleum production and processing account is Bahrain's most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of Gross domestic product|GDP

Kingdom of Bahrain - Tourism
As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eight million visitors in 2008 though the exact number varies yearly. Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states although an increasing number hail from outside the region due to growing awareness of the kingdom's heritage and its higher profile as a result of the Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain International F1 Circuit.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Tourism
Since 2005, Bahrain annually hosts a festival in March, titled Spring of Culture, which features internationally renowned musicians and artists performing in concerts. Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League. The 2012 festival featured concerts starring Andrea Bocelli, Julio Iglesias and other musicians.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Infrastructure
Bahrain has a well-developed Transport in Bahrain#Road transport|road network, particularly in Manama. The discovery of oil in the early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and highways in Bahrain, connecting several isolated villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama.

The King Fahd Causeway, measuring , links Bahrain with the Saudi Arabian mainland via the island of Umm an-Nasan

Bahrain's port of Mina Salman is the main seaport of the country and consists of 15 berth (moorings)|berths. In 2001, Bahrain had a merchant fleet of eight ships of 1,000 Gross Register Tonnage|GRT or over, totaling 270,784 Gross Register Tonnage|GRT. Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Telecommunications
In 2004, Zain (a rebranded version of MTC Vodafone) started operations in Bahrain and in 2010 VIVA Bahrain|VIVA (owned by Saudi Telecom Company|STC Group) become the third company to provide mobile services.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Demographics
Bahrain is the fourth List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|most densely populated sovereign state in the world with a population density of 1,646 people per km2 in 2010

Kingdom of Bahrain - Ethnic groups
According to several scholars, the Baharna are Arabized descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and Majus inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Historical region of Bahrain|eastern Arabia at the time of the Arab conquest

The Ajam of Bahrain|Ajam are Iranian people|ethnic Persian Shias. Unlike the Baharna, Ajam are not ethnic Arabs. Shia Persians form large communities in Manama and Muharraq. Bahraini Persians maintain a distinct culture and language, but have long since assimilated into Bahraini culture; they tend to identify themselves as Persian Bahrainis than Iranians. 22% of Bahraini citizens are ethnic Persian Shias. A tiny minority of Shia Bahraini citizens are ethnic Hasawis from Al-Hasa.

The Huwala form a significant part of Bahrain's elite and merchant class

A smaller group of Sunni Bahraini citizens are descendants of naturalized Palestinian people|Palestinian refugees and other Levant Arab immigrants.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Religion
Baha'is constitute approximately 1% of Bahrain's total population.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Religion
Bahrain rejected reports from Bahraini opposition that they were trying to alter the country's demographics by naturalizing Syrians.[ Bahrain denies bid to naturalise Syrians] Gulf News

Kingdom of Bahrain - Languages
Among the Bahraini and non-Bahraini population, many people speak Persian language|Persian, the official language of Iran, or Urdu, the official language of Pakistan

Kingdom of Bahrain - Education
Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Education is free for Bahraini citizens in State school|public schools, with the Bahraini Ministry of Education (Bahrain)|Ministry of Education providing free textbooks. Coeducation is not used in public schools, with boys and girls segregated into separate schools.

In addition to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the Bahrain School (BS)

In addition to the Arabian Gulf University, AMA International University and the College of Health Sciences, Bahrain|College of Health Sciences, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Culture
Bahrain is sometimes described as Middle East lite due to its combination of modern infrastructure with a Persian Gulf identity. While Islam is the main religion, Bahrainis are known for their tolerance towards the practice of other faiths.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Art
The architecture of Bahrain is similar to that of its Persian Gulf|Gulf neighbours

Kingdom of Bahrain - Music
Bahrain was also the site of the first recording studio amongst the Gulf states.

Kingdom of Bahrain - Sports
Sport in Bahrain#Basketball|Basketball, Sport in Bahrain#Rugby|Rugby and horse riding are also widely popular in the country.

Bahrain has competed in every Summer Olympic since 1984 but has never competed in the Winter Olympics.

The latest edition of the Bahrain Grand Prix was the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix, that occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix protests|protests in the country

The Bahrain International Circuit also features a full-length Drag Racing|drag strip where the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams to try to raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East.

Shahram Dabiri 'Shahram Shane Dabiri' is the Production Director for the Audio Department at Blizzard Entertainment. Since joining Blizzard in 1994 he has held numerous production positions there, including Lead Producer for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft from 1999 to 2007, and Lead Producer on an unannounced project from 2007 to He is an Iranian-American.

*Justice League Task Force (video game)|Justice League Task Force
Shahram Dabiri - Games *Justice League Task Force (video game)|Justice League Task Force

Military use of children - Bahrain
Military cadets, Non-commissioned officer|NCO trainees and technical personnel can enlist in the Bahrain Defence Force from the age of 15.

