1. The Lower Limb

2. Lower limb The lower limb has six major parts or regions
Gluteal region
Thigh
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

6. The angle of inclination & torsion
Through evolution and development, our largest bone, the femur, has developed a bend (angle of inclination) and has twisted (medial rotation and torsion so that the knee and all joints inferior to it flex posteriorly) to accommodate our erect posture and to enable bipedal walking and running.
This obtuse angle of inclination is greatest (most nearly straight) at birth and gradually diminishes (becomes more acute) until the adult angle is reached.
The angle is less in females because of the increased width between the acetabula (a consequence of a wider lesser pelvis) and the greater obliquity of the shaft. The angle of inclination allows greater mobility of the femur at the hip joint because it places the head and neck more perpendicular to the acetabulum in the neutral position.

7. …torsion & inclination

9. Fascia, Vessels, and Cutaneous Nerves of the Lower Limb
The subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) lies deep to the skin and consists of loose connective tissue that contains a variable amount of fat, cutaneous nerves, superficial veins (great and small saphenous veins and their tributaries), lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes.
The deep fascia of the thigh is called fascia lata (L. lata, broad). It is continues inferior to the knee as the deep fascia of the leg
The fascia lata is substantial because it encloses the large thigh muscles, especially laterally where it is thickened and strengthened by additional reinforcing longitudinal fibers to form the iliotibial tract

11. Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The areas of skin supplied by the individual spinal nerves, including those contributing to the plexuses, are called dermatomes. The dermatomal (segmental) pattern of skin innervation is retained throughout life but is distorted by limb lengthening and the torsion of the limb that occurs during development

14. The Gluteal region

20. The abductor muscles of hip

21. The rotator muscles of hip

22. The flexor muscles of hip
Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of
L1-L3 nerves
femoral nerve and
direct branches from the lumbar plexus

23. Quadriceps femoris
Anterior group
Sartorius
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
The muscle of thigh
Medial group
Biceps femoris
posterior group
Semitendinosus
semimembranosus

24. Quadriceps Femoris
The quadriceps femoris (L. four-headed femoral muscle) forms the main bulk of the anterior thigh muscles and collectively constitutes the largest and one of the most powerful muscles in the body. It may be three times stronger than its antagonistic muscle group, the hamstrings

26. The Hamstring muscles
The Hamstring muscles comprised of three separate muscles: the Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus

27. The Hamstring muscles
The Hamstring muscles comprised of three separate muscles: the Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus

29. Adductor muscles

31. Femoral Sheath
The femoral sheath is a funnel-shaped fascial tube of varying length that passes deep to the inguinal ligament, lining the vascular lacuna of the subinguinal space
The sheath is formed by an inferior prolongation of transversalis and iliopsoas fascia from the abdomen/greater pelvis. The compartments of the femoral sheath are the:
Lateral compartment for the femoral artery.
Intermediate compartment for the femoral vein.
Medial compartment, which constitutes the femoral canal.

33. Femoral hernia

34. The femoral triangle & adductor canal
The adductor canal (subsartorial canal; Hunter canal) is a long (approximately 15 cm), narrow passageway in the middle third of the thigh. It extends from the apex of the femoral triangle, where the sartorius crosses over the adductor longus, to the adductor hiatus in the tendon of the adductor magnus.
The adductor canal provides an intermuscular passage for the femoral artery and vein, the saphenous nerve, and the nerve to vastus medialis, delivering the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa where they become the popliteal vessels.

39. Popliteal fossa & its contents