AROS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

AROS Research Operating System
Icaros (AROS distribution) Desktop with Amiga 68K integration

Supported platforms IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC, m68k, ARM

License AROS Public License, various files entirely without a license, etc.

Official website aros.sourceforge.net

AROS Research Operating System (AROS - pronounced "AR-OS") is a free and open source multi media centric implementation of the AmigaOS 3.1 APIs. Designed to be portable and flexible, ports are currently available for x86-based and PowerPC-based PCs in native and hosted flavors, with other architectures in development. AROS, in a show of full circle, was also ported to the m68k-based Amiga 1200.

AROS Research Operating System Name and Identity
AROS used to mean Amiga Research Operating System, but to avoid any trademark issues with the Amiga name, it was changed to the recursive acronym AROS Research Operating System.

Used in the core AROS About and installer tools, it was also adopted by several AROS community sites and early distributions.

Other AROS identifiable symbols and logos are used around the cat shape, such as IcAROS logo which is stylised cat Eye, or AFA (Aros for Amiga).

AROS Research Operating System Current status
The project, started in 1995, has over the years become an almost "feature complete" implementation of AmigaOS - with currently (as of October 2008) only a few lacking areas of functionality. This was achieved by the efforts of a small team of developers.

It can currently be installed on most IBM PC compatibles, and features native graphics drivers for video cards such as the GeForce range made by Nvidia. As of May 2007 USB keyboards and mice are also supported. AROS has been ported to the Sam440ep PowerPC board and is also planned to run on Efika.

While the OS is still lacking in applications, a few have been ported, including E-UAE, an emulation program that allows 68k-native AmigaOS applications to run. Some AROS-specific applications have also been written. AROS has TCP/IP networking support, and has available an experimental version of AMosaic web browser, for test purposes, among other Internet-related applications. The Poseidon USB stack has been ported to AROS.

AROS is designed to be source-compatible with AmigaOS. On Amiga Hardware it is also binary-compatible, so that you can run binaries already compiled for AmigaOS 3. On x86 32-bit platforms Janus-UAE, an enhanced E-UAE, integrates Amiga emulation directly into AROS to run AmigaOS binaries nearly transparent to the user. Currently (as of August 2011) original AmigaOS 3 operating system files are required for the emulation.

The aim of AROS is to remain aloof of the legal and political spats that have plagued other AmigaOS implementations by being independent both of hardware and of any central control. The de facto motto of AROS, "No schedule and rocking" both lampoons the infamous words "On Schedule and Rockin'" from Amiga, Inc. CEO Bill McEwen, and declares a lack of the formal deadlines.

A workable AmigaOS kickstart clone for the Motorola processor was released on March 31, 2011 as part of a programming bounty. The memory requirement is 2 MB chip and 1 MB fast RAM. This software is a complete free open source alternative to AmigaOS.

AROS Research Operating System Distributions
The main AROS system files can be downloaded in many flavours from the project website. These files are compiled straight from the SVN source tree at night time, and are available as nightly builds. Nightlies also include some third party applications to allow people using the system to perform some very basic tasks.

AROS Research Operating System Distributions
For final/average user, like Linux, there are several distributions available:

AROS Research Operating System Icaros Desktop
Since April 2009 the name VMWAros has been changed into "Icaros Desktop" to avoid legal problems with any existing copyrighted Virtual Machine of any kind. Amiga 68K emulation integration, 3D acceleration for Nvidia cards and latest updates of applications can be found there. The latest version of Icaros Desktop is version (released May 09, 2013).

AROS Research Operating System Broadway
Broadway is a new distribution of AROS, which was started late 2009, and hopes to provide a simple and complete introduction to what AROS has to offer. Last version is 0.05, released June 14, It comes installed by default in the "Ares One Computer".

AROS Research Operating System AspireOS
AspireOS is a distribution, started in 2011 which is focused on Aspire One computers. Last version is 1.97 Update 4, codenamed "Revelation", released March 19, 2013.

AROS Research Operating System Influence to AmigaOS and MorphOS
Haage & Partner used little pieces of AROS source code for AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9. Large parts of MorphOS (DOS, Intuition and more) have been ported from AROS.

Solar sail - IKAROS 2010 Japan's JAXA successfully tested IKAROS in The goal was to deploy and control the sail and for the first time determining the minute orbit perturbations caused by light pressure. Orbit determination was done by the nearby AKATSUKI probe from which IKAROS detached after both had been brought into a transfer orbit to Venus. The total effect over the six month' flight was 100 m/s.

Solar sail - IKAROS 2010 The data showed that IKAROS appears to have been solar-sailing since 3 June when it deployed the sail.

Solar sail - IKAROS 2010 IKAROS has a diagonal spinning square sail 20 m (66 ft) made of a 7.5-micrometre ( mm) thick sheet of polyimide. The polyimide sheet had a mass of about 10 grams per square metre. A thin-film solar array is embedded in the sail. Eight LCD panels are embedded in the sail, whose reflectance can be adjusted for attitude control. IKAROS spent six months traveling to Venus, and then began a three-year journey to the far side of the Sun.

XForms - JavaRosa JavaRosa is an XForms client written in Java Mobile Edition (J2ME), and supports a wide array of devices, from top-end smart phones and PDAs with large screens and abundant memory, to low-end devices like the Nokia 6085 and Making JavaRosa usable on low-resource devices is one of the project's highest priorities. JavaRosa 1.0 Alpha was released in September 2010.

General surgery - Laparoscopic surgery

General surgery - Laparoscopic surgery
This is a relatively new specialty dealing with minimal access techniques using cameras and small instruments inserted through 0.3 to 1 cm incisions. Robotic surgery is now evolving from this concept . Gallbladders, appendices, and colons can all be removed with this technique. Hernias are now repaired mostly laparoscopically. Most bariatric surgery is performed laparoscopically. General surgeons that are trained today are expected to be proficient in laparoscopic procedures.

Urology - Laparoscopy Laparoscopy is a rapidly evolving branch of urology and has replaced some open surgical procedures

Cholecystectomy - Laparoscopic surgery
laparoscopic surgery|Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has now replaced open cholecystectomy as the first-choice of treatment for gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder unless there are contraindications to the laparoscopic approach. This is because open surgery leaves the patient more prone to infection. Sometimes, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy will be converted to an open cholecystectomy for technical reasons or safety.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy requires several small incisions in the abdomen to allow the insertion of operating ports, small cylindrical tubes approximately 5 to 10mm in diameter, through which surgical instruments and a video camera are placed into the abdominal cavity

To begin the operation, the patient is placed in the supine position on the operating table and anesthetized

A meta-analysis published by Pankaj Garg et al comparing conventional laparoscopic cholecystecomy to SILS Cholecystectomy demonstrated that SILS does have a cosmetic benefit over convention four-hole laparoscopic cholecystectomy while having no advantage in postoperative pain and hospital stay.

Blepharospasm A 'blepharospasm' (from Greek: blepharo, eyelid, and spasm, an uncontrolled muscle contraction), is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid.

Blepharospasm It normally refers to 'benign essential blepharospasm', a focal dystonia—a neurological movement disorder involving involuntary and sustained contractions of the muscles around the eyes

Blepharospasm Although strides have recently been made in early diagnosis, blepharospasm is often initially mis-diagnosed as allergies or dry eye syndrome. It is a fairly rare disease, affecting only one in every 20,000 people in the United States.

Blepharospasm - Symptoms
* Excessive blinking and spasming of the eyes, usually characterized by uncontrollable eyelid closure of durations longer than the typical blink reflex, sometimes lasting minutes or even hours.

* Uncontrollable contractions or twitches of the eye muscles and surrounding facial area. Some sufferers have twitching symptoms that radiate into the nose, face and sometimes, the neck area.

* Sensitivity to the sun and bright light

Blepharospasm - Causes
Some causes of blepharospasm have been identified; however, the causes of many cases of blepharospasm remain unknown, although some educated guesses are being made. Some blepharospasm patients have a history of dry eyes and/or light sensitivity, but others report no previous eye problems before onset of initial symptoms.

In addition to blepharospasm being a benzodiazepine withdrawal symptom, prolonged use of benzodiazepines can induce blepharospasm and is a known risk factor for the development of blepharospasm.

Blepharospasm may also come from abnormal functioning of the brain basal ganglia. Simultaneous dry eye and dystonias such as Meige's syndrome have been observed. Blepharospasms can be caused by concussions in some rare cases, when a blow to the back of the head damages the basal ganglia.

Multiple sclerosis can cause blepharospasm.

Blepharospasm - Treatment
* Drug therapy: Drug therapy for blepharospasm has proved generally unpredictable and short-termed. Finding an effective regimen for any patient usually requires trial and error over time.

* Botulinum toxin injections (Botox is a widely known example) have been used to induce localized, partial paralysis

* Surgery: Patients that do not respond well to medication or botulinum toxin injection are candidates for surgical therapy. The most effective surgical treatment has been protractor myectomy, the removal of muscles responsible for eyelid closure.

* Dark glasses are often worn because of sunlight sensitivity, as well as to hide the eyes from others.

* Stress management and support groups can help sufferers deal with the disease and prevent social isolation.

Karōshi , which can be translated literally from Japanese language|Japanese as 'death from overwork', is occupational sudden death. Although this category has a significant count, Japan is one of the few countries that reports it in the statistics as a separate category. The major medical causes of karōshi deaths are myocardial infarction|heart attack and stroke due to stress (biology)|stress.

Karōshi The first case of karōshi was reported in 1969 with the death from a stroke of a 29-year-old male worker in the shipping department of Japan's largest newspaper company. It was not until the later part of the 1980s, during the Japanese asset price bubble|Bubble Economy, however, when several high-ranking business corporate officer|executives who were still in their prime years suddenly death|died without any previous sign of illness, that the media began picking up on what appeared to be a new phenomenon

Karōshi Japan's rise from the devastation of World War II to economic prominence in the post-war decades has been regarded as the trigger for what has been called a new epidemic

Karōshi - Effects on society
Many will be prepared to work unpaid overtime to an extreme extent particularly as their young co-workers will often quit when a job is too strenuous. In some cases it has been proven that firms were aware of the poor health of an employee.

Karōshi - Effects on society
Meanwhile, death-by-overwork lawsuits have been on the rise in Japan, with the deceased person's relatives demanding Damages|compensation payments. However, before compensation can be awarded, the labour inspection office must acknowledge that the death was work-related. As this may take many years in detailed and time-consuming judicial hearings, many do not demand payment.

Karōshi - Government reaction
Japanese courts have awarded damages to relatives in cases of work overload induced stress or depression ending with the suicide of the employee when the Labour Standards Inspection Office rejected the plea for compensation.[ The linked article also mentions the practice of voluntary undocumented as leading to karōshi incidents.

Since there is a unique custom of in Japan, one can hardly find a steady new job if he/she quits or be fired halfway through the lifetime. Therefore, workers cannot decline working unpaid overtime.

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare published relevant statistics in 2007: 189 workers died, many from strokes or heart attacks, and about 208 more fell severely ill from overwork in the year to March, the highest figure on record and up 17.6% from the previous year

The Japanese government is now beginning to recognize the extent of responsibility that companies bear in overworking employees

Karōshi - Corporate response
A number of companies have been making an effort to find a better work-life balance for their employees

In 2007, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation|Mitsubishi UFJ Trust Banking, a division of Japan's largest banking group, started to allow employees to go home up to three hours early to care for children or elderly relatives. As of January 5, 2009, just 34 of the company's 7,000 employees have signed up for the plan.

The problem with unpaid overtime in companies is that the overtime is simply not recorded in many cases

Karōshi - Media attention
The French-German television|TV channel Arte showed a documentary called Alt in Japan (Old in Japan) on 6 November 2006 dealing with old age workers in Japan

Karōshi - Media attention
Karoshi has been published to some mobile platforms by YoYo Games.

Agarose An 'agarose' is a polysaccharide polymer material, generally extracted from seaweed. Agarose is a linear polymer made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose.[ Agar] at lsbu.ac.uk Water Structure and Science Agarose is one of the two principal components of agar, and is purified from agar by removing agar's other component, agaropectin.

Agarose Agarose is frequently used in molecular biology for the separation of large molecules, especially DNA, by Agarose gel electrophoresis|electrophoresis. Slabs of agarose gels (usually %) for electrophoresis are readily prepared by pouring the warm, liquid solution into a mold. A wide range of different agaroses, of varying molecular weights and properties are commercially available for this purpose.

Cell encapsulation - Agarose
Agarose is a polysaccharide derived from seaweed used for nanoencapsulation of cells and the cell/agrose suspensionVenkat Chokkalingam, Jurjen Tel, Florian Wimmers, Xin Liu, Sergey Semenov, Julian Thiele, Carl G

List of gliders - Jaroslav Koser|Koser
* Koser KB-2 Udarnik – Cener-Slanovec

* Koser KB-3 Jadran – Jaroslav Koser – Branko Ivanus Institute, Celovška cesta, Ljubljana

* Koser KB-9 Udarnik – Cener-Slanovec

Gel electrophoresis - Agarose
Agarose gels are easily cast and handled compared to other matrices, because the gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change. Samples are also easily recovered. After the experiment is finished, the resulting gel can be stored in a plastic bag in a refrigerator.