List of trade unions - Bahrain
* Bahrain free Labour Unions Federation (Al Hurr)

* General Federation of Workers Trade Unions in Bahrain

* National Union of Labour Bahrain Airport Service (BAS)

List of medical schools in the Middle East - Bahrain
*RCSI - Medical University of Bahrain

List of medical schools in the Middle East - Bahrain
*AMA International University

Greater Persia - Bahrain
Bahrain's Persians who adhere to the Shia sect of Islam are Ajam and the Persians who adhere to the Sunni sect are called Huwala, who migrated from Ahwaz in Iran to the Persian Gulf in the seventeenth and eighteenth century.

After settling in Bahrain, some of the Persians were effectively Arabized

13 From the 3rd century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Bahrain was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties, the Parthians and the Sassanids.

Choksy, 1997, page 75 The southern province of the Sassanids was subdivided into three districts; Haggar (now al-Hafuf province, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir (now al-Qatif province, Saudi Arabia), and Mishmahig (now Bahrain Island) (In Middle-Persian/Pahlavi it means ewe-fish).Yoma 77a and Rosh Hashbanah, 23a

By about 130 BC, the Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf.Bahrain by Federal Research Division, page 7

through warfare and economic distress, been reduced to only 60.Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p52

The influence of Iran was further undermined at the end of the 18th century when the ideological power struggle between the Akhbari-Usuli strands culminated in victory for the Usulis in Bahrain.[ Are the Shia Rising?] Maximilian Terhalle, Middle East Policy, Volume 14 Issue 2 Page 73, June 2007

Reynolds, University of California Press Berkeley 2001 Bahrain was eventually sold back to the Persians by the Omanis, but the weakness of the Safavid empire saw Huwala tribes seize control.The Autobiography of Yūsuf al-Bahrānī (1696–1772) from Lu'lu'at al-Baḥrayn, from the final chapter [ An Account of the Life of the Author and the Events That Have Befallen Him] featured in Interpreting the Self, Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition, Edited by Dwight F

Bell Sons, 1966 p19 During the Qajar era, Persian control over Bahrain waned and in 1753, Bahrain was occupied by the Sunni Persians of the Bushire-based Al Madhkur family,Ahmad Mustafa Abu Hakim, History of Eastern Arabia 1750–1800, Khayat, 1960, p78 who ruled Bahrain in the name of Persia and paid allegiance to Karim Khan Zand.

In 1800, Sayyid Sultan invaded Bahrain again in retaliation and deployed a garrison at Arad Fort, in Muharraq island and had appointed his twelve-year-old son Salim, as Governor of the island

Bahrain's capital city, Manama is derived from two Persian words meaning 'I' and 'speech'.

In 1910, the Persian community funded and opened a private school, Al-Ittihad school, that taught Farsi amongst other subjects.

According to the 1905 census, there were 1650 Bahraini citizens of Persian origin.

In the 1920s, local Persian merchants were prominently involved in the consolidation of Bahrain's first powerful lobby with connections to the municipality in effort to contest the municipal legislation of British control.

Bahrain's local Persian community have heavily influenced the country's local food dishes. One of the most notable local delicacies of the people in Bahrain is mahyawa, consumed in Southern Iran as well, is a watery earth brick coloured sauce made from sardines and consumed with bread or other food. Bahrain's Persians are also famous in Bahrain for bread-making. Another local delicacy is pishoo made from rose water (golab) and agar agar. Other food items consumed are similar to Persian cuisine.

Gulf Air - 2006–2008: Bahrain takes over
Gulf Air endeavoured to show the continuing support for flights to Abu Dhabi from Bahrain and Muscat, connecting to the rest of the Gulf Air network, via advertisements placed in local newspapers.

A few days later, Dosé announced a BD310million (USD825million) restructuring plan that included originating or terminating all flights in Bahrain, ceasing routes to Johannesburg, Dublin, Jakarta, Singapore, Hong Kong and Sydney; eliminating all Boeing 767s from the fleet, phasing out the Airbus A from the fleet, introducing the Airbus A320 family|Airbus A321 in July 2007 and the Airbus A330|Airbus A in 2009, and terminating employees based on performance and without regard for nationality

On 6 May 2007, the government of Bahrain claimed full ownership of the airline as joint-owner Oman withdrew from the airline. André Dosé resigned on 23 July 2007 and was replaced by Bjorn Naf. On 6 November 2007, Gulf Air started its third daily nonstop flight to London Heathrow Airport from Bahrain. On the same day, Gulf Air became fully owned by Bahrain.

The airline inaugurated services to Shanghai Pudong International Airport on 16 June 2008 and has placed orders with Boeing (for 24 B787s) and Airbus (for 15 A320s and 20 A330s) to upgrade its fleet.

The airline's last commercial Boeing 767 flight was on 29 May 2008 and the aircraft was flown to Dublin on 30 May 2008; two of the Boeing 767 aircraft are now in storage at Bournemouth Airport.

On 3 July 2008, Gulf Air was announced as the official sponsor of upcoming English association football|football club, Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers.

