1. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

2. MATTER Anything which occupies space and possess a REST MASS.

3. PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

4. 1. Matter is made up of particles

5. 2. Particles of matter have space between them

6. 3. Particles of matter attract each other.

7. 4. Particles of matter are continuously in motion
Brownian motion
The erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding medium

9. STATES OF MATTER

10. The Solid State

11. Amorphous and Crystalline solids
A Crystalline solid has a definite characteristic geometrical shape. The arrangement of constituent particles is ordered.
It has a long range order. It means that a regular pattern of arrangement continuously repeats itself through the entire crystal.
Examples:- Sodium Chloride & Quartz.

12. An amorphous solid (Greek amorphos = no form) consists of particles of irregular shape.
The arrangement of constituent particles (atoms,molecules or ions) in such a solid has only short range order. In such an arrangement, a regular and periodically repeating pattern is observed over short distances only. Such portions are scattered and in between the arrangement is disordered. Eg. Quartz glass

14. Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid Characteristic Geometrical shape.
Long range order.
Sharp melting point.
Anisotropic :-Physical properties like electrical resistance or refractive index show different values when measured along different directions in the same crystals.
True solids
Irregular shape.
Short range order.
Soften over a range of temperature. i.e. no sharp mp.
Isotropic:- Because of the long range order in them and irregular arrangement, the value of any physical property would be same in all the directions.
Super cooled liquids.

15. GLASS
Glass is an amorphous solid that soften over a range of temperature and can be moulded and blown into various shapes. Some glass objects from ancient civilisations are found to become milky in appearance because of some crystallisation. Like liquids, it has a tendency to flow, though very slowly. Therefore, sometimes these are called pseudo solids or super cooled liquids.

16. The Common type of silicate glasses, their ingredients and applications
Fused silica glass, vitreous silica glass, is silica (SiO2) in vitreous or glass form (i.e., its molecules are disordered and random, without crystalline structure). It has very low thermal expansion, is very hard, and resists high temperatures (1000–1500 °C). It is also the most resistant against weathering .
Soda-lime-silica glass, window glass: silica 72% + sodium oxide (Na2O) 14.2% + lime (CaO) 10.0% + magnesia (MgO) 2.5% + alumina (Al2O3) 0.6%. Is transparent, easily formed and most suitable for window glass.
Sodium borosilicate glass, Pyrex: silica 81% + boric oxide (B2O3) 12% + soda (Na2O) 4.5% + alumina (Al2O3) 2.0%. Stands heat expansion much better than window glass. Used for chemical glassware, cooking glass, car head lamps, etc. Low coefficient of thermal expansion making them dynamically stable

17. Lead-oxide glass, crystal glass: silica 59% + lead oxide (PbO) 25% + potassium oxide (K2O) 12% + soda (Na2O) 2.0% + zinc oxide (ZnO) 1.5% + alumina 0.4%. Because of its high density (resulting in a high electron density) it has a high refractive index, making the look of glassware more brilliant (called "crystal", though of course it is a glass and not a crystal). It also has a high elasticity, making glassware "ring". It is also more workable in the factory, but cannot stand heating very well.

18. Aluminosilicate glass: silica 57% + alumina 16% + lime 10% + magnesia 7.0% + barium oxide (BaO) 6.0% + boric oxide (B2O3) 4.0%. Extensively used for fibre glass, used for making glass-reinforced plastics (boats, fishing rods, etc.) and for halogen bulb glass.
Oxide glass: alumina 90% + germanium oxide (GeO2) 10%. Extremely clear glass, used for fiber-optic waveguides in communication networks. Light loses only 5% of its intensity through 1 km of glass fiber

21. Chalcogenide glass
 is a glass containing one or more chalcogens (sulfur, selenium and tellurium, but excluding oxygen). Such glasses are covalently bonded materials and may be classified as covalent network solids. 

22. CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
MOLECULAR SOLIDS:- Molecules are the constituent part.
Non polar molecular solids- H2, Cl2 and I2. Held together by weak London Forces.
Polar Molecular Solids: The molecules of substances like HCl, SO2,etc. are formed by polar covalent bonds.
Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Solids: The molecules of such solids contain polar covalent bonds between H and F, O or N atoms.Strong hydrogen bonding binds molecules of such solids like H2O(ice). They are non-conductors of electricity. Generally they are volatile liquids or soft solids under room temperature and pressure.

23. These solids are hard and brittle in nature.
IONIC SOLIDS
Such solids are formed by the three dimensional arrangements of cations and anions bound by strong coulombic (electrostatic) forces.
These solids are hard and brittle in nature.
They have high melting and boiling points.
Since they are not free to move about they are electrical insulators in solid state. But in molten state or when dissolved in water they conduct electricity

24. These free electrons are evenly distributed throughout the crystal.
METALLIC SOLIDS
Metals are orderly collection of positive ions surrounded by and held together by a sea of free electrons.
These free electrons are evenly distributed throughout the crystal.
Due to these free electrons metals have high electrical and thermal conductivities.
The lusture and colour of metals is also due to these free electrons.
Metals are malleable and ductile.

25. GOLD (Au)
Gold is rarely found in its pure form, as it is usually combined with silver in a natural alloy called electrum or silver-bearing gold. Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal of all, hence extremely thin sheets of it can be obtained.

26. Electrical Conductors
The elemental form of Silver (Ag) is the best metallic conductor under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. Even then it is not used as an ideal material because of its cost and also for the formation of Silver Oxide which is non conducting in nature.

27. Ten best metallic conductors
Silver(pure)
Copper(pure)
Gold (pure)
Aluminum
Zinc
Nickel
Brass
Bronze
Iron(pure)
Platinum
Steel (Carbonised)
Lead
Stainless Steel

28. COVALENT OR NETWORK SOLIDS
A wide variety of crystalline solids of non-metals result from the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent atoms throughout the crystal. They are also called giant molecules.
Covalent bonds are strong and directional in nature, therefore atoms are held very strongly at their positions.
Such solids are very hard and brittle.
They have extremely high melting points and may even decompose before melting.
They are insulators and do not conduct electricity.
Examples: Diamond, Silicon Carbide.etc.

29. GRAPHITE
Graphite is soft and a conductor of electricity. It is an allotrope of Carbon. The other being Diamond and Buckminister Fullerene etc.
Its exceptional properties are due to its typical structure.
Out of the four valance electrons, the three are covalently bonded with the carbons of the same layer. The fourth electron is situated in between the layers and is free to move. This is the reason for its electrical conductivity.
Different layers can slide over each other making it soft and a good solid lubricant.

31. DIAMOND Diamond is the metastable allotrope of carbon.
The carbon crystals are arranged in the variation of face centered cubic lattice known as the Diamond Lattice.
It has the highest hardness (both in Mohs and Vickers scale) and also the highest Thermal Conductivity. Hence used in industries such as cutting and polishing tools etc.
Because of its extremely rigid lattice, it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities, such as boron and nitrogen. Small amounts of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (lattice defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors).

33. The Mohs Scale
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.

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