Instead high percentage agarose gels should be run with a Pulsed field gel electrophoresis|pulsed field electrophoresis (PFE), or field inversion electrophoresis.

Most agarose gels are made with between 0.7% (good separation or resolution of large 5–10kb DNA fragments) and 2% (good resolution for small 0.2–1kb fragments) agarose dissolved in electrophoresis buffer

Appendicitis - Laparoscopic surgery
The laparoscope is connected to a monitor outside the patient's body and it is designed to help the surgeon to inspect the infected area in the abdomen

Laparoscopic surgery also requires general anesthesia and it can last up to two hours.

The latest methods are Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery|NOTES appendectomy pioneered in Coimbatore, India where there is no incision on the external skin28 and SILS (Single incision laparoscopic Surgery) where a single 2.5cm incision is made to perform the surgery.

This finding was very significant to the appendicitis patients and now thousands of people every year survive.

AROS AROS, in a show of full circle, was also ported to the m68k-based Amiga

AROS - Current status The project, started in 1995, has over the years become an almost feature complete implementation of AmigaOS - with currently (as of October 2008) only a few lacking areas of functionality. This was achieved by the efforts of a small team of developers.

AROS - Current status While the OS is still lacking in applications, a few have been ported, including Unix Amiga Emulator|E-UAE, an emulation program that allows 68000|68k-native AmigaOS applications to run. Some AROS-specific applications have also been written. AROS has TCP/IP networking support, and has available an experimental version of AMosaic web browser, for test purposes, among other Internet-related applications. The Poseidon (USB stack)|Poseidon USB|USB stack has been ported to AROS.

AROS - Current status On IA-32|x86 32-bit platforms Janus-UAE, an enhanced E-UAE, integrates Amiga emulation directly into AROS to run AmigaOS m68k|68000 binaries nearly transparent to the user

AROS - Current status A workable AmigaOS Kickstart (Amiga)|kickstart clone for the Motorola processor was released on March 31, 2011 as part of a open source bounty|programming bounty.[ amiga.org - Kickstart ROM Replacement (Phase II) Assigned][ - power2people.org Kickstart ROM Replacement (Phase II)] The memory requirement is 2 MB chip and 1 MB fast RAM

AROS - Icaros Desktop Since April 2009 the name VMWAros has been changed into Icaros Desktop to avoid legal problems with any existing copyrighted Virtual Machine of any kind. Amiga 68K emulation integration, 3D acceleration for Nvidia cards and latest updates of applications can be found there. The latest version of Icaros Desktop is version (released May 09, 2013).

AROS - AspireOS AspireOS is a distribution, started in 2011 by Nikos Tomatsidis, which is focused on Acer Aspire One computers. Latest version is 1.98, codenamed Xenon, released July 2013.

AROS - Influence to AmigaOS and MorphOS
Haage Partner used little pieces of AROS source code for AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9.

AROS - Influence to AmigaOS and MorphOS
Large parts of MorphOS (AmigaDOS|DOS, Intuition (Amiga)|Intuition and more) have been ported from AROS.

Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro - Latin American Citaros
In Latin America, Citaros are not present in large quantities in public transport systems. Only Mexico has 14 Spanish-built Citaros for the BRT Internal System of UNAM.

Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro - Latin American Citaros
It is rumored that several public transport enterprises have plans to acquire Citaros in Mexico.

Frecciarossa 1000 - History and design
The V300 Zefiro was offered by Bombardier Transportation and AnsaldoBreda as a response to Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane|Ferrovie dello Stato's tender for 50 new high-speed trainsets; the design, a 200m long eight car non-articulated single decker train with distributed traction, was based on elements of Bombardier Transportation's Bombardier Zefiro|Zefiro and AnsaldoBreda's V250 train designs

The Trenitalia contract was awarded to the Bombardier/Ansaldo joint-venture in August 2010, for delivery into service in The bid was less expensive at €30.8m per train than the €35m per train cost given by the other bidder, Alstom. The contract value was €1.54bn of which Bombardier's share was €654m.

A mock up of the train (named 'Frecciarossa 1000') was unveiled at Rimini in August The train's design includes an active suspension system. The vehicles are expected to be operable on multiple European systems, with compatibility with the railway systems of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland claimed by FS..

On the 26th March 2013 the first trainset was unveiled during a public ceremony at the Ansaldo-Breda facilities in Pistoia. The train was named Pietro Mennea ( ), in memory of the Italian World Record holder of the 200 meter track from 1979 to The train will be now instrumented to undergo extensive testing in order to be certified to operate on the Italian high speed rail network at 360 km/h (225 mph).

An additional 49 trains are to be built and will gradually enter regular service starting from summer 2014.

Jaroslav Hřebík 'Jaroslav Hřebík' (born 16 December 1948 in Benešov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech Republic|Czech professional Association football|football coach and a former player.

Catania-Fontanarossa Airport
'Catania–Fontanarossa Airport' () also named as 'Vincenzo Bellini Airport', is an international[ airports-guides.com] airport located southwest of Catania, the second largest city on the Italy|Italian island of Sicily. The airport is named after the great opera composer Vincenzo Bellini who was born in Catania. It is the busiest airport in Sicily and the 6th busiest in Italy with passengers in 2013.

Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - History
Catania Airport's history dates back to 1924, when it was the region's very first airport

By the late 1940s, it was clear that the airport was fast running out of space and it was deemed necessary to relocate and in 1950, the new bigger and improved Catania Airport opened for business.

After 20 years of unexpected growth and high passengers levels, in 1981 it was once again necessary to restructure the airport to cope with demand. In order to cope with the increasing passengers figures, a new terminal, equipped with 22 gate (airport)|gates and 6 loading bridges, opened on May 8, 2007 replacing the old facilities.

Ryanair started to fly to Catania in 2013 but announced only one route to Catania while also starting operations with 3 routes to Comiso Airport, a newly opened in 2013 Airport only a few km to the south of Catania.[ Ryanair Announce Comiso January 2013]

Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - Security and controls
SAC SECURITY provides all the compulsory security and inspection services at the airport. In particular, it handles security and inspection/controls for departing and transiting passengers, enforces hand-baggage limits at the departure gates, and all other inspections/controls required by the airport authorities.

Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - Airlines and destinations
The current investment programme has ensured that Catania Fontanarossa Airport continues to look forward and plan for growth over the next ten years, implementing a whole new infrastructure and making many additions, including a panoramic restaurant, a new airside runway and further office space.

Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - Ground transportation
The airport is conveniently located close to the Autostrada A19 (Italy)|A19 Autostrada|motorway, which links Catania with Palermo and central Sicily, while the European route E45 runs to Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse in the south

Jiří Jarošík 'Jiří Jarošík' (born 27 October 1977) is a Czech Association football|footballer

Jiří Jarošík Jarošík played for the Czech Republic national football team|Czech national team, making 23 appearances without scoring between 2000 and 2005.

Jiří Jarošík - Early career
Born in Ústí nad Labem, then Czechoslovakia, Jarošík began his career with Sparta Prague in his native Czech Republic. He had a two-year loan spell at FC Slovan Liberec|Slovan Liberec before establishing himself in the first team at Sparta. Jarošík's appearances caught the eye of PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow, who paid a then Russian record of about $3.5 million to acquire him in 2003.

Jiří Jarošík - Chelsea On 6 January 2005, Jarošík was purchased by Premier League club Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea for an undisclosed fee, thought to be about £3 million. On 27 February, he started the 2005 Football League Cup Final|League Cup final, which Chelsea won 3-2 against Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool. Chelsea won the 2004–05 FA Premier League|2004–05 Premier League title and Jarošík made enough league appearances (14) to earn a championship medal.

Jiří Jarošík - Birmingham City
In August 2005, after Chelsea purchased Michael Essien, Jarošík found himself out of the first team and was loaned out to fellow Premier League side Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City on for the 2005–06 season

Jiří Jarošík - Celtic On 19 June 2006, Jarošík left Chelsea and signed a three-year deal with Scottish Premier League champions Celtic F.C.|Celtic for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be around the £2 million mark

Jiří Jarošík - Celtic Despite the signings of Massimo Donati and Scott Brown (Scottish footballer)|Scott Brown for the season, which made midfield competition even tighter than before, Jarošík remained with Celtic

Jiří Jarošík - Krylia Sovetov
On 31 January 2008, Jarošík signed for Russian side FC Krylia Sovetov Samara|Krylia Sovetov for a reported fee of €1 million.

Jiří Jarošík - Real Zaragoza
On 14 January 2010, Jarošík signed for Spanish side Real Zaragoza on a free transfer. He scored his first goal for the club with a header in a 1-1 draw with Atlético Madrid in a league match.

Jiří Jarošík - Sparta Prague
On 13 August 2011, Jarošík signed for his former club Sparta Prague as a free agent.

Jiří Jarošík - Deportivo Alavés
On 26 August 2013, Jarošík signed for Deportivo Alavés, a club that just promoted to the Spanish Second Division as a free agent. News about the transfer from the official webpage of Deportivo Alavés

Jiří Jarošík - International career
Jarošík has played 23 times for the Czech Republic national football team|Czech Rupublic national team, although he was not included in the squads for UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004, the 2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup or UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008.

*Scottish Premier League (1): 2007
Jiří Jarošík - Honours *Scottish Premier League (1): 2007

IKAROS 'IKAROS' ('Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun') is a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) experimental spacecraft. The spacecraft was launched on 21 May 2010, aboard an H-IIA rocket, together with the Akatsuki (probe)|Akatsuki (Venus Climate Orbiter) probe and four other small spacecraft. IKAROS is the first spacecraft to successfully demonstrate solar-sail technology in interplanetary space.

IKAROS On 8 December 2010, IKAROS passed by Venus at about distance, completing the planned mission successfully, and entered its extended operation phase.

IKAROS - Purpose The IKAROS probe is the world's first spacecraft to use solar sailing as the main propulsion. It plans to demonstrate four key technologies (comments in parentheses refer to figure):

IKAROS - Purpose #Deployment and control of a large, thin solar sail membrane (blue areas numbered 3)

IKAROS - Purpose #Thin-film solar cells integrated into the sail to power the payload (black rectangles numbered 4)

IKAROS - Purpose #Measurement of acceleration due to radiation pressure on the solar sail

IKAROS - Purpose #Attitude control via variable reflectance liquid crystal panels (orange rectangles numbered 2)

IKAROS - Purpose The mission also includes investigations of aspects of interplanetary space, such as gamma-ray bursts, solar wind and cosmic dust.

IKAROS - Purpose The probe's ALADDIN instrument (ALDN-S and ALDN-E) measured the variation in dust density while its Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) measured the Polarization (waves)|polarization of gamma-ray bursts during its six month cruise.

IKAROS - Purpose If successful, IKAROS is to be followed by a sail, intended to journey to Jupiter and the Jupiter Trojan|Trojan asteroids, later in the decade.

IKAROS - Design The square sail, deployed via a spinning motion using tip masses (key item 1 in figure at right), is on the diagonal and is made of a thick sheet of polyimide (key item 3 in figure at right)

IKAROS - Mission progress
IKAROS was successfully launched together with Akatsuki (probe)|Akatsuki (the Venus Climate Orbiter) aboard an H-IIA rocket from the Tanegashima Space Center on 21 May 2010.

IKAROS spun at 20–25revolutions per minute and finished unfurling its sail on 10 June The craft contains two tiny ejectable cameras, DCAM1 and DCAM2. DCAM2 was used to visualise the sail after deployment on 14 July One of those photos was considered in 2013 by Discovery News as one of the best space robot selfies.

Acceleration and Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)|attitude (orientation) control were successfully tested during the remaining six month voyage to Venus. On 9 July 2010, JAXA confirmed that IKAROS is being accelerated by its solar sail, and on 23 July announced successful attitude control.

IKAROS continues to spin at approximately 2 Revolutions per minute|rpm, requiring the LCD panels to be cycled at that rate for attitude control.

According to JAXA, IKAROS finished all planned experiments in Dec 2010, but the mission has continued beyond that date in order to enhance the skill of controlling solar sail. On November 30, 2012, JAXA announced that IKAROS had been recognized by Guinness World Records as the world’s first solar sail spacecraft between planets, and that its two separated cameras, DCAM1 and DCAM2, had been recognized as the smallest size of a spacecraft flying between planets.

IKAROS - Science results
From the gamma-ray polarization data of GAP, Toma et al puts a stricter limit on CPT symmetry#CPT violation|CPT violation. It is an improvement of eight orders of magnitude over previous limits.

Saros (astronomy) The 'saros' is a period of 223 synodic months (approximately days, or 18 years and 11⅓ days), that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. One saros after an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to approximately the same relative geometry, and a nearly identical eclipse will occur, in what is referred to as an eclipse cycle. A 'sar' is one half of a saros.