Gulf Air signed, in 2008, a lease agreement for five aircraft with International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC) as part of the airline's growth and expansion strategy. The lease is for six years for two Airbus A , delivered in September 2008, and three Airbus A , due for delivery in March, April and May 2009.

President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
From the declaration of independence on February 27, 1976 to October 16, 1982 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR's Head of State was known as the 'Chairman of the Revolutionary Council'

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic - Heads of State of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–Present) (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic - Affiliations
*Polisario Front - Polisario Front|Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro

International Workers' Day - Bahrain
In Bahrain, May 1 is known as Labour Day and is considered a public holiday.

Royal Commission - Bahrain
* Royal Independent Investigation Commission (June 2011), to examine the episodes of civil disobedience and alleged human rights offences committed in the aftermath of the February 2011 protests.

Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE - Prahran
As part of the agreement the National Institute of Circus Arts and Gymnastics Australia will remain as tenants on the site.ABC News, 2 August 2013, [ NMIT to turn Swinburne's Prahran campus into centre for creative arts], Retrieved 2 August 2013 According to NMIT CEO Andy Giddy, a teaching hotel offering student residential accommodation may be incorporated in the campus redevelopment.

International availability of McDonald's products - Bahrain
As in all McDonald's locations in the Islamic Middle East, food in Bahraini locations is halal. In addition to the McArabia, Bahraini locations offer, beginning in March 2009, the McCrispy, a meal consisting of up to three chicken fingers with a choice of barbecue, sweet and sour, or garlic sauce.

List of privatizations - Bahrain
* Bahrain Telecommunications Co. (Q1 2005, $800 million)

Al-Ahram 'Al-Ahram' (; The Pyramids), founded on 5 August 1875, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after Vekayi-i Misriye|al-Waqa'i`al-Masriya (The Egyptian Events, founded 1828). It is majority owned by the Politics of Egypt|Egyptian government.

Al-Ahram Given the large dialectal variety of the Arabic language, Al-Ahram is widely considered an influential source of writing style in Arabic. In 1950, the Middle East Institute described Al-Ahram as being to the Arabic-reading public within its area of distribution, What The Times is to Englishmen and the New York Times to Americans,Middle East Institute, 1950, p however it has often been accused of heavy influence and censorship by the Egyptian government.

Al-Ahram In addition to the main edition published in Egypt, the paper publishes two other Arabic-language editions, one geared to the Arab World and the other aimed at an international audience, as well as editions in English and French.

Al-Ahram - History Al-Ahram was founded in Alexandria on 5 August 1875 by two Lebanese brothers, Beshara Takla and Saleem Takla

Al-Ahram - Profile and editions
Arabic weekly, Al Ahram Al Arabi, which was launched in 1997 is another publication of the publishing house.

An international Arabic-language edition called Al Ahram al Duwali has been published daily in London since It is printed in both London and Paris and is distributed throughout Europe, USA, Canada and Egypt.

Al-Ahram produces a continually updated news website in the English language at [ English.Ahram.org.eg], called Ahram Online. It also has an Arabic news website which was named as the most popular news portal in Arab world|the Arab world in the period from 31 August 2011 to 31 August 2012 by Forbes Middle East. Two foreign-language weekly versions are also produced: the English Al-Ahram Weekly (founded in 1991) and the French Al-Ahram Hebdo.

Al-Ahram - Ownership and government influence
Al-Ahram is owned by the Al-Ahram Foundation and is one of the largest circulating newspapers in the world. Long-term editor of the daily Mohammad Hassanein Heykal|Mohammad Hassanein Haykal was the confidant of Nasser and also, the semi-official voice of the Egyptian government when he was in office. Haykal was appointed to the post in August 1957.

The Egyptian government owns a controlling share of the stocks of the paper and appoints the editors. As appointees of the state, little censorship is exercised over them; it is understood that they are loyal to the state. Under President Hosni Mubarak, Al-Ahram largely ignored, and trivialised the opposition parties to Mubarak's ruling National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party, and did not publish much direct criticism of the government.

The Anti-Defamation League, in a review of Arab newspapers in 2005, stated that Al-Ahram is given substantial leeway by the government so long as they avoid certain 'taboos'.[ Arab Media Review: Index of Arab Newspapers] Anti-Defamation League, 14 February 2005 Reporters Without Borders, in their 2005 report on press freedom in Egypt, reported that editorials in many newspapers, including Al-Ahram, had become increasingly critical of the National Democratic Party's control of the government, and the corruption of the Mubarak regime.[ Egypt – 2005 annual report], Reporters Without Borders, January 2005 In an interview with Reporters Without Borders, Abdel Halim Qandil, editor of the weekly magazine Al-Arabi, said that the government interfered with independent operation of Al-Ahram by controlling the printing presses and appointing the editors.

Al-Ahram - Photo controversy
Osama Saraya, Al-Ahram's editor-in-chief, defended the altered photo, stating that it was meant to underscore Egypt's leading role in the peace process: The expressionist photo is..

