APIC https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

High fructose corn syrup - Apiculture (Bee Keeping)
In the United States, HFCS has become a sucrose replacement for honey bees. In 2009, a study by Leblanc et al. found that at temperatures above HFCS rapidly forms hydroxymethylfurfural, which is toxic to the honey bees being fed HFCS. In 2012, a study by Chensheng Lu et al. found symptoms of colony collapse disorder (CCD) in beehives fed HFCS that the researchers laced with levels of a pesticide hypothesized to have been present in HFCS feed back in 2006.

High fructose corn syrup - Apiculture (Bee Keeping)
A 2013 study by Wenfu Mao and colleagues from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign report that constituents found in honey, including p-coumaric acid, pinocembrin, and pinobanksin|pinobanksin 5-methyl ether, specifically induce detoxification genes

APICA (drug) Synthesis of (S)-alphaM4CPG, (S)-MPPG, (S)-AIDA, and (S)-APICA, the Antagonists of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Intel APIC Architecture
The Intel 'APIC Architecture' is a system of Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|advanced programmable interrupt controllers (APICs) designed by Intel for use in Symmetric multiprocessing|symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) computer systems. It was originally implemented by the Intel 82093AA and 82489DX, and is found in most x86 SMP motherboards. It is one of several attempts to solve interrupt routing efficiency issues in multiprocessor computer systems.

Intel APIC Architecture - Overview
There are two components in the Intel APIC system, the local APIC (LAPIC) and the I/O APIC. There is one LAPIC in each CPU in the system. There is typically one I/O APIC for each peripheral bus in the system. In original system designs, LAPICs and I/O APICs were connected by a dedicated APIC bus. Newer systems use the system bus for communication between all APIC components.

Intel APIC Architecture - Local APICs
LAPICs manage all external interrupts for some specific processor in an SMP system. In addition, it is able to accept and generate inter-processor interrupts (IPIs) between LAPICs. LAPICs may support up to 224 usable interrupt vectors from an I/O APIC. Vectors numbers 0 to 31, out of 0 to 255, are reserved for exception handling by x86 processors.

Intel APIC Architecture - I/O APICs
I/O APICs contain a redirection table, which is used to route the interrupts it receives from peripheral buses to one or more local APICs.

Intel APIC Architecture - Problems
On older operating systems, people often had to disable the I/O and local APICs

Intel APIC Architecture - More information
More information on the Intel APIC Architecture can be found in the Intel 64 and IA-32 [ Intel Architecture Software Developer’s Manual], Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1, Chapter 10, freely available on the Intel website.

X2APIC The 'x2APIC' architecture provides backward compatibility to the Intel APIC Architecture/xAPIC architecture (introduced with the