Saros (astronomy) - History
The Sumerian/Babylonian word šár was one of the ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement and as a number appears to have had a value of 3600.Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary, 2001 The name saros () was first given to the eclipse cycle by Edmond Halley in 1691, who took it from the Suda, a Byzantine lexicon of the 11th century.The Suda entry is online [ here]

Saros (astronomy) - History
Mechanical calculation of the cycle is built into the Antikythera mechanism.

Saros (astronomy) - Description
The saros, a period of days (14 common years + 4 leap years days, or 13 common years + 5 leap years days), is useful for predicting the times at which nearly identical eclipses will occur, and derives from three periodicities of the lunar orbit: the month#Synodic month|synodic month, the month#Draconic month|draconic month, and the month#Anomalistic month|anomalistic month

Therefore, even though the relative geometry of the Earth-Sun-Moon system will be nearly identical after a saros, the Moon will be in a different position with respect to the stars

This period of three saroses (54 years 1 month, or almost full days), is known as a 'triple saros' or exeligmos (Greek language|Greek: turn of the wheel).

Saros (astronomy) - Saros series
The saros is based on the recognition that 223 synodic months approximately equal to 242 draconic months and 239 anomalistic months. However, as this relationship is not perfect, the geometry of two eclipses separated by one saros will differ slightly. In particular, the place where the Sun and Moon come in conjunction shifts westward by about 0.5° with respect to the Moon's nodes every saros, and this gives rise to a series of eclipses, called a 'saros series', that slowly change in appearance.

At any given time, approximately 40 different saros series will be in progress.

For solar eclipses, (in 2003) the 39 series numbered between 117 and 155 are active, whereas for lunar eclipses, there are now 41 active saros series.

Saros (astronomy) - Relationship between lunar and solar saros (sar)
After a given lunar or solar eclipse, after 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros) an eclipse will occur that is lunar instead of solar, or vice versa, with similar properties

FileNet - Acquisition of Watermark, Saros and Greenbar
FileNet acquired Saros Corporation in 1995 for its electronic document management

FileNet - Acquisition of Watermark, Saros and Greenbar
In the mid-1990s, FileNet's WorkFlo Business System had evolved into Visual WorkFlo, one of the first workflow solutions with a graphical interface for process modeling.

Combat Mission (computer game series) - Combat Mission: Barbarossa to Berlin
Barbarossa to Berlin shows various improvements over its predecessor in the fields of graphics and user interface

Combat Mission (computer game series) - Combat Mission: Barbarossa to Berlin
Tanks have a shoot and scoot command, letting the player define a fire position and a retreat position for his tanks. Barbarossa to Berlin is the only game in the series that allows the player to fight in big factories and use sewers. Nationalities included are German, Italian, Soviet, Hungarian, Romanian (both as Allies and Axis), Finnish, Polish and non-nation specific Partisans.

ClearOS ClearOS 5.1 removes previous limitations to mail, DMZ, and MultiWAN functions.

ClearOS As of the ClearOS 6.1 release, the distribution is a full-featured Operating System for servers and workstations built from source packages for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

* Stateful firewall (iptables), networking and security
ClearOS - Features * Stateful firewall (iptables), networking and security

* Intrusion detection and prevention system (Snort (software)|SNORT)
ClearOS - Features * Intrusion detection and prevention system (Snort (software)|SNORT)

* Virtual private networking (IPSEC, PPTP, OpenVPN)
ClearOS - Features * Virtual private networking (IPSEC, PPTP, OpenVPN)

ClearOS - Features * Web proxy, with content filtering and antivirus (Squid (software)|Squid, DansGuardian)

ClearOS - Features * File and print services (Samba (software)|Samba and Common Unix Printing System|CUPS)

ClearOS - Features * Flexshares (unified multi-protocol storage which currently employs CIFS, HTTP/S, FTP/S, and SMTP)

* MultiWAN (Internet fault tolerant design)
ClearOS - Features * MultiWAN (Internet fault tolerant design)

ClearOS - Features * Built-in reports for system statistics and services (MRTG and others)

ClearOS - Awards and recognition
*August 2009: ClearCenter wins 'Best New Product' at CompTIA Breakaway.

ClearOS - Awards and recognition
*August 2010: ClearCenter repeats win for 'Best New Product' at CompTIA Breakaway.

Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin
'Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin' is a turn-based computer game about tactical battles in World War II. It is part of the Combat Mission (computer game series)|Combat Mission series. The game has been described as the reigning champ of east front tactical warfare for the PC. Prouty, Kevin Platform Comparison: Combat Mission: Barbarossa to Berlin vs. Panzer Command (Tactical Wargamer's Journal, Issue 1, ISSN )

Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin - Features
Barbarossa to Berlin is both a complement to the earlier Combat Mission: Beyond Overlord, in that it presented a different theatre of war, as well as a sequel, by way of improving game features and adding new ones. The playable nations are: Nazi Germany, Soviet Union, Romania (pre- and post- defection), Hungary, Finland, Poland (under Soviet command) and Italy.

Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin - Features
In order to conform to German law, depictions of the swastika were removed. Additionally, all Waffen SS units were renamed Waffen Grenadier.

Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin - Demo
A playable public Game demo|demo is offered by Battlefront.com. The demo did not include access to the mission editor, but did permit solo, hotseat, or TCP/IP play of two pre-made scenarios.

Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin - Alternate titles
The game was originally released as Combat Mission: Barbarossa to Berlin; it was known in Europe as Combat Mission 2.

Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin - Alternate titles
A Special Edition, known as Combat Mission II: Barbarossa to Berlin (Special Edition) was released with a bonus disc which included graphic Mod (computer gaming)|mods and additional scenarios collected from designers within the CM community.

Miltiades - Expedition at Paros
His true motivations were to attack Paros, feeling he had been slighted by them in the past.Creasy (1880) pg

FAST Search Server 2010 for SharePoint - PHAROS
The European Commission (EC) is funding the research project “The Platform for Search of Audiovisual Resources Across Online Spaces” (PHAROS). The mission of PHAROS is to transform audiovisual search from a point-solution search engine model to an integrated search platform paradigm, incorporating future user and search requirements as key design principles.

Great Patriotic War - Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941
Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June The Germans wrecked the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine Soviet communications.

Panicky transmissions from Soviet front-line units to their command headquarters were picked up like this one:

We are being fired upon. What shall we do?

The answer was just as confusing:

You must be insane. And why is your signal not in code?Reagan, Geoffrey. Military Anecdotes (1992) p. 210, Guiness Publishing ISBN

At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, 99 of 190 German divisions, including fourteen panzer divisions and ten motorized, were deployed against the Soviet Union from the Baltic to the Black Sea

Army Group North's objective was Saint Petersburg|Leningrad via the Baltic States

Army Group Centre's two panzer groups (2nd Panzer Group|2nd and 3rd Panzer Group|3rd), advanced to the north and south of Brest-Litovsk and converged east of Minsk, followed by the 2nd Army (Wehrmacht)|2nd, 4th Army (Wehrmacht)|4th, and 9th Army (Wehrmacht)|9th Armies

Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)

Army Group South, with the 1st Panzer Group, the 6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th, 11th Army (Wehrmacht)|11th and 17th Army (Wehrmacht)|17th Armies, was tasked with advancing through Galicia (Central Europe)#Second World War and Distrikt Galizien|Galicia and into Ukraine

As the Red Army withdrew behind the Dnieper and Daugava River|Dvina rivers, the Soviet Stavka (the high command), turned its attention to evacuating as much of the western regions' industry as it could

Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to initiate a scorched earth policy to deny Germans and their allies basic supplies as they moved eastward

French Communist Party - Before Operation Barbarossa (1939-June 1941)
Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939, forming an uneasy alliance between both ideological rivals. The non-aggression pact between the Nazis and Moscow dismayed many French communists, a number of whom rejected the pact. A fifth of the PCF's caucus left the party, forming a dissident parliamentary group.

Shortly after France entered World War II in September 1939, the PCF was declared a proscribed organisation by Édouard Daladier's government

Domestically, the PCF led anti-war actions, but although the party published pacifist propaganda for soldiers they stopped short of inciting desertion

After the German invasion of France in 1940 and the ensuing Nazi occupation of France, the relationship between the Communists and the German occupiers fluctuated

Simultaneously, however, many communists and PCF cells reorganized clandestinely and began organizing opposition to the Germans and Philippe Pétain's regime in Vichy

Barbary Pirates - Oruç Barbarossa
The eldest Barbarossa also went on a rampage through Algiers in 1516, and captured the town with the help of the Ottoman Empire

Barbary Pirates - Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa
Barbaros Hızır Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 of a fever, possibly the plague.

Barossa Valley (wine) This led to a renaissance in the Barossa which catapulted the region to the forefront of the Australian wine industry.J

Barossa Valley (wine) Harding A Wine Miscellany pg 20, Clarkson Potter Publishing, New York 2005 ISBN Other grape varieties grown in the Barossa include Grenache, Mourvedre, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Chardonnay and Semillon.A

Barossa Valley (wine) - History
The early years of the Barossa winemaking ushered in a long period of trial and error for while the settlers were skilled farmers, their previous homeland of Silesia had little to no winemaking tradition.H

Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN Most of the grapes produced in the Barossa Valley during this time was used as part of anonymous blends with the name Barossa Valley rarely appearing on wine labels.

In the words of Master of Wine Jancis Robinson, the Barossa Valley became Australia's quintessential wine region.

Barossa Valley (wine) - Climate and geography
Rainfall during the growing season averages only around 6.3 inches (160mm), with average relative humidity around 39%,Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation [ Barossa Valley] Official Site, Australian Government

Barossa Valley (wine) - Viticulture and winemaking
The increased water stress (vine)|water stress of the practice, coupled with the naturally reduced yields (wine)|yields of old vines, tends to produce the most deeply concentrated (wine)|concentrated grapes in the valley which often go into the Barossa's most expensive and sought after wines

Barossa Valley (wine) - Viticulture and winemaking
The extensive use of oak is also a characteristic of Barossa winemaking with American oak, with its more aggressive dill and coconut aroma notes, often used more than French oak.

Barossa Valley (wine) - Grapes and wine
Many of these vines are remnants of the Barossa's fortified wine history and such have substantial age themselves.

Barossa Valley (wine) - Grapes and wine
Barossa Chardonnay is often oaked and subjected to malolactic fermentation which produces a big, full body creamy wine.

Pharos of Alexandria The 'Lighthouse of Alexandria', sometimes called the 'Pharos of Alexandria' (in Ancient Greek, ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας), was a lofty tower built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom between 280 and 247 BC and between tall, it was one of the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries, and was regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Pharos of Alexandria - Origin
Pharos was a small island just off the coast of the Nile Delta's western edge. In 332 BC when Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria on an isthmus opposite to Pharos, he caused the island to be united to the coast by a mole (architecture)|mole nearly a mile long (1260 m) called the Heptastadion (seven stadia—a stadium was a Greek unit of length measuring approximately 180m).

The east side of the mole became the Great Harbour, now an open bay; on the west side lay the port of Eunostos, with its inner basin Kibotos, now vastly enlarged to form the modern harbour.

Today's city development lying between the present Grand Square and the modern Ras al-Tiin quarter is built on the silt which gradually widened and obliterated this mole, and Ras al-Tiin represents all that is left of the island of Pharos, the site of the lighthouse at its eastern point having been weathered away by the sea.

Pharos of Alexandria - Construction
The lighthouse was constructed in the 3rd century BC

Pharos of Alexandria - Construction
Strabo reported that Sostratus of Cnidus|Sostratus had a dedication inscribed in metal letters to the Saviour Gods. Later Pliny the Elder wrote that Sostratus was the architect, which is disputed. In the second century AD the satirist Lucian wrote that Sostratus inscribed his name under plaster bearing the name of Ptolemy. This was so that when the plaster with Ptolemy's name fell off, Sostratus's name would be visible in the stone.

Pharos of Alexandria - Height and description
Judith McKenzie writes that The Arab descriptions of the lighthouse are remarkably consistent, although it was repaired a number of times especially after earthquake damage. The height they give varies only fifteen per cent from c 103 to 118m, on a base c. 30 by 30m square... the Arab authors indicate a tower with three tapering tiers, which they describe as square, octagonal and circular, with a substantial ramp.

The fullest description of the lighthouse comes from the Arab traveler Abou Haggag Youssef Ibn Mohammed el-Balawi el-Andaloussi, who visited the Pharos as a tourist in AH 561 (AD 1166 AD).Clayton Price 1988, p. 153.

The Pharos' masonry blocks were interlocked, sealed together using molten lead, to withstand the pounding of the waves.Beaver, Patrick (1971)

Pharos of Alexandria - Destruction
In 796, the lighthouse may have lost its upper tier, which apparently went without repair for about a century. There are reports that Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun ( ) then built a mosque with a dome in place of the upper tier, but this seems to conflict with travelling geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi's report that the structure still operated as a lighthouse on his visit in 1115 AD.