Al-Ahram - Notable writers and editors
From 1978 to July 2006 Ibrahim Nafie was the editor-in-chief of Al Ahram. In August 2012, Abdel Nasser Salama was appointed editor-in-chief of the paper by the Egyptian Shura Council.

* Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006), awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature

* Ihsan Abdel Quddous

* Mohamed Hassanein Heikal served as editor-in-chief of the daily (August 1957–1974)

* Ahdaf Soueif

Al Jazeera - Bahrain In May 2000, Bahrain banned Al Jazeera broadcast due to channel's comments about Bahrain's municipal elections, labelling it as serving Zionism.

Halvah - Bahrain In Bahrain, the most popular form of halva is a jelly-styled sweet also known as halwa Bahraini in neighboring countries. And it is not like the halva that in most countries is based on sesame paste and in Kuwait called rahash.

List of HSDPA networks - Bahrain
* Zain|Zain BH introduced 3.5G in Bahrain in May 2006 as a trial service in a small area only (in Seef District).

* Batelco launched the 3G services Commercially nowadays all of Bahrain is covered by 3.5G HSDPA 7.2 Mbit/s.

* VIVA Bahrain has also launched its 3G services HSDPA/HSPA+ directly after beginning offering its services in the kingdom.

Foreign relations of Israel - Bahrain
Relations are generally tense and the two states do not have diplomatic relations. Like other Arab states, Bahrain does not recognize Israel. A brief period of warming in relations occurred in the mid-1990s.

Foreign relations of Israel - Bahrain
He indicated that Bahrain is ready to develop relations in other fields as well

List of anime conventions - Bahrain
*Ninxa Otaku (in Bahrain once every other year)

Holy day of obligation - Bahrain
*Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Holy day of obligation - Bahrain
*St. Thomas: (3rd July) (obligation is only for the Syro-Malabar Rite)

Double (association football) - Bahrain
In Bahrain three teams have won the Double of the Bahraini Premier League and the Bahraini King's Cup.

Economy of Bahrain Petroleum production is Bahrain's most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of Gross domestic product|GDP

Economy of Bahrain According to the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, Bahrain has the freest economy in the Middle East and North Africa region [ and is the tenth freest economy in the world. An alternative index, published by the Fraser Institute, puts Bahrain in 44th place tied with 7 other countries. Bahrain was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy.

Economy of Bahrain - Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Bahrain at market prices [ estimated] by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Bahraini Dinars.

Economy of Bahrain - Macro-economic trend
For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 0.30 Bahraini Dinars only. Mean wages were $19.81 per manhour in 2009.

Economy of Bahrain - Balance of Payments
Bahrain's gross international reserves increased substantially in 2004 to US$1.6 billion, compared with US$1.4 billion in the previous three years ( ).

Economy of Bahrain - Diversification
According to the International Monetary Fund's Financial System Stability Assessment of Bahrain's financial regulatory environment, published on 6 March 2006, found:

* The financial system is enjoying strong performance under favorable circumstances, and is likely to remain a major contributor to overall growth. The main risk stems from potential overheating in the economies of the region, but the system should be resilient to likely shocks.

* Prudential regulations are modern and comprehensive, and supervision is generally effective, especially in the dominant banking sector. Supervisory capacity needs to be expanded in line with new regulations and to keep up with the growth and increasing sophistication of financial institutions.

* The further expansion of the Islamic sector, the development of housing finance, and the deepening of securities markets are important for the future growth of the financial system. The banking and insurance sectors will eventually undergo consolidation. [

In 2005, Bahrain signed the US-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, becoming the first Persian Gulf state to sign such a bilateral trade agreement with the United States. A massive privatisation programme is underway to sell off key government assets: utilities, banks, financial services, and telecommunications have started to come under the control of the private sector.

As a result the economy has been well positioned to exploit the extra revenues generated in the region thanks to the sustained high oil prices since In January 2006, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia cited Bahrain as the [ fastest growing economy] in the Arab world.

Between 1981 and 1993, Bahrain Government expenditures increased by 64%. During that same time, government revenues continued to be largely dependent on the oil industry and increased by only 4%. Bahrain has at times received significant budgetary support and project grants from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.

The government has used its modest oil revenues to build an advanced infrastructure in transportation and telecommunications. Bahrain is a regional financial and business center. Tourism in Bahrain|Tourism, especially from the region, has proved another significant source of income.

Bahrain has benefited from the oil boom since 2001, with economic growth of 5.5%. It has succeeded in attracting investment from other Persian Gulf states partly because it used the revenues of the 1970s-early 80s boom to invest in infrastructure development and other projects to improve the standard of living; health, education, housing, electricity, water, and roads all received attention.

The success of ventures such as the Bahrain Grand Prix has raised the Kingdom's international profile, and combined with the boom in Islamic banking, has encouraged major airlines to resume services to the country, with Lufthansa announcing on 14 March 2006 that it would schedule [ three flights a week to Manama from Frankfurt].

