1. Disorders of the Central Nervous System, Drugs and Alcohol

2. State Standard
20) Differentiate between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, detailing the anatomy of each system, important functions, differences between afferent, efferent, and associative neurons, and the different categories of nervous cells and tissue.

3. Objectives Students will be able to…
Describe common Central nervous system disorders
Determine the impact that drugs and alcohol have on the nervous system.

4. DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Hydrocephalus
Multiple sclerosis
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Brain tumors
Hematoma
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Epilepsy
Cerebral palsy
Poliomyelitis
Parkinson’s disease
©2004 Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

5. Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord
Caused by bacteria or virus
High fever, headaches, back and neck pain, n/v, delirium, convulsions and death
Treatment includes medications and anticonvulsants
Can lead to paralysis, coma, or death

6. Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain resulting in weakness, visual disturbances, vomiting, stiff neck and back, coma
Caused by
Virus
Chemical
Bacteria
Treatment is supportive including
medications and monitoring

7. Epilepsy Seizure syndrome
Disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain
Causes
Trauma
Toxins
Idiopathic (spontaneous)
Treated with medications (anti-convulsants)

8. Cerebral Palsy
Caused by brain damage at birth or abnormal brain growth
Lack of oxygen, birth injuries, infection, etc.
Symptoms:
Tense muscles leading to
contractures
Tremors
Head rolling, difficulty with speech
Usually no intellectual impairments
Treatment:
Therapy, anticonvulsants, braces, surgery

9. Poliomyelitis Disease of the nerve pathways of the spinal cord
Causes paralysis
Almost eliminated in the US because of vaccinations

10. Hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles due to a blockage in the ventricles
Symptoms include abnormally large head, prominent forehead, irritability, intellectual impairment
Treated with
surgical shunt
between ventricles

11. Parkinson’s disease
Chronic, progressive degeneration of brain cells usually in people over 50 y.o.
Tremors, pin rolling, stiffness, muscular rigidity, forward leaning position, shuffling gait, mood swings, etc.
Treatment is supportive through medication

12. Multiple sclerosis
Chronic, progressive disabling condition resulting from degeneration of the myelin sheath
Immune cells attack the myeline sheaths
Occurs between 20 and 40 2/3rd women
Cause is unknown
Symptoms weakness paralysis
Progresses at different rates depending on the person
No cure

13. Does not mean that everyone that is forgetful has dementia
General term defining a loss in at least two areas of complex behavior such as language, memory, visual/spatial abilities or judgment (impairs daily life)
Does not mean that everyone that is forgetful has dementia

14. Alzheimer’s disease
Progressive disease where initial symptom is usually a problem with remembering recently learning information
Nerve endings in the cortex of the brain degenerate and block signals
Cause is unknown and has 3 stages:
1st stage lasts 2-4 years and involves short-term memory loss, anxiety and poor judgment
2nd stage lasts 2-10 years and increases memory loss, difficulty recognizing people, motor problems, loss of social skills
3rd stage lasts 1-3 years and includes inability to recognize self, weight loss, seizures, mood swings, and aphasia (loss of speech).

15. Brain Tumors
Can develop in any area of the brain
Symptoms depend on the area of the brain involved
May be cured by surgery or chemotherapy if caught early

16. Hematoma
Mass of blood that collects in the spaces between the meninges (brain coverings)
Typically due to a blow to the head

17. Stroke occurs when blood flow to an area of brain is cut off
brain cells are deprived of oxygen and begin to die
abilities controlled by that area of the brain such as memory and muscle control are lost
depends on where the stroke occurs in the brain and how much the brain is damaged
Each year nearly 800,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke.
A stroke happens every 40 seconds.
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S.
Every 4 minutes someone dies from stroke.

18. Types of Stroke TIA (transient ischemic attach) “mini stroke”
When blood flow to part of the brain stops for a short period of time
Symptoms appear and last less than 24 hours before disappearing
Ischemic Stroke
A blood vessel carrying blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Due to an aneurysm that bursts or a weakened blood vessel leak
least common type of stroke it most often results in death.

20. Drugs and Alcohol
Drugs and Alcohol are chemicals that affect the brain by tapping into its communication system and interfering with the way neurons normally send, receive, and process information.
Most drugs of abuse directly or indirectly target the brain’s reward system by flooding the circuit with dopamine.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, motivation, and feelings of pleasure
Long term use can impact the bodies natural production of dopamine leaving the person with a strong need to continually use the substance.

21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY8EszDP 3jY
Stroke Video
3jY

22. Recognizing a Stroke

23. Activity
Read p. 139, 140, and 141 under the nervous system lab activities tab. Scroll down to p. 181 and complete the Drugs and Nervous system activity Scroll down to p. 182 and complete the common diseases and disorders activity. Follow all directions ***HAVE WE MET OUR OBJECTIVES?**** Exit ticket: Individually answer the review questions 1-8. on p. 142

24. Group Activity
Create a Case Study over one of the central nervous disorders.
Do not include the name of the disorder. Keep the name SECRET
You will present your case study to the class and we will guess what condition your patient has.

25. Sample Case study
A case study is basically a story about a fictitious patient and their condition
SO BEGIN WITH…..
A Patient presents to the Hospital with the following symptoms……
This is to be in paragraph form with Complete sentences
Include symptoms that your patient is suffering, how long have they had the symptoms, how your patient looks and acts, who is caring for your patient, and any other information that we will need to diagnose the patient.