Pharos of Alexandria - Destruction
The lighthouse was badly damaged in the earthquake of 956, and then again in 1303 and The two earthquakes in 1303 and 1323 damaged the lighthouse to the extent that the Arab traveller Ibn Battuta reported no longer being able to enter the ruin (when he visited it in 1349). Finally the stubby remnant disappeared in 1480, when the then-Sultan of Egypt, Qaitbay, built a Citadel of Qaitbay|medieval fort on the larger platform of the lighthouse site using some of the fallen stone.

Pharos of Alexandria - Recent archaeological research
French archaeologists led by Jean-Yves Empereur discovered remains of the lighthouse in late 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour

Pharos of Alexandria - Significance
Pharos became the etymological origin of the word 'lighthouse' in Greek (φάρος), Persian (Fānūs - فانوس), many Romance languages such as French (phare), Italian and Spanish (faro), Romanian (far) and Portuguese (farol), and even some Slavic languages like Bulgarian (far). In Russian, a derived word means headlight (fara - фара).

Pharos of Alexandria - Significance
In 2008 it was suggested[ DIO volume 14] pages 3-12 and page 2 footnote. that the Pharos was the vertical yardstick used in the first precise measurement of the size of the earth.

Pharos of Alexandria - Pharos in culture
The lighthouse remains a civic symbol of the city of Alexandria and of the Alexandria Governorate with which the city is more or less coterminous. A stylised representation of the Lighthouse appears on the flag and seal of the Governorate and on many public services of the city, including the seal of Alexandria University.

Pharos of Alexandria - In architecture
It dates to the reign of Ptolemy II (285–246 BC), and is therefore likely to have been built at about the same time as the Alexandria Pharos.

* The design of minarets in many early Egyptian Islamic mosques followed a similar three-stage design to that of the Pharos, attesting to the building's broader architectural influence.Petersen A.: Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, page 188. Routledge, 1996.

* The George Washington Masonic National Memorial is fashioned after the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt.*Ferris, Gary W. Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of U.S. Presidents. Winston-Salem, N.C.: J.F. Blair, p.21

Pharos of Alexandria - In books
In view of this, Caesar took the precaution of landing his troops while the enemy was preoccupied with fighting, seized the Pharos and posted a garrison there

*The Romano-Jewish historian Josephus (37 – c.100 AD) describes it in his book The Jewish War (4.10.5) when he gives a geographical overview of Egypt.

*It was described at length in the Zhufan Zhi (諸蕃志, Records of Foreign Peoples) by Zhao Rugua (1170–1228), a History of China|Chinese customs inspector for the port city of Quanzhou during the Song Dynasty.Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 662.

History of Uruguay - Tupamaros guerrillas
An urban guerrilla movement known as the Tupamaros formed in the early 1960s, first robbing banks and distributing food and money in poor neighborhoods, then undertaking political kidnappings and attacks on security forces. Their efforts succeeded in first embarrassing, and then destabilizing, the government.

History of Uruguay - Tupamaros guerrillas
The US Office of Public Safety (OPS) began operating in Uruguay in The US OPS trained Uruguayan police and intelligence in policing and interrogration techniques. The Uruguayan Chief of Police Intelligence, Alejandro Otero, told a Brazilian newspaper in 1970 that the OPS, especially the head of the OPS in Uruguay, Dan Mitrione, had instructed the Uruguayan police how to torture suspects, especially with electrical implements.

Kontinental Hockey League - Yaroslavl air disaster (2011)
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl was forced to withdraw from the KHL season, but later played part of the Russian Major League|VHL season and returned to the KHL in 2012

Barotrauma - Barosinusitis
The sinuses similar to other air filled cavities are susceptible to barotrauma if their openings become obstructed. This can result in pain as well as epistaxis.

Bandura - Folk or Starosvitska Bandura
The 'Starosvitska bandura|Starosvitska' or 'authentic traditional banduras': also sometimes referred to as classical or old-time bandura.

These instruments usually have some 20–23 Strings (music)|strings and are handmade, with no two instruments being exactly the same. The backs are usually hewn out of a single piece of wood. Wooden pegs hold the strings, which are tuned diatonically. Traditionally these instruments had gut strings, however, at the beginning of the 20th century common performance practice changed over to steel strings.

There has been a revival in interest in authentic performance in Ukraine, spearheaded by Heorhy Tkachenko and his followers—notably Mykola Budnyk, Kost Cheremsky, Mykola Tovkailo, Mykhilo Khai and Jurij Fedynskyj.

Several notable, present day makers of the instrument include the late Mykola Budnyk, Mykola Tovkailo, Rusalim Kozlenko, Vasyl Boyanivsky, Jurij Fedynskyj, and Bill Vetzal.

Jaroslav Vanek 'Jaroslav Vaněk' (born 1930, Prague) is an economist and Professor Emeritus of Cornell University known for his research on economics of participation (labour-managed firms, worker cooperatives) and, in his earlier career, on the theory of international trade.

Jaroslav Vanek He graduated (matura) from a high-school in Prague, and left/emigrated shortly after the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948|communist putsch of He received his diploma in statistics, mathematics and economics at the Sorbonne (1952), and a postgraduate degree in economics at the University of Geneva (1954). In 1955 he left for the US, where in 1957 he received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Jaroslav Vanek In 1964 he became professor of economics, and in 1969 of the international economics at Cornell University, where he directed from 1970 his program Participation and Labor Managed Systems, he also worked on strategies for its implementation in post-communist countries (1990s).

Jaroslav Vanek He was a visiting professor at the Belgrade's Institute of Economics (Belgrade)|Institute of Economics (1972), the Université catholique de Louvain|Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium (1974), the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study|Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (1975-6) and the International Institute of Social Studies in The Hague (1978).

Jaroslav Vanek In 1971, Vaněk worked as an advisor to the government of Peru and in to the Prime Minister of Turkey. In addition, he advised a number of economics of participation|participatory enterprises/employee-owned company|employee-owned companies worldwide. In 1986 he founded and since directs the STEVEN Foundation (Sustainable Technology and Energy for Vital Economic Needs) that develops technologies suitable for the developing countries.

Jaroslav Vanek He was an important contributor to the Heckscher–Ohlin model, which provides a macroeconomic attempt of explanation of international trade and countries' specializations.

Jaroslav Vanek Vaněk wrote The General Theory of Labour-Managed Market Economies,Jaroslav Vanek

Jaroslav Vanek - Publications
* The Natural Resource Content of U.S. Foreign Trade, , MIT Press, 1963

* General Equilibrium of International Discrimination: The Case of Customs Unions, Harvard University Press, 1965

* Estimating foreign resource needs for economic development: theory, method, and a case study of Colombia, with Richard Bilsborrow, McGraw-Hill, 1967

* Producer Co-operatives and Labor-managed Systems, Edward Elgar, 1968

* General Theory of Labor-managed Market Economies, Cornell University Press, 1970available [ online]

* Participatory Economy: An Evolutionary Hypothesis and a Strategy for Development, Cornell University Press, 1971, 1975

* (editor) Self-Management: Economic Liberation of Man, Penguin Books, 1975

* The Labor-Managed Economy: Essays, Cornell University Press, 1977

* Crisis and Reform: East and West, Essays in Social Economy, private publication, 1989in Slovak: Kríza a reforma: Východ a západ, Eseje o sociálnej ekonomike, translated by Jaroslava Perlakiová. Bratislava 1990in Czech: Krize a reforma: Východ a Západ, Eseje o společenské ekonomice, translated by Jan Sýkora, Prague 1990

* Unified Theory of Social Systems: A Radical Christian Analysis, Emeritus Publications, Cornell University, 2000available [ online]

Glottochronology - Starostin's method
Another attempt to introduce such modifications was performed by the Russian linguist Sergei Starostin, who had proposed that

* systematic loanwords, borrowed from one language into another, are a disruptive factor and have to be eliminated from the calculations; the one thing that really matters is the native replacement of items by items from the same language

* the rate of change is not really constant, but actually depends on the time period during which the word has existed in the language (i. e. chances of lexeme X being replaced by lexeme Y increase in direct proportion to the time elapsed – the so-called aging of words, empirically understood as gradual erosion of the word's primary meaning under the weight of acquired secondary ones);

* individual items on the 100 wordlist have different stability rates (for instance, the word I generally has a much lower chance of being replaced than the word yellow, etc.).

The resulting formula, taking into account both the time dependence and the individual stability quotients, looks as follows:

The formula is obviously more complicated than Swadesh's original one, but, as shown in Starostin's work, yields more credible results than the former (and more or less agrees with all the cases of language separation that can be confirmed by historical knowledge)

'Paul LaRosa' is a CBS News Television producer|producer and author.

Paul LaRosa - Early life
LaRosa was born in East HarlemLore Croghan, [ “Bronx tale: Ex-Newser Paul LaRosa’s memoir recalls youth in Soundview housing project,”] New York Daily News, April 27, 2012

Paul LaRosa - Early life
Prior to Fordham he studied at Cardinal Hayes High School in the Bronx.

Paul LaRosa - Career Following his graduation from Fordham University, LaRosa was employed at the Daily News from 1975 until 1990,Jotham Sederstrom, [ “Reporter’s Crime Expose A Hit,”] New York Daily News, January 15, 2006

Paul LaRosa - Career In 1992, he began working at CBS News, soon producing stories for 48 Hours (TV series)|48 Hours.Marisa Guthrie, [ “How to write a ‘Mystery’,”] New York Daily News, April 21, 2007

Paul LaRosa - Awards In 1983, as a Daily News reporter, LaRosa was named co-winner of the Meyer Berger|Meyer Berger Award, along with Anna Quindlen of the New York Times.[ “Winners of the Mike Berger Award,”] journalism.columbia.edu

Paul LaRosa - Awards He won a 2002 Emmy Award as a producer for the CBS documentary 9/11 (film)|9/11.[ 9/11,] Emmys.com

Paul LaRosa - Memoir * Leaving Story Avenue: My Journey From the Projects to the Front Page (2012, Park Slope Publishing)

Paul LaRosa - True crime
* Nightmare in Napa: The Wine Country Murders (2007, Pocket Star)

Paul LaRosa - True crime
* Tacoma Confidential: A True Story of Murder, Suicide, and a Police Chief’s Secret Life (2006, Signet Books|Signet)

Paul LaRosa - Television
* 48 Hours Mystery#48 Hours Investigates.2FMystery|48 Hours Mystery – Producer – various episodes (1993 – current, CBS)

* Survivor (U.S. TV series)|Survivor – Producer – “Surviving Survivor” special – (2010, CBS)

* “All Access Grammy Special” – Producer (2009, CBS)

Chiaroscuro It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects and figures.Glossary of the National Gallery, London [ (accessed 23 October 2011) Similar effects in cinema and photography also are called chiaroscuro

Chiaroscuro Further related specialized uses of the term include chiaroscuro woodcut, for coloured woodcuts printed with different blocks, each using a different coloured ink; and chiaroscuro drawing for drawings on coloured paper with drawing in a dark medium and white highlighting.

Chiaroscuro - Origin in the chiaroscuro drawing
Such works used to be called 'chiaroscuro drawings', but are more often described in modern museum terminology by such formulae as pen on prepared paper, heightened with white bodycolour.[ Some examples] from Tate Britain Chiaroscuro woodcuts began as imitations of this technique.David Landau Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, pp ; Yale, 1996, ISBN discusses these at length

Chiaroscuro - Chiaroscuro modelling
The more technical use of the term chiaroscuro is the effect of light modelling in painting, drawing, or printmaking, where three-dimensional volume is suggested by the value gradation of colour and the analytical division of light and shadow shapes—often called shading

To further complicate matters, however, the compositional chiaroscuro of the contrast between model and background probably would not be described using this term, as the two elements are almost completely separated

Chiaroscuro modelling now is taken for granted, but had some opponents; the English portrait miniaturist Nicholas Hilliard cautioned in his treatise on painting against all but the minimal use we see in his works, reflecting the views of his patron Queen Elizabeth I of England: seeing that best to show oneself needeth no shadow of place but rather the open light..

In drawings and prints, modelling chiaroscuro often is achieved by the use of hatching, or shading by parallel lines. Washes, stipple or dotting effects, and surface tone in printmaking are other techniques.

Chiaroscuro - Chiaroscuro woodcuts
After some early experiments in book-printing, the true chiaroscuro woodcut conceived for two blocks was probably first invented by Lucas Cranach the Elder in Germany in 1508 or 1509, though he backdated some of his first prints and added tone blocks to some prints first produced for monochrome printing, swiftly followed by Hans Burgkmair the Elder.Landau and Parshall, ; Renaissance Impressions: Chiaroscuro Woodcuts from the Collections of Georg Baselitz and the Albertina, Vienna, Royal Academy, London, March–June 2014, exhibition guide

Chiaroscuro - Chiaroscuro woodcuts
In Italy, chiaroscuro woodcuts were produced without keyblocks to achieve a very different effect.David Landau Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, pp

Chiaroscuro - Compositional chiaroscuro to Caravaggio
She described the infant Jesus as emitting light; depictions increasingly reduced other light sources in the scene to emphasize this effect, and the Nativity remained very commonly treated with chiaroscuro through to the Baroque

Chiaroscuro - Compositional chiaroscuro to Caravaggio
1523), Giovanni Baglione (1566–1643), and Caravaggio (1573–1610), the last of whom was crucial in developing the style of tenebrism, where dramatic chiaroscuro becomes a dominant stylistic device.

Chiaroscuro - 17th and 18th centuries
Artemisia Gentileschi ( ), a Baroque artist who was a follower of Caravaggio, was also an outstanding exponent of tenebrism and chiaroscuro.

A particular genre that developed was the nocturnal scene lit by candlelight, which looked back to earlier northern artists such as Geertgen tot Sint Jans and more immediately, to the innovations of Caravaggio and Elsheimer

Rembrandt's own interest in effects of darkness shifted in his mature works. He relied less on the sharp contrasts of light and dark that marked the Italian influences of the earlier generation, a factor found in his mid-seventeenth-century etchings. In that medium he shared many similarities with his contemporary in Italy, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, whose work in printmaking led him to invent the monotyping|monotype.

At the end of the century Fuseli and others used a heavier chiaroscuro for romantic effect, as did Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix and others in the nineteenth century.

Chiaroscuro - Use of the term
The French use of the term, clair-obscur, was introduced by the seventeenth-century art-critic Roger de Piles in the course of a famous argument (Débat sur le coloris), on the relative merits of drawing and colour in painting (his Dialogues sur le coloris, 1673,Le rubénisme en Europe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Volume 16 of Museums at the Crossroads, Michèle-Caroline Heck, University of Michigan, Brepols, 2005 was a key contribution to the Débat).

In English, the Italian term has been used since at least the late seventeenth century. The term is less frequently used of art after the late nineteenth century, although the Expressionist and other modern movements make great use of the effect.

As the Tate puts it: Chiaroscuro is generally only remarked upon when it is a particularly prominent feature of the work, usually when the artist is using extreme contrasts of light and shade.[ Tate Glossary]

Chiaroscuro - Cinema and photography
Chiaroscuro also is used in cinematography to indicate extreme low-key and high-contrast lighting to create distinct areas of light and darkness in films, especially in black and white films

Eugene Smith, Josef Koudelka, Garry Winogrand, Lothar Wolleh, Annie Leibovitz, Floria Sigismondi, and Ralph Gibson may be considered some of the modern masters of chiaroscuro in documentary photography.

Perhaps the most direct intended use of chiaroscuro in filmmaking would be Stanley Kubrick's Barry Lyndon.Victorian Studies Bulletin

Much of the celebrated film noir tradition relies on techniques Toland perfected in the early thirties that are related to chiaroscuro (though high-key lighting, stage lighting, frontal lighting, and other effects are interspersed in ways that diminish the chiaroscuro claim).

Chiaroscuro in modelling; paintings
Chiaroscuro - Gallery Chiaroscuro in modelling; paintings

Chiaroscuro as a major element in composition: painting
Chiaroscuro - Gallery Chiaroscuro as a major element in composition: painting

Jaroslav Róna 'Jaroslav Róna' (born April 27, 1957, Prague) is a Czech sculptor, painter, actor, educator, and writer.[ Jaroslav Róna website]

Jaroslav Róna - Works *Franz Kafka bronze statue, Dusni Street (Holy Spirit Street), historic Jewish Quarter, Prague;[ Eighty years after his death, Franz Kafka finally has a statue in Prague], Pavla Horáková, ,

Jaroslav Róna - Works a Czech Radio webpage inspired by the events in the Description of a Struggle

Jaroslav Róna - Works *The Angel Award (Czech music)|Angel Award statuette (an angel playing horn) [ History of the Angel Award]

Jaroslav Róna - Works *The Komerční banka Award statuette[ 'Umělecké ztvárnění ceny KB pro Národní divadlo vytvořil akad. malíř a sochař Jaroslav Róna (in Czech)'] Retrieved 2011 March 30

*Book, Umanuté kresby, Praha : Torst, 2002, ISBN 80-7215-173-8
Jaroslav Róna - Works *Book, Umanuté kresby, Praha : Torst, 2002, ISBN

Nikos Salingaros Like Alexander, Salingaros has proposed an alternative theoretical approach to architecture and urbanism that is more adaptive to human needs and aspirations, and that combines rigorous scientific analysis with deep intuitive experience.

Nikos Salingaros Salingaros published substantive research on Algebras, Mathematical Physics, Electromagnetic Fields, and Thermonuclear Fusion before turning his attention to Architecture and Urbanism. Salingaros still teaches mathematics, and is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Texas at San Antonio. He is also on the Architecture faculties of universities in Italy, Mexico, and The Netherlands.

Nikos Salingaros - Personal
Born to Greeks|Greek parents, Salingaros is the only child of the popular composer Stelios Salingaros; he is also the nephew of the operatic baritone Spyros Sali(n)garos[ Spyros Saligaros's website] ().

Nikos Salingaros - Education
Salingaros began working in the Arts as a painter, but soon switched to the sciences. He obtained a Bachelor’s degree in Physics from the University of Miami, Florida. He took his Master’s in 1974 and Doctorate in 1978 at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. In 1982, he started a long-term collaboration with Christopher Alexander, becoming one of the editors of The Nature of Order, Alexander’s four-volume masterwork on aesthetics and the geometric processes of nature.

Nikos Salingaros - Career
In the 1990s, Salingaros began to publish his own research on architectural and urban form

Nikos Salingaros - Writings
Salingaros, Journal of Urban Design, Vol

While this method and its theoretical underpinning support traditional architectural typologies, Salingaros emphasizes that architects should be free to adapt their ideas to particular situations, leaving decisions to be influenced by the environment and needs of the project

Salingaros defines bad architecture as that which makes people uncomfortable or physically ill, and which pursues formal or ideological concerns instead of adapting to nature and to the needs of ordinary human beings.

Social Housing in Latin America: A Methodology to Utilize Processes of Self-Organization, by Nikos Salingaros, David Brain, Andres Duany, Michael Mehaffy Ernesto Philibert, outlined the role of socio-spatial relations in guaranteeing a successful built environment.[ Favelas and Social Housing: The Urbanism of Self-Organization] The principal urbanist problem facing the world today concerns the socio-political processes in the planning and construction of social housing, as well as the large-scale renovation of favelas

Salingaros’ newer writings focus on biophilia hypothesis|biophilia as an essential component of the design of the human environment, thus joining the ideas of Edward Osborne Wilson to Sustainable design.

Nikos Salingaros - Architecture
Christopher Alexander, author of the seminal treatises A Pattern Language and Notes on the Synthesis of Form, describes Salingaros' influence: “In my view, the second person who began to explore the deep connection between science and architecture was Nikos Salingaros, one of the four [ Katarxis] editors

Nikos Salingaros - Architecture
Prince Charles, an influential critic of contemporary architecture, expressed Salingaros' influence in his own preface to Salingaros’ A Theory of Architecture: “Surely no voice is more thought-provoking than that of this intriguing, perhaps historically important, new thinker?” Preface to Nikos Salingaros, A Theory of Architecture, (Solingen, Umbau-Verlag, 2006), page 9

Nikos Salingaros - Tall Buildings
The End of Tall Buildings (2001), co-authored with James Kunstler,[ The End of Tall Buildings] argued that the age of skyscrapers is at an end, and that 9/11 marks the beginning of the end of modernist typologies dominating urban form

Nikos Salingaros - Urbanism
Through this and other writings Salingaros sought to retrofit suburbia, and reconnect US and European cities at the human scale

Nikos Salingaros - Urbanism
Salingaros is involved in forming a community that applies analogous techniques of File sharing and Open-source software from computer science to urbanism

Nikos Salingaros - Computer Science
Salingaros has never written a true software paper, yet two of his papers are quoted by the CS community. Both these papers were later included as chapters in the book Principles of Urban Structure.

Salingaros implies that the richness of connections between levels and within levels in a pattern language is a factor in determining a language’s internal validity.”

[ E. Todd, E. Kemp C. Phillips, What makes a good user interface pattern language?]

The Information Architecture of Cities (co-authored with L

In The Information Architecture of Cities Salingaros also defined the useful notion of fractal loading, later picked up by Richard Veryard,[ Fractal Loading]

Nikos Salingaros - Complexity
Christopher Alexander discussed Salingaros’ model in Book 1 of The Nature of Order: “I believe it is important to show this result simply to underline the fact that living structure is, in principle, susceptible to mathematical treatment, and may therefore be regarded as a part of physics.”

Nikos Salingaros - Philosophy
Supporting Alexander’s most recent work tying religion to geometry, Salingaros argues for the important historic contribution of religious tradition to human understanding, both in architecture and in philosophy.

Nikos Salingaros - General
Salingaros has been included in 50 VISIONARIES who are changing your world, published in the November–December 2008 edition of Utne Reader. This is the first follow-up of the 2001 Utne Reader book (65) VISIONARIES: people and ideas to change your life, which included Jane Jacobs, Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Muhammad Yunus, Fritjof Capra, Edward Goldsmith, and William McDonough.

Nikos Salingaros - Bibliography
*“The Derrida Virus”. [ Telos] 126 (Winter 2003). New York: Telos Press.

*Anti-Architecture and Deconstruction (2004; 2nd Ed 2007)

*Principles of Urban Structure (2005)

*A Theory of Architecture (2006)

Hayreddin Barbarossa Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century, from the Battle of Preveza in 1538 until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

Hayreddin Barbarossa In a process of Reborrowing|linguistic reborrowing, the nickname then stuck back to Hayreddin's native Turkish name, in the form Barbaros.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Background
36.Khiḍr was one of four sons of a Turk from the island of Lesbos., Barbarossa, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1963, p

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Early career
All four brothers became seamen, engaged in marine affairs and international sea trade

Oruç Reis|Oruç was a very successful seaman
Hayreddin Barbarossa - Death of Ilyas, captivity and liberation of Oruç Oruç Reis|Oruç was a very successful seaman

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Oruç the corsair
Oruç later went to Antalya, where he was given 18 galleys by the Şehzade Korkut, an Ottoman prince and governor of the city, and charged with fighting against the Knights of St

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Khizr's career under Oruç
In 1503, Oruç managed to seize three more ships and made the island of Djerba his new base, thus moving his operations to the Western Mediterranean

In 1509, Ishak also left Mytilene and joined his brothers at La Goulette. The fame of Oruç increased when, between 1504 and 1510, he transported Muslim Mudéjars from Christian Spain to North Africa. His efforts of helping the Muslims of Spain in need and transporting them to safer lands earned him the honorific name Baba Oruç (Father Oruç), which eventually – due the similarity in sound – evolved in Spain, France and Italy into Barbarossa (meaning Redbeard in Italian).

In 1510, the three brothers raided Cape Passero in Sicily and repulsed a Spanish attack on Bejaia|Bougie, Oran and Algiers

There, they built three more galliots and a gunpowder production facility

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Rulers of Algiers
In 1516, the three brothers succeeded in liberating Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards but eventually assumed control over the city and surrounding region, forcing the previous ruler, Abu Hamo Musa III of the Beni Ziyad dynasty, to flee

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Algiers joins the Ottoman Empire
After consolidating his power and declaring himself Sultan of Algiers, Oruç sought to enhance his territory inlands and took Miliana, Médéa|Medea and Ténès. He became known for attaching sails to cannons for transport through the deserts of North Africa. In 1517, the brothers raided Capo Limiti and later, the Isola di Capo Rizzuto|Island of Capo Rizzuto in Calabria.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Algiers joins the Ottoman Empire
For Oruç, the best protection against Spain was to join the Ottoman Empire, his homeland and Spain's main rival. For this, he had to relinquish his title of Sultan of Algiers to the Ottomans. He did this in 1517 and offered Algiers to the Ottoman Sultan. The Sultan accepted Algiers as an Ottoman sanjak (province), appointed Oruç Governor of Algiers and Chief Sea Governor of the Western Mediterranean, and promised to support him with janissary|janissaries, galleys and cannons.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Final engagements and death of Oruç and Ishak
The Spaniards ordered Abu Zayan, whom they had appointed as the new ruler of Tlemcen and Oran, to attack Oruç Reis from land, but Oruç learned of the plan and pre-emptively struck against Tlemcen, capturing the city and executing Abu Zayan in the Fall of Tlemcen (1517). The only survivor of Abu Zayan's dynasty was Sheikh Buhammud, who escaped to Oran and called for Spain's assistance.