In 2006,it was announced that the Bahrain Science and Technology Park,a Kuwait Finance House Bahrain initiative would be a reflection of this effort to create a diversified economy, provide high quality jobs for locals and international workforce, providing a place for innovative and inventive thinking that will have direct benefits to the island nation

@Bahrain is part of the Mumtalakat group of companies and will dedicate more than 1 million square meters of business, entertainment and educational space with a value in excess of $2bn (BD 850 million), making it one of the largest investment projects to take place in Bahrain in the past five years.

Economy of Bahrain - Investment
The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Bahrain was valued at $21,176 million in 2008 by the World Bank.[

Economy of Bahrain - Investment
Bahrain is generally a country which is open to creating a unique economy which is fast growing and open for all to create business opporturnities.

Economy of Bahrain - Hydrocarbon industry
Bahrain also receives a large portion of the net output and revenues from Saudi Arabia's Abu Saafa offshore oilfield.

The Bahrain National Gas Company operates a gas liquefaction plant that utilizes gas piped directly from Bahrain's oilfields. Gas reserves should last about 50 years at present rates of consumption. The Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) is a joint venture of the petrochemical industries of Kuwait, the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, and the Government of Bahrain. The plant, completed in 1985, produces ammonia, methanol and urea for export.

Bahrain's other industries include Aluminum Bahrain, which operates an aluminum smelter—the largest in the world with an annual production of about 525,000 metric tons—and related factories, such as the Aluminum Extrusion Company and the Gulf Aluminum Rolling Mill Company (GARMCO)[ Other plants include the Arab Iron and Steel Company's iron ore pelletizing plant (4 million tons annually) and a shipbuilding and repair yard.

Internationally recognised Bahraini companies include Investcorp, the venture capital firm credited with turning around the fortunes of Gucci.

Economy of Bahrain - Economy - overview
Bahrain also has substantial aluminium production

Economy of Bahrain - Taxation
Taxation and import laws apply equally to Bahraini and foreign-owned companies, and foreign investors must comply with the same requirements and legislation as local firms.

Oil and gas companies are taxed 46 percent on income derived from the sale of hydrocarbons and derivative products.

Employers and workers must pay social insurance contributions as follows:

(1) for old-age, disability and survivor protection: for Bahraini employees, employers pay 10% of salary plus constant allowances, workers pay 5% plus constant allowances; for non-Bahraini employees, employers pay 3% of salary plus constant allowances (then being entitled only to employment injury benefits).

(2) for unemployment insurance: since June 1, 2007, all wages are subject to a 2% tax, paid for equally by the employer and the employee, applicable both to nationals and non-citizens and supplemented by a government contribution of 1%. This makes Bahrain the first of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC countries to implement a UI scheme.

Gabriel Calderón - Bahrain
On 28 October 2012, Calderón was announced as head coach of Bahrain national football team to succeed Peter Taylor (footballer born 1953)|Peter Taylor after the latter's dismissal. His first taste as manager came on 9 December 2012 in match with Yemen national football team|Yemen in 2012 West Asian Football Federation Championship. He was sacked on 13 August 2013.

List of tallest structures in Bahrain
The following tables list all the tallest buildings and structures in Bahrain. Most of these buildings and structures are located in the capital of Manama. Buildings with fewer than 20 floors, and structures shorter than , are not included.

Al-Ahram Weekly 'Al-Ahram Weekly' is an Egyptian English-language weekly broadsheet printed by the Al-Ahram Publishing House in Cairo, Egypt.

Al-Ahram Weekly It was established in 1991 by the Al-Ahram newspaper, which also runs a French-language weekly version, Al-Ahram Hebdo.

Al-Ahram Weekly Between 1991 and 2005, Hani Shukrallah served as the paper's editor-in-chief. Gamal Nkrumah is the international affairs editor.

Al-Ahram Weekly In June 2014, Galal Nassar was appointed editor-in-chief of the weekly.

Bahrain Football Association
The 'Bahrain Football Association' () is the governing body of football in Bahrain, and controls the Bahrain national football team. It was founded in 1957, and has been a member of FIFA since It is a member of the Asian Football Confederation.

Bahrain Football Association - Office-holders and officials
The National Men's Team Coach is Salman Ahmed Sharida and the Women's Team Coach is Khaled Al-Harban.[ FIFA Online website, Bahrain page], accessed 24 June 2011

Smoking bans in private vehicles - Bahrain
Since 13 April 2009, smoking in cars with accompanying children is banned in Bahrain.[ GASP]

Bahram Vallis It is about 302km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Valles and lower Kasei Valles

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
'Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi' (936–1013), () also known in the Western world|West as 'Albucasis', was an Arab Muslim physician who lived in Al-Andalus

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
He was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy, and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - Biography
Abū Al-Qāsim was, born in the city Medina Azahara|El-Zahra, six miles northwest of Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba, Andalusia. The nisbat (onomastics)|nisba (attributive title), Al-Ansari, suggests origin from the Medinian tribe of Ansar (Islam)|Al-Ansar.