In May 1518, Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V arrived at Oran and was received at the port by Sheikh Buhammud and the Spanish governor of the city, Diego de Córdoba, marquess of Comares, who commanded a force of 10,000 Spanish soldiers

Khizr Reis, now given the title of Beylerbey by Sultan Selim I, along with janissaries, galleys and cannons, inherited his brother's place, his name (Barbarossa) and his mission.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Pasha of Algiers
With a fresh force of Turkish soldiers sent by the Ottoman sultan, Barbarossa recaptured Tlemcen in December 1518

In July 1526, Barbarossa appeared once again in Messina and raided the coasts of Campania

In May 1529, he captured the Spanish fort on the island of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera that controlled the north Moroccan coast

Barbarossa then sailed eastwards and landed in Calabria and Apulia

Barbarossa was also given the government of the Sanjak (province) of Rhodes and those of Euboea and Chios in the Aegean Sea.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Diplomacy with France
Francis I would in turn dispatch Antonio Rincon to Barbarossa in North Africa and then to Suleiman the Magnificent in Asia Minor.[ Suleiman the Magnificent 1520–1566 Roger Bigelow Merriman p.140] Following a second embassy, the Ottoman embassy to France (1534), Francis I sent his ambassador Jehan de la Forest to Hayreddin Barbarossa, asking for his naval support against the Habsburg:

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Kapudan-i Derya of the Ottoman Navy
In 1534, Barbarossa set sail from Constantinople with 80 galleys, and in April, he recaptured Koroni|Coron, Patras and Naupaktos|Lepanto from the Spaniards

Charles then dispatched an agent to offer Barbarossa the lordship of North Africa for his changed loyalty, or if that failed, to assassinate him in the eve when he was drunk. However, upon rejecting the offer, Barbarossa decapitated him with his scimitar.

Recognizing the futility of armed resistance, Barbarossa had abandoned Tunis well before the arrival of the invaders, sailing away into the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he bombarded ports, landed once again at Capri and reconstructed a fort (which still today carries his name) after largely destroying it during the siege of the island

In 1536, Barbarossa was called back to Constantinople to take command of 200 ships in a naval attack on the Habsburg Kingdom of Naples. In July 1537, he landed at Otranto and captured the city, as well as the Fortress of Castro, Apulia|Castro and the city of Ugento in Apulia.

In the same year, Barbarossa raided Siege of Corfu (1537)|Corfu and obliterated the agricultural cultivations of the island while enslaving nearly all the population of the countryside.[ History of Corfu] However, the Old Fortress of Corfu was well defended by a 4,000-strong Venetian garrison with 700 guns, and when several assaults failed to capture the fortifications, the Turks reluctantly re-embarked[ History of Corfu] and once again raided Calabria

In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in assembling a Holy League (composed of the Papacy, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Maltese Knights) against the Ottomans, but Barbarossa's forces led by Sinan Reis defeated its combined fleet, commanded by Andrea Doria, at the Battle of Preveza in September This victory secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean for the next 33 years, until the Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

Barbarossa later took the remaining Christian outposts in the Ionian and Aegean Seas

Unable to persuade Barbarossa to switch sides, in October 1541, Charles himself laid siege to Algiers, seeking to end the corsair threat to the Spanish domains and Christian shipping in the western Mediterranean

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Franco-Ottoman alliance
Barbarossa then raided several Italian and Spanish islands and coastal settlements before laying the Siege of Nice and capturing the city on 5 August 1543 on behalf of the French king, Francis I of France|Francis I

Barbarossa then successfully repulsed further Spanish attacks on southern France, but was recalled to Constantinople after Charles V and Suleiman had agreed to a truce in 1544.

He later assaulted Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, the French envoy, convinced Barbarossa to lift the siege.

Barbarossa then entered the Strait of Messina and landed at Catona, Fiumara and Calanna near Reggio Calabria and later at Cariati and at Lipari, which was his final landing on the Italian peninsula

He finally returned to Constantinople and, in 1545, left the city for his final naval expeditions, during which he bombarded the ports of the Spanish mainland and landed at Majorca and Minorca for the last time. He then sailed back to Constantinople and built a palace on the Bosphorus, in the present-day quarter of Büyükdere, Istanbul|Büyükdere in the Sarıyer district.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Retirement and death
Barbarossa is also one of the main characters in Mika Waltari's book The Wanderer (Waltari)|The Wanderer (1949).

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Retirement and death
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 in his seaside palace in the Büyükdere neighbourhood of Constantinople, on the northwestern shores of the Bosphorus. He is buried in the tall mausoleum (türbe) near the ferry port of the district of Beşiktaş on the European side of Istanbul, which was built in 1541 by the famous architect Mimar Sinan, at the site where his fleet used to assemble. His memorial was built in 1944, next to his mausoleum.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - The Flag (Sanjak) of Hayreddin Barbarossa
The Arabic calligraphy at the top of the standard reads, ('nasrun mina'llāhi wa fatḥhun qarībun wa bashshiri'l-mu’minīna yā muḥammad), translated as Victory from Allah and an eminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers, O Muhammad. The text comes from verse 61:13 of the Quran, with the addition of O Muhammad, since the last part of the verse addresses the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

Within the four crescents are the names, from right to left, beginning at the top right, of the first four caliphs mdash; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali mdash; whose rule of the Islamic state after Muhammad is referred to as the Rashidun Caliphate.

The two-bladed sword represents Dhu'l-Fiqar, a famous sword in Islamic history, belonging first to Muhammad and then Ali. To the left of the sword's hilt is a small hand.

The seal was later used by the Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and the personal flags of the pashas, including Hayreddin Barbarossa. One of the Turkish beyliks known to use the seal on its flag was the Jandarids

Hayreddin Barbarossa - Legacy
Hayreddin Barbarossa established the Ottoman supremacy in the Mediterranean, which lasted until the Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto in 1571, but even after their defeat in Lepanto, the Ottomans quickly rebuilt their fleet, regained Cyprus and other lost territories in Morea and Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice between 1571 and 1572, and conquered Tunisia from Spain in 1574

However, during these centuries of great seamen such as Kemal Reis before him; his brother Oruç and other contemporaries Turgut Reis, Salih Reis, Piri Reis and Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis; or Piyale Pasha, Murat Reis the Elder|Murat Reis, Seydi Ali Reis, Uluç Ali Reis and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis after him, few other Ottoman admirals ever achieved the overwhelming naval power of Hayreddin Barbarossa.

His mausoleum is in the Barbaros Park of Beşiktaş, Istanbul, where his statue also stands, right next to the Istanbul Naval Museum. On the back of the statue are verses by the Turkish poet Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, which may be translated as follows:Translation by John Freely in Strolling through Istanbul, p. 467, Sev Yayıncılık, 1997

Can it be Barbarossa now returning

From Tunis or Algiers or from the Isles?

Two hundred vessels ride upon the waves,

Barbaros Boulevard starts from his mausoleum on the Bosphorus and runs all the way up to the Levent and Maslak business districts and beyond. He gave his name to Üsküdar and Eminönü port (before 10 January 2009, Kadıköy) in Beşiktaş.

In the centuries following his death, even today, Turkish seamen salute his mausoleum with a cannon shot before leaving for naval operations and battles.

Several warships of the Turkish Navy and passenger ships have been named after him.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - References to Hayreddin Barbarossa
* The lobby of the Grand Seigneur hotel in Istanbul is decorated in honour of Barbarossa. There are frieze-like portraits of him, as well as a frieze representing what must be the Battle of Preveza. The latter shows the disposition of the two fleets facing each other, along with the flags and numbers of the opposing forces.

Hayreddin Barbarossa - References to Hayreddin Barbarossa
* The Nintendo 3DS game Bravely Default features a pirate captain named Hayreddin Barbarossa.

Ferencvárosi TC 'Ferencvárosi Torna Club' is a Hungarian professional sports club based in Ferencváros, Budapest, that plays in the Hungarian League

Ferencvárosi TC The best-known part of the club is the well-supported men's association football|football team – the most popular team in the country

Ferencvárosi TC The club colours are green and white, and the club mascot is a green eagle; hence another of the club's nicknames, 'The Green Eagles'.

Ferencvárosi TC - History
Ferencváros is the most successful Hungarian team on both home and international turf

Ferencvárosi TC s On 3 May 1899, Ferencvárosi TC was founded by citizens of the ninth district of Budapest. Ferenc Springer, a lawyer from the same district, was nominated as the first chairman of the club. The club's budget was raised by a ball held in order to celebrate the establishment of the club. The club's first pitch was built on Soroksári avenue in the ninth district.

Ferencvárosi TC s On 3 December 1900, the football department of Ferencváros was officially founded. Two months later, in February, the first match of the Hungarian League was played between Ferencváros and Budapesti TC|Budapesti Torna Club. Since the match was not announced to the Hungarian Football Federation, it is not considered as the club's first official match.

Ferencvárosi TC s On 21 April 1900, the team played their first official match against Műegyetem and Ferencváros lost their first match 5–3. The first goal for the club was scored by Gáspár Borbás. The first point in the championship was gained against Műegyetem with a draw. The first victory came on 16 June 1901, when Ferencváros beat Budapesti Sport Club 5–1.

Ferencvárosi TC s In 1902 Ferencváros suffered the heaviest defeat in their history when they were beaten by 16-0 by Oxford United F.C..

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros played their first match in an international competition against Budapesti TC|Budapesti Torna Club in the Austrian Challenge Cup|Challenge Cup on 27 April Ferencváros lost to 5-1 against their home rival in the Hungarian Final of the Challenge Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Austrian Challenge Cup|Challenge Cup and won the Hungarian Final against 33FC by 1-0. In the semifinals Ferencváros played their first official international match against Wiener Athletiksport Club and lost to 5-1 on 3 May 1903.

Ferencvárosi TC s The 1903 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1903 season of the Hungarian League was won by Ferencváros. Two years later in 1905 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1905, Ferencváros became Hungarian champions for the second time.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the Austrian Challenge Cup|Challenge Cup. On 10 April 1909, Ferencváros beat VfB Leipzig 4-1. On 11 April 1909, Ferencváros drew with Budapesti TC|Budapesti Torna Club and on 12 April 1909 Ferencváros beat MTK Budapest FC 2-1. As a consequence, Ferencváros finished first in the main tournament and qualified for the final of the Challenge Cup. On 13 June 1909, Ferencváros beat Wiener Sport-Club 2-1 at the Hohe Warte Stadium.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| and Nemzeti Bajnokság I| seasons of the Hungarian League.

Ferencvárosi TC s The Nemzeti Bajnokság I| , Nemzeti Bajnokság I| , and Nemzeti Bajnokság I| seasons of the Hungarian League were won by Ferencváros. In the Nemzeti Bajnokság I | season Ferencváros beat III. Kerületi TVE 11–3. Imre Schlosser scored 8 goals which is still a club record for a single match.

Ferencvárosi TC s On 12 February 1911, the club's current stadium was inaugurated. The first goal in the new stadium was scored by Imre Schlosser.

In 1911 December Ferencváros went on a European tour
Ferencvárosi TC s In 1911 December Ferencváros went on a European tour

Ferencvárosi TC s In 1914 the First World War broke out which affected Ferencváros since many of the club's players were enlisted and many of them have never returned. The Hungarian Football Federation did not organise any competitions between the Nemzeti Bajnokság I | and the Nemzeti Bajnokság I | seasons.

Ferencvárosi TC s The 1920s did not start good for Ferencváros since their MTK Budapest FC won five consecutive Hungarian League titles

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Mitropa Cup 1928 and won the first tie against BSK Beograd 7-0 in Beograd, Yugoslavia on 19 August

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in a South American tour in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina playing in four different cities: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo and Buenos Aires

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Mitropa Cup 1930 and drew (2-2) with SK Slavia Prague in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The home match was won by Ferencváros by 1-0 in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals Ferencváros lost the away match 5-0 against SK Rapid Wien. The home match was won by 1-0 by Ferencváros but SK Rapid Wien qualified for the finals on 5-1 aggregate.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 1930s Ferencváros won the Hungarian League four times in 1931–32 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1932, 1933–34 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1934, Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1938, and 1939–40 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1940.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 1931–32 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1931–32 season of the Hungarian League, Ferencváros won all 22 matches, which is still a record in the Hungarian League and during this season the team scored their 400th goal in the championship.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Mitropa Cup 1932 season and lost 4-0 to Juventus F.C. in Turin, Italy. The home match was a 3-3 draw which resulted the elimination of the club from the Mitropa Cup 1932.

Ferencvárosi TC s According to the French magazine, L'Auto, Ferencváros was the seventh best team in Europe in 1933.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros played in the Mitropa Cup 1934 season. In the first round Ferencváros beat Floridsdorfer AC 8-0 at home and 2-1 away. In the quarter-finals Ferencváros beat SK Kladno 6-0 at home and lost to 4-1 away. In the semi-finals Ferencváros drew (1-1) with AC Bologna and lost the away match 5-1 which resulted the farewell for the club from the Mitropa Cup 1934.

Ferencváros participated in the Mitropa Cup 1935 season
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the Mitropa Cup 1935 season

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the Mitropa Cup 1936 season. Ferencváros entered the first round and won the first tie 5-2 against SK Slavia Prague, but the away match was lost to 4-0. Therefore, Ferencváros was eliminated from the Mitropa Cup 1936.

In 1937 Ferencváros participated in the Mitropa Cup
Ferencvárosi TC s In 1937 Ferencváros participated in the Mitropa Cup

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 1940s, Ferencváros celebrated two Hungarian League titles in 1940–41 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1941 and in 1948–49 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1949

Ferencvárosi TC s The 1950s was dominated by Budapest Honvéd FC and Ferencváros failed to win any Hungarian League titles. However, Ferencváros won the Hungarian Cup title in In 1951, the team changed their name to Kinizsi.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 1960s Ferencváros won the Hungarian League four times (1963 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1963, 1964 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1964, 1967 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1967, and 1968 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1968)

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the first season of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup In the first round Ferencváros lost 4-2 to Rangers F.C. in Glasgow, Scotland on 1 August The second round was won by Ferencváros 2-1 at home on 11 August 1960.

Ferencváros entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1962–63 season
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1962–63 season

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season of the Hungarian League. Therefore, Ferencváros entered the European Cup season. On 11 September 1963, Ferencváros lost to Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray S.K. 4-0 at the BJK İnönü Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey. On 12 October 1963, the second leg was won by Ferencváros 2-0 but the Turkish people|Turkish club qualified for the next round on 4-2 aggregate.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the 1964 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1964 season of the Hungarian League.

Ferencváros entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1964-65
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

Ferencváros entered 1965–66 European Cup
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered 1965–66 European Cup

Ferencváros participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1966-67 season
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup season

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the 1967 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1967 season of the Hungarian League.

Ferencvárosi TC s Flórián Albert, Sr.|Flórián Albert was named European Footballer of the Year in He is the most successful Ferencváros since the formation of the club, scoring 255 goals in 351 matches from 1958–74.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , Ferencváros lost 3-1 to FC Argeş Piteşti in Pitești, Romania

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the 1968 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1968 season of the Hungarian League. Therefore, Ferencváros could have entered the European Cup season, but the club withdrew in protest to a redraw by UEFA of the first round keeping clubs from Eastern Europe and Western Europe separate, after western countries had threatened a boycot due to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the European Cup season. In the first round Ferencváros lost 2-1 to CSKA Sofia in Sofia, Bulgaria on 17 September The home match was won by Ferencváros 4-1 on 1 October In the second round Ferencváros lost 3-0 to Leeds United A.F.C. at Elland Road in Leeds, England on 12 November At home Ferencváros were also beaten 3-0 on 26 November 1969 which resulted the farewell of the club from the European Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 1970s, Ferencváros won the Hungarian League only once, in Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1976, but were more successful in the Hungarian Cup, which they won four times (1972, 1974, 1976, and 1978).

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup In the first round, Ferencváros lost 1-0 to Liverpool F.C. in Liverpool, England. At home Ferencváros drew (1-1) with Liverpool which resulted their farewell from the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the first edition of the UEFA Cup, the 1971–72 UEFA Cup

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup season. In the first round, Ferencváros lost Floriana F.C. 0-1, in Malta. On the return match Ferencváros won 6-0 and qualified for the next round. In the second round Ferencváros beat Sparta Prague 2-0 at home, but Ferencváros lost 4-1 on the return match and were eliminated from the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup. On 19 September 1973, Ferencváros lost 1-0 to Gwardia Warszawa at home. On 3 October 1973, Ferencváros were beaten 2-1 in Warsaw, Poland.

Ferencváros participated in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1974-75 season
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup season

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season of the Hungarian League

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup. On 17 September 1977, Ferencváros were beaten 3-0 by Marek Dupnitsa at the Bonchuk Stadium in Dupnitsa, Bulgaria. On the return match, on 28 September 1977, Ferencváros won 2-0 but failed to qualify for the next round.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup season. In the first round Ferencváros beat Kalmar FF 2-0 at home. On the return match, Ferencváros drew with Kalmar (2-2) and qualified for the next round. In the second round, Ferencváros lost the first leg of the tie against 1. FC Magdeburg by 1-0 in Magdeburg, East Germany. At home, Ferencváros won 2-1 but the East Germany|East German team won on away goals.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the UEFA Cup. On 18 September 1979, Ferencváros were beaten 3-0 by Lokomotiv Sofia at the Lokomotiv Stadium (Sofia)|Lokomotiv Stadium, in Sofia, Bulgaria. On 3 October 1979, Ferencváros won 2-0 but they were unable to qualify for the next round.

Ferencvárosi TC s On 17 March 1974, the legendary and iconic Flórián Albert, Sr.|Flórián Albert played his last match and said adieu with a goal.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season of the Hungarian League. As a consequence, Ferencváros entered the European Cup season. In the first round Ferencváros beat Baník Ostrava 3-2 at home on 16 September However, Frencváros lost 3-0 in Bazaly Stadium in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia on 30 September 1981.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup. In the first round, Ferencváros beat Athletic Bilbao 2-1 at home. On the return match Ferencváros drew (1-1) with Athletic Bilbao in Bilbao, Spain. In the second round, Ferencváros drew with FC Zürich (1-1) at home. On the return match, Ferencváros lost to 1-0 in Zürich, Switzerland and they were eliminated from the UEFA Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the UEFA Cup. On 14 September, Ferencváros lost 4-2 to PSV Eindhoven in Eindhoven, Netherlands. On 28 September 1983, Ferencváros were beaten 2-0 at home by PSV Eindhoven and were eliminated from the UEFA Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup season. In the first round, Ferencváros beat FC Haka 5-1 at home. On the return match, the final result was a 1-1 draw. In the second round, Ferencváros lost 1-0 to VfB Admira Wacker Mödling in Mödling, Austria. At home Ferencváros were also beaten by Admira Wacker 1-0.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 1990s Ferencváros won the Hungarian League three times, in Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1992, Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1995, and Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1996. As far as the Hungarian Cup is concerned, Ferencváros won four titles in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the season of the Hungarian Cup. Therefore, Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup season. In the first round, Ferencváros beat Levski Sofia 3-2 in Sofia, Bulgaria. At home Ferencváros beat 4-1 Levski Sofia abnd qualified for the next round. In the second round, Ferencváros lost 3-2 to Werder Bremen, in Bremen, Germany. At home, Ferencváros lost 1-0 and they were eliminated from the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the season of the Hungarian Cup. Consequently, Ferencváros were eligible for entering the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup In the first round, Ferencváros were beaten 3-0 by FC Wacker Innsbruck in Innsbruck, Austria. On the return match wacker Innsbruck beat Ferencváros 2-1 in Budapest.

Ferencváros won the 1993-94 season of the Hungarian Cup
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the season of the Hungarian Cup

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season of the Hungarian League

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season of the Hungarian League. As a consequence, Ferencváros entered the UEFA Champions League season. On 7 August 1996, Ferencváros lost 3-0 to IFK Göteborg in Göteborg, Sweden. On 21 August 1996, Ferencváros drew with Göteborg and they were eliminated from the UEFA Champions League.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup. Ferencváros beat Olympiacos F.C. 3-1 at home in the first round on 10 September 1996 Ferencváros beat Olympiacos 3-0 in Pireus, Greece on 24 September On 15 October 1996, Ferencváros beat Newcastle United F.C. 3-2 at home, but on the return match Newcastle beat Ferencváros 4-0 at the St James' Park on 29 October 1996.

Ferencváros entered the 1997-98 UEFA Cup
Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros participated in the UEFA Cup. Ferencváros beat CE Principat 6-0 at home on 22 July On the return match, Ferencváros won 8-1 at the DEVK-Arena in Andorra la Vella, Andorra. In the second qualifying round, Ferencváros beat AEK Athens F.C. 4-2 at home. However, on 25 August 1998 Ferencváros were beaten 4-0 in Athens, Greece.

Ferencvárosi TC s Ferencváros entered the UEFA Cup. In the qualifying round, Ferencváros beat FC Tiraspol 3-1 at home. On 26 August 1999, Ferencváros drew with Tiraspol (1-1) in Chișinău, Moldavia. In the first round, Ferencváros lost 3-1 to FK Teplice in Teplice, Czech Republic. On the return match, Ferencváros drew (1-1) with Teplice at home on 30 September 1999.

Ferencvárosi TC s János Csank|Csank-lead Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season of the Hungarian League

Ferencvárosi TC s In 2003, Ferencváros were listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange, the first Hungarian club to become a public limited company.

Ferencvárosi TC s Attila Pintér (footballer born 1966)|Pintér-lead Ferencváros won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I|

Ferencvárosi TC s On 16 November 2004, Ferencváros launched a wide-ranging anti-racism campaign in order to eliminate intolerance and discrimination in football

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 2004–05 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|2004–05 season of the Hungarian League, Ferencváros finished second and therefore qualified for the UEFA Cup. On 14 July 2005, Ferencváros lost 0-2 to FC Partizan Minsk at home. On 28 July 2005, Ferencváros beat Partizan Minsk 2-1 in Minsk, Belorussia, but Ferencváros were eliminated from the UEFA Cup.

Ferencvárosi TC s In the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season Ferencváros finished 6th in the Hungarian League

Ferencvárosi TC s In the season of the Nemzeti Bajnokság II|Hungarian League 2, Nyíregyháza Spartacus|Nyíregyháza beat Ferencváros to promotion in a tight contest, ensuring that Ferencváros stayed in the second division

Ferencvárosi TC s In the 2010–11 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|2010–11 season of the Hungarian League Ferencváros finished third. As a consequence, Ferencváros entered the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League season. On 30 June 2011, Ferencváros beat Ulisses F.C.|Ulisses 3-0 at home in the first qualifying round. On 7 July 2011, Ferencváros beat Ulisses 2-0 at the Hrazdan Stadium, Yerevan, Armenia. On 14 July, Ferencváros beat Aalesunds FK 2-1 at home. On 21 July 2011, Ferencváros lost 2-1 to Aalesunds

Ferencvárosi TC s in Ålesund, Norway. Alesunds won 3-1 after extra time and eliminated Ferencváros from the UEFA Europa League.

Ferencvárosi TC s On 31 October 2011, club legend Flórián Albert died at the age of 70 after complications following heart surgery.

Ferencvárosi TC s On 25 February 2014, Ferencváros Chief Executive Officer Pál Orosz signed an agreement with Chief Executive David McNally of the Premier League club, Norwich City F.C.. The link-up is expected to start immediately and will provide footballing and commercial opportunities for both Ferencváros and Norwich in the near future.

Ferencvárosi TC - Naming history
* : Ferencvárosi Torna Club

Ferencvárosi TC - Naming history
*1956–present: Ferencvárosi Torna Club

Ferencvárosi TC - Stadium
The home stadium of Ferencváros is Stadion Albert Flórián which is located in Ferencváros, Budapest. The stadium has a capacity of 18,100, set to be expanded to 25,000. Formerly known as Üllői úti stadion for its location, it has been renamed for Ballon d'Or winner club legend Flórián Albert|Flórián Albert Sr. in 2007.

The first stadium was started to be built in the autumn of On 12 February 1911, Ferencváros played their first match against Budapest rival MTK Budapest FC|MTK Budapest which was won by the club. The starting line-up consisted of Fritz, Rumbold, Magnlitz, Weinber, Bródy, Payer, Szeitler, Weisz, Koródy, Imre Schlosser|Schlosser, Borbás. The first stadium could host 40,000 spectators.

In 1971 the stands were demolished and a new stadium was started to be built. The new stadium was inaugurated on the 75th anniversary of the club. On 19 May 1974, the first match was played against the Vasas SC|Vasas old boys. The new stadium could host 29,505 spectators (including seats and standing). In the 1990s the stadium was redesigned to meet the UEFA requirements therefore its capacity was reduced to

On 21 December 2007, the stadium was changed from Üllői úti Stadion to Stadion Albert Flórián. Flórián Albert, the former Ferencváros icon, was present at the inauguration ceremony.

Sheffield United F.C. chairman Kevin McCabe's Hungarian firm Esplanade Kft have agreed to buy Ferencváros's real estate, including their stadium, for £8.45m. They planned to redevelop the area and upgrade the stadium to meet FIFA and UEFA requirements. [

In 2012 Gábor Kubatov, the chairman of the club, announced that a new stadium is going to be built on the same location.

On 28 March 2013 the demolition of the old Albert Stadium has started. The construction of the new Ferencváros Arena is executed by Market Építőipari Zrt and expected to be finished at around August 2014.

The new stadium will be the most modern stadium in Central-Europe with seats and a free-to-use wifi-system that the supporters can use to place their orders at the bars of the stadium. Through the stadium's own mobile application it will be available to follow the match real-time on the mobile devices and to replay the most interesting moments of the events.

Beside hosting the football club's home matches, the Hungarian national side will play some of its encounters in this stadium and also concerts will be held here. The arena has the function of an event center too.

Ferencvárosi TC - Ownership
On 14 February 2008, Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United Public limited company chairman, Kevin McCabe (businessman)|Kevin McCabe, successfully acquired a tender to purchase Ferencváros

In 2011, McCabe relinquished his ownership of the club after describing a strained relationship with some minority shareholders.

On 25 February 2011, Gábor Kubatov, Hungarian Parliament|Hungarian MP, was appointed as the president of Ferencváros.

Ferencvárosi TC - Club Sponsors
*Groupama Garancia Insurance

*Auguszt Confectionery

*Acqua Minerale San Benedetto|San Benedetto

*‘Nem adom fel’ Foundation

Ferencvárosi TC - Rivalry
Ferencváros are in rivalry with several teams from Budapest including MTK Budapest FC|MTK Budapest, Újpest FC|Újpest, Budapest Honvéd FC|Budapest Honvéd and several provincial clubs such as Debreceni VSC|Debrecen and Diósgyőri VTK|Diósgyőr

The rivalry with MTK Budapest FC|MTK Budapest dates back to as early as 1903 when Ferencváros first won the Hungarian League. In the following three decades either Ferencváros or MTK Budapest won the domestic league.

The rivalry with Újpest FC|Újpest dates back to 1930s when Újpest won their first Hungarian League title. Since then the fixture between the two teams attracts the most spectators in the dometistic league. The matches between the two team often ends in violence which causes big trouble for the Hungarian football. The proposal of personal registration was refused by both clubs.

Ferencvárosi TC - Supporters
Supporters of Ferencváros are mainly from the capital city of Hungary, Budapest. However, the club is popular all over Hungary. The supporters of Ferencváros are considered as the most violent in Hungary.

On 26 November 2002, the UEFA Control and Disciplinary Committee fined Ferencváros € 18,300 for fireworks and hooliganism-related offences committed by the fans of Ferencváros before and after the UEFA Cup second tie against VfB Stuttgart on 12 November 2002.

In 2004, Ferencváros were charged by UEFA with crowd trouble and racist abuse after playing Millwall F.C. in the UEFA Cup tie in Budapest, Hungary. Four fans of Millwall suffered stab wounds. The racist abuse was directed at Millwall's players of African people|African origin, Paul Ifill|Ifill.

On 17 July 2013, Ferencváros fans fought with police after a friendly match against Leeds United A.F.C., which ended with a 1-0 victory over the Championship club, in Murska Sobota, Slovenia.

Ferencvárosi TC - Famous Supporters
* Zsolt Baumgartner (Formula One pilot)

* Tamás Hevesi (musician and Manager (association football)|manager)

* Omega (band)|János Kóbor (musician)

* István Tarlós (politician mayor of Budapest)

Ferencvárosi TC - Retired numbers
* '2' - Tibor Simon, defender (football)|Defender (1985–99) - posthumous honour.

Ferencvárosi TC - Retired numbers
* '12' – 12th man (football)|The 12th man, reserved for club supporters. Number retired in 2007.

Ferencvárosi TC - Notable former players
Had senior international cap(s) for their respective countries.

Players whose name is listed in 'bold' represented their countries while playing for Ferencváros.

* 'Muhamed Bešić' #notes_qr10|10

* 'László Pusztai' #notes_qr6|6

* 'Gyula Rákosi' #notes_qr4|4 #notes_qr5|5

* József Szabó (Hungarian footballer)|József Szabó

*Note 1: played at the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

*Note 11: suffered heart attack after Ferencvárosi TC–Újpest FC rivalry|Ferencvárosi TC–Újpest FC derby on 27 September 2013 and died 30 December 2013.

Ferencvárosi TC - Honours
*'Borsodi Liga|Hungarian League'

** Winners (2): Mitropa Cup 1928|1928, 1937

*'UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup'

**Winner (1): 2013 Football Impact Cup|2013

*'Challenge Cup (Austro-Hungarian Empire)|Challenge Cup'

*Note 1: more than any other Hungarian football club.

*Note 2: more than any other Hungarian football club.

Ferencvárosi TC - Season results
*Note 1: Ferencváros won the Western group of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I| season by having played 26 matches (22 won, 1 draw, 3 lost) gaining 45 points and was promoted to the best 10 teams where it finished 5th.

*Note 2: Ferencváros won the Group B of the 1970 spring season and lost to 4-3 on Aggregate score|aggregate against Újpest

*Note 4: Ferencváros did not receive license from the Hungarian Football Federation governed by István Kisteleki, therefore the club was relegated to the Nemzeti Bajnokság II|Hungarian League 2.

*Note 5: Csaba Máté as interim coach for two Hungarian League matches (Ferencváros 1-2 Pécs Videoton 2-3 Ferencváros) and one Hungarian Cup match (Újpest 1-0 Ferencváros)

* R16 = Round of 16 (Eighth-finals)

Ferencvárosi TC - European Records
* 'Highest stage reached in UEFA European Cup/UEFA Champions League:' Quarter-finals (European Cup )

* 'Biggest European home win:' Ferencváros 9-1 Keflavík Football Club (European Cup )

* 'Biggest European away win:' CE Principat 1-8 Ferencváros (1998–99 UEFA Cup)

Ferencvárosi TC - Managers
* Attila Pintér (footballer born 1966)|Attila Pintér (23 Dec 2003 – 2 July 2004)

Ferencvárosi TC - Managers
* Ricardo Moniz (21 Aug 2012 – 1 Dec 2013)

Ferencvárosi TC - Top scorers
*Note 1: co-top scorer of the Hungarian League.

Ferencvárosi TC - Top scorers
*Note 3: in the Nemzeti Bajnokság II|Hungarian League 2.

Karosserie Baur 'Baur' is a Karosserie or coachbuilder in Stuttgart, Germany, which has been building BMW convertibles since the 1930s. Currently, they are the body and assembly works for IVM Automotive, a member the Ed Group. They do prototype work for many manufacturers such as Porsche, Audi and Ford.

Karosserie Baur The Baur family received a patent for the design of a folding top for luxury car|luxury automobiles about the time BMW was building the first car with the BMW name.

Karosserie Baur Baur was established in 1910 and produced, among others, Cabriolets, Cabriolets, 2597 E Sport Cabriolets and most of the 450 or so M1's (after Lamborghini could not fulfil its contractual obligations).

Karosserie Baur In 1971 they began production of the safer targa style body with the 2002

Karosserie Baur Total E30 TC2 production by Baur was 10,865 in Europe, and 3,561 in South Africa. This was broken down into the following quantities:

Karosserie Baur The Opel Kadett#Kadett C|Opel Kadett C Aero was produced from 1976 to 1978, with a Baur top. Then there was the Baur TC3 of 1987, which was stopped by the production of the BMW Z1. The cars were aimed at the same market.

Karosserie Baur Even though BMW now had its own E36 convertible, E36 Baur TC4 conversions were still available, although this iteration was based on the E36 four-door and featured fixed door frames.Eberhard Kittler: Deutsche Autos seit 1990, vol. 5. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN , p. 262.

Karosserie Baur All Porsche 959s were actually produced at Baur, not at Porsche, on an assembly line with Porsche inspectors overseeing the finished bodies. Most of Porsche's special order interior leather work was also done by the workers at Baur.

Karosserie Baur At one time, all suspension components for the Audi Quattro suspension unique to that model were produced by robot welding equipment at Baur.

Karosserie Baur In 2002, the Baur G-Cabrio XL, a convertible based on the Mercedes-Benz G-Class was shown at the Geneva Auto Show.

Karosserie Baur Here is a chronological chart of the history of the Baur Company, showing the founding of the company, and the history of Baur's affiliation with a number of manufacturers including, but not limited to, BMW.

DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF THE COMPANY BODY BAUR GMBH, STUTTGART
Karosserie Baur DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF THE COMPANY BODY BAUR GMBH, STUTTGART

Karosserie Baur Production of single structures and carrying out repair work

1912 first patent (276 663) umlegbares masking for luxury cars
Karosserie Baur 1912 first patent ( ) umlegbares masking for luxury cars

Karosserie Baur first series production order for 200 convertibles brand walkers

1928 BAUR begins the era of spot welding
Karosserie Baur 1928 BAUR begins the era of spot welding

1929 - 1939 Development and production of convertible HORCH PULLMANN
Karosserie Baur Development and production of convertible HORCH PULLMANN

1935 Production for Wanderer, DKW and BMW (320/326)
Karosserie Baur 1935 Production for Wanderer, DKW and BMW (320/326)

1936 - 1941 Development and production of the DKW F5, F7 and F8
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the DKW F5, F7 and F8

Karosserie Baur Workshop production of cars, truck chassis, power generators, Drum Trucks, cars, car operation

1945 - 1950 Reconstruction of the devastated production
Karosserie Baur Reconstruction of the devastated production

Karosserie Baur DKW F10 production and conversion of the pre-war models on M49 steel body

Karosserie Baur Development and production Veritas Dyna Panhard with aggregates

1953 - 1955 Development and production of the BMW 501
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the BMW 501

Karosserie Baur Development and production of two-door coupe and four-and convertibles based on the BMW 501/502

1956 - 1957 Development and production of complete Maico 500
Karosserie Baur Development and production of complete Maico 500

1957 - 1965 Development and production of the Auto Union 1000 SP
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the Auto Union 1000 SP

1963 - 1964 Manufacture of roof construction for the DKW F12
Karosserie Baur Manufacture of roof construction for the DKW F12

Karosserie Baur Development and production of convertibles based on the BMW 1600/2002

1973 - 1979 Development and production of complete vehicles Bitter CD
Karosserie Baur Development and production of complete vehicles Bitter CD

1976 - 1978 Development and production of the Opel Kadett Aero
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the Opel Kadett Aero

1978 - 1982 Development and production of the BMW BAUR TC 1 (E21)
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the BMW BAUR TC 1 (E21)

1978 - 1987 Production of the BMW 7 Series vehicle safety
Karosserie Baur Production of the BMW 7 Series vehicle safety

1980 - 1991 Production of welded assemblies for the Audi Quattro
Karosserie Baur Production of welded assemblies for the Audi Quattro

1983 - 1991 Development and production of the BMW BAUR TC 2 (E30)
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the BMW BAUR TC 2 (E30)

1984 Production of Kevlar body of the Audi Sport Quattro
Karosserie Baur 1984 Production of Kevlar body of the Audi Sport Quattro

1988 Presentation of BAUR TC3
Karosserie Baur 1988 Presentation of BAUR TC3

Karosserie Baur Production and final assembly of the space frame of the BMW Z1

1992 - 1996 Development and production of the BMW BAUR TC4 (E36)
Karosserie Baur Development and production of the BMW BAUR TC4 (E36)

(Data from the website of BAUR TC2 Interest Group)
Karosserie Baur (Data from the website of BAUR TC2 Interest Group)

Karosserie Baur

Karosserie Baur The chart below shows the numbers of E21 TC1 Baurs that were exported by the factory, and their respective destinations. As you can see, according to this chart, only 3 TC1 Baurs were ever officially exported to the USA.

Karosserie Baur In the chart below, you can see that there are now 65 reported TC1 Baurs in the US. I am sure that Baurspotting is the source of that figure, although the number needs to be updated. We have now found and identified 80 TC1 Baurs. And still counting!

Karosserie Baur Countries to my knowledge by Baur No. or photos (will always be under construction)

http://bmwe21baur.npage.de/baur-tc1-info.html Karosserie Baur

Karosserie Baur

Karosserie Baur BMW produced a limited run of Targa models (often referred to as the Baur convertibles) From 1972 to 1975, they existed with targa-tops, a removable metal roof section over the front seats, and a soft fold-down rear window

http://classicandvintagebmw.tumblr.com/02targa Karosserie Baur

Courtesy of http://baurspotting.blogspot.com/
Karosserie Baur Courtesy of

Nemzeti Bajnokság I - The 1910s - Ferencváros and MTK rivalry
In the 1910s the rivalry between Ferencváros and MTK Budapest continued

Nemzeti Bajnokság I - The 1920s - Ferencváros and MTK rivalry 2
The 1920s were also dominated by Ferencváros and MTK

Botulinum toxin A - Blepharospasm and strabismus
In the early 1980s, university-based ophthalmologists in the USA and Canada further refined the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent. By 1985, a scientific protocol of injection sites and dosage had been empirically determined for treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus.

The beneficial effects of the injection lasted only 4–6 months. Thus, blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year.

For a period of four months, American blepharospasm patients had to arrange to have their injections performed by participating doctors at Canadian eye centers until the liability issues could be resolved.

In December 1989, Botox, manufactured by Allergan|Allergan, Inc., was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (United States)|US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm in patients over 12 years old.

Although it has not been approved for pediatric use, Botox has also been used for treating patients younger than 12 years of age, in particular children with infantile esotropia. Several studies which investigated the merits of using Botox for infantile esotropia yielded with different results; success rates similar to those of surgery have been reported in particular for small- to medium-angle esotropia.

List of Lycosidae species - Kangarosa
* Kangarosa focarius Framenau, 2010 — Victoria

* Kangarosa ludwigi Framenau, 2010 — Queensland, New South Wales

* Kangarosa nothofagus Framenau, 2010 — Victoria

* Kangarosa pandura Framenau, 2010 — New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria

* Kangarosa properipes (Simon, 1909) — Western Australia

* Kangarosa tasmaniensis Framenau, 2010 — Tasmania

* Kangarosa tristicula (L. Koch, 1877) — Queensland, New South Wales

* Kangarosa yannicki Framenau, 2010 — New South Wales

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