He lived most of his life in Córdoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of El-Zahra.

Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Castillian-Andalusian conflicts. His name first appears in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993 – 1064), who listed him among the greatest physicians of Moorish Spain. But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahrawī from Al-Humaydī|al-Ḥumaydī's Jadhwat al-Muqtabis (On Andalusian Savants), completed six decades after al-Zahrawī's death.

He was a contemporary of Andalusian people|Andalusian Alchemy (Islam)|chemists such as Ibn al-Wafid, Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti and Artephius.

Albucasis was 77 years old when he died.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - Works
Abū al-Qāsim was a court physician to the Al-Andalus|Andalusian caliph Al-Hakam II. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. His best work was the Kitab al-Tasrif, discussed below.

Abū al-Qāsim specialized in curing disease by cauterization. He invented several surgical instruments|devices used during surgery, for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the urethra, applying and removing foreign bodies from the throat, inspection of the ear, etc. He is also credited to be the first to describe ectopic pregnancy in 963, in those days a fatal affliction.

Al-Zahrawi was the first to illustrate the various cannulae and the first to treat a wart with an iron tube and caustic metal as a boring instrument. He was also the first to draw hooks with a double tip for use in surgery.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - Kitab al-Tasrif
Abū al-Qāsim's thirty-chapter medical treatise, Kitab al-Tasrif, completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including dentistry and childbirth, which contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice

Al-Tasrif was later translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and illustrated. For perhaps five centuries during the European Middle Ages, it was the primary source for European medical knowledge, and served as a reference for doctors and surgeons.

Not always properly credited, Abū Al-Qāsim's al-Tasrif described both what would later became known as Kocher's method for treating a dislocated shoulder and Walcher position in obstetrics

Abū al-Qāsim also described the use of forceps in vaginal deliveries.Assisted delivery has walked a long and winding road, OBG Management, Vol. 19, No. 6, June 2007, p. 84. He introduced over 200 surgical instruments. Many of these instruments were never used before by any previous surgeons.

His use of catgut for internal stitching is still practised in modern surgery. The catgut appears to be the only natural substance capable of dissolving and is acceptable by the body. Abū al-Qāsim also invented the forceps for extracting a dead fetus, as illustrated in the Al-Tasrif.Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007). Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science, Canadian Medical Association Journal '176' (10).

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - Liber Servitoris
In pharmacy and pharmacology, Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrawī pioneered the preparation of medicines by Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation and distillation. His Liber Servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the simples from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used.Levey M. (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, E. J. Brill, Leiden.See:Luisa Arvide

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - Legacy
Al-Zahrawi was the most frequently cited surgical authority of the Middle Ages.

Donald Campbell, a historian of Arabic medicine, described Al-Zahrawi's influence on Europe as follows:

The chief influence of Albucasis on the medical system of Europe was that his lucidity and method of presentation awakened a prepossession in favour of Arabic literature among the scholars of the West: the methods of Albucasis eclipsed those of Galen and maintained a dominant position in medical Europe for five hundred years, i.e long after it had passed its usefulness

In the 14th century, the medieval France|French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted al-Tasrif over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Abū al-Qāsim as without doubt the chief of all surgeons. Abū al-Qāsim's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the Renaissance, evidenced by al-Tasrif's frequent reference by French surgeon Jacques Delechamps (1513–1588).

The street in Córdoba where he lived is named in his honor as Calle Albucasis. On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: This was the house where Abul-Qasim lived.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - On Surgery and Instruments
On Surgery and Instruments is an illustrated surgical guide written by Albucasis, known in Arabic as ‘al-Zahrāwī’

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - On Surgery and Instruments
Interestingly, Albucasis considers his educated opinion to be superior than that of the Ancients: “…whatever skill I have, I have derived for myself by my long reading of the books of the Ancients and my thirst to understand them until I extracted the knowledge of it from them

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - Tone
Throughout the text, Albucasis uses an authoritative tone to declare his expertise on the topic

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - The 'Ancients'
This objective is also demonstrated in willingness to openly disagree with the ‘Ancients’

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi - The 'Ancients'
By opposing the revered opinions of the Ancients throughout his guide, Albucasis pronounces himself as a new reliable source of medical knowledge worthy of followers

Greater Iran - Bahrain After settling in Bahrain, some of the Persians were effectively Arabized

Greater Iran - Bahrain Choksy, 1997, page 75 The southern province of the Sassanids was subdivided into three districts; Haggar (now al-Hafuf province, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir (now al-Qatif province, Saudi Arabia), and Mishmahig (now Bahrain Island) (In Middle-Persian/Pahlavi it means ewe-fish).Yoma 77a and Rosh Hashbanah, 23a

Bahrain at the Olympics
'Bahrain' has competed in 8 Summer Olympic Games. They have never competed in the Winter Olympic Games.

Bahrain at the Olympics
Bahrain won their first Olympic medal, a bronze in the women's 1500m run, by the former Ethiopian Maryam Yusuf Jamal on the 10th of August in the 2012 London Summer Olympics.[ Record Bahrain team for Games], Gulf Daily News, April 29, 2008 At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the former Moroccan Rashid Ramzi was originally awarded the gold medal in athletics in Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres|men's 1,500 meters but it was later stripped due to a doping violation.[ IOC website, retrieved , 2009

Arab wedding - Sahra In some areas (e. g. Palestine) also the male friends and relatives celebrate an evening party (sahra in Arabic سهرة) in the garden or on the street in front of the groom's house. Music and dance groups perform and the men dance with the groom. Women are not allowed and may view the program via video projection inside the house or the closed off garden. In strict Islamic families this is the only way to allow males from outside the family to attend the wedding.

|image_map2 = Bahrain - Location Map (2013) - BHR - UNOCHA.svg
Languages of Bahrain |image_map2 = Bahrain - Location Map (2013) - BHR - UNOCHA.svg

|ethnic_groups_year=2010
Languages of Bahrain |ethnic_groups_year=2010

Languages of Bahrain |government_type = Unitary state|Unitary Parliamentary system|parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Languages of Bahrain |established_event1 = from UK [ Bahrain- Cia World FactBook]

Languages of Bahrain |population_estimate = 1,348,000http://

The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain
Languages of Bahrain The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain

Languages of Bahrain Since early 2011, the country has experienced Bahraini uprising (2011–present)|sustained protests and unrest inspired by the regional Arab Spring, particularly by the majority Shia Islam|Shia population

Languages of Bahrain Bahrain has the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil. Since the late 20th century, Bahrain has heavily invested in the banking and tourism sectors. The country's capital, Manama, is home to many large financial structures. Bahrain has a high Human Development Index (ranked 48th in the world) and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy. The United States designated Bahrain a major non-NATO ally in 2001.

Languages of Bahrain - Etymology
In Arabic, Bahrayn is the dual form of bahr (sea), so al-Bahrayn means the two seas, although which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Quran, but does not refer to the modern islandoriginally known to the Arabs as Awal but rather to all of Eastern Arabia (most notably al-Katif and al-Hasa).

An alternate theory with regard to Bahrain's toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the Great Green Ocean and a peaceful lake on the Arabian mainland

Until the late Middle Ages, Bahrain referred to the Eastern Arabia|region of Eastern Arabia that included Southern Iraq, Kuwait, Al-Hasa, Qatif and Bahrain. The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn's Bahrayn Province. The exact date at which the term Bahrain began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown. The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as Bahrain for ten centuries.

Languages of Bahrain - Pre-Islamic era
Bahrain was home to the Dilmun civilization, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia and the Indus River|Indus Valley. Bahrain was later ruled by the Assyrian people|Assyrians and Babylonians.

The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language.

The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia.”Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, Henry Bohn, 1854 p38 The Greek historian, Theophrastus, states that much of Bahrain were covered in these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon.Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441

Alexander had planned to settle in Bahrain with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Bahrain was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams.Phillip Ward, Bahrain: A Travel Guide, Oleander Press p68 Bahrain even became the site of Greek athletic contests.W

However, there is little evidence of occupation at all in Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.

The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic, Tilmun (from Dilmun).Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132 The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until Ptolemy|Ptolemy’s Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as 'Thilouanoi'.Jean Francois Salles p132 Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era, for instance, the residential suburb of Arad in Muharraq, is believed to originate from Arados, the ancient Greek name for Muharraq.

The names of several Muharraq villages today reflect Bahrain's Christian legacy, with Al Dair meaning “the monastery”.

Languages of Bahrain - Economic prosperity (19th century)
Bahrain was no longer dependent upon pearling, and by the mid-19th century, it became the pre-eminent trading centre in the Persian Gulf, overtaking rivals Basra, Kuwait, and finally in the 1870s, Muscat, Oman|Muscat.James Onley, The Politics of Protection in the Persian Gulf: The Arab Rulers and the British Resident in the Nineteenth Century, Exeter University, 2004 At the same time, Bahrain's socio-economic development began to diverge from the rest of the Persian Gulf: it transformed itself from a trading centre into a modern state

In short, instead of Zelators and fanatics, camel-drivers and Bedouins, we have at Bahrain [Manama] something like 'men of the world, who know the world like men' a great relief to the mind; certainly it was so to mine.William Gifford Palgrave|WG Palgrave, Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862–3) quoted in Nelida Fuccaro, Persians and the space in the city in Bahrain 1869–1937, in Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf by Madawi Al-Rasheed Routledge 2005 p39

The great trading families that emerged during this period have been compared to the Borgias and MedicisJonathan Raban, Arabia through the Looking Glass, William Collins Sons, 1979, p56 and their great wealth gave them extensive power, and among the most prominent were the Persian Al Safar family, who held the position of Native Agents of Britain in 19th Century.Nelida Fuccaro, Persians and the space in the city in Bahrain 1869–1937, in Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf by Madawi Al-Rasheed Routledge 2005 p47 The Al Safar enjoyed an 'exceptionally close'James Olney, Transnational merchants in the nineteenth-century Gulf: the case of the Safar family in Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf ed

As a result of Bahrain's trade with India, the cultural influence of the subcontinent grew dramatically, with styles of dress, cuisine, and education showing a marked Indian influence

Languages of Bahrain - Bahraini uprising

Languages of Bahrain - Climate
The Zagros Mountains across the Persian Gulf in Iran cause low level winds to be directed toward Bahrain. Dust storms from Iraq and Saudi Arabia transported by northwesterly winds, locally called Shamal (wind)|Shamal wind, cause reduced visibility in the months of June and July.

Languages of Bahrain - Climate
Summers are very hot. The seas around Bahrain are very shallow, heating up quickly in the summer to produce high humidity, especially at night. Summer temperatures may reach up to under the right conditions.Martin-King, Philippa (June 2011). [ Intelligent buildings]. International Electrotechnical Commission. Retrieved 5 July Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular. Rainfalls mostly occur in winter, with a recorded maximum of .

Languages of Bahrain - Biodiversity
The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally important for the breeding of the Phalacrocorax nigrogularis specie of bird, up to 100,000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar islands.

Languages of Bahrain - Human rights
The documentary TV film Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark which was produced by the Qatari channel Al Jazeera, talks about the Bahraini protests during This TV film showed all the violations that have been taken against the rights of Bahraini citizens during the uprising. It also caused some problems between the Bahraini and the Qatari governments.

Languages of Bahrain - Media
By June 2012, Bahrain had 961,000 internet users. The platform provides a welcome free space for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored, according to Reporters Without Borders. Rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and content deemed obscene. Bloggers and other netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011.

Languages of Bahrain - Ethnic groups
The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were mainly Aramaic language|Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian language|Persian speakers while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language.

Languages of Bahrain - Ethnic groups
A smaller group of Sunni Bahraini citizens are descendants of naturalized Palestinian people|Palestinian refugees and other Levant Arab immigrants.

Languages of Bahrain - Religion
There are no official figures for the proportion of Shia and Sunni among the Muslims of Bahrain, but approximately 65–75% percent of Bahraini Muslims are Shia.|title= Mapping the Global Muslim Population |href= target=_blankref name=2010Censusref group=noteref name=Yaarref name = CIA/ref name=BOref name=BO/ref name=BO/ref name=MoE/ref name=MoE/ref name=MoEref name=UNDP/ref name=UNDP/ref name=UNDP!--dead link?--ref name=Britannica/ref name=Britannica/ref name=TGEref name=TGE/ref name=TGE/ref name=Aliref name=ECref name=ASref name=NYTref name=LATref name=AUCref name=AUC/ref name=autogenerated6ref name=autosport89525ref name=race on!--Eurasia--!-- Bibliography of Bahrain --Reflist|30emreflist|group=note

Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military - Bahrain
Kingdom of Bahrain decorations were only rarely awarded to very senior U.S. officers. Most of those senior US officers in the United States Central Command as end-of-tour decorations.

List of United States Navy installations - Bahrain
*Naval Support Activity Bahrain|NSA Bahrain ([ website])

Bahraini uprising (2011–present)
and expanded to a call to end King of Bahrain|the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, known locally as Bahrain Bloody Thursday|Bloody Thursday.

More than 2,929 people have been arrested,[ Bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses – Al Jazeera] [ Applying pressure on Bahrain], 9 May 2011

The report was released on 23 November and confirmed the Cabinet of Bahrain|Bahraini government's use of systematic torture and other forms of physical and psychological abuse on detainees, as well as other human rights violations

In early July 2013, Bahraini activists called for major rallies on 14 August under the title Bahrain Tamarod.

Bahraini uprising (2011–present) - Naming
and 'Pearl uprising'.[ Voices from Bahrain: Anniversary of the Uprising]

Bahraini uprising (2011–present) - Background
[ Bahrain’s Re-Reform Movement]

Bahraini uprising (2011–present) - History
He was tasked with heading and developing the National Security Agency (Bahrain)|General Directorate for State Security Investigations.

Two years later a popular 1990s uprising in Bahrain|uprising erupted

[ The Deep Roots of Bahrain’s Unrest]

Bahraini uprising (2011–present) - Human rights
They accuse the government of Al Bandar report|naturalizing Sunnis from neighbouring countries and gerrymandering electoral districts.[ What's behind Bahrain protests?]

Bahraini uprising (2011–present) - Economy
Extreme poverty does not exist in Bahrain where the average daily income is , however 11 percent of citizens suffered from Relative poverty rate|relative poverty.[ Bahrain], United Nations Development Programme

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AHRA https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

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Presentation on theme: "AHRA https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html."— Presentation transcript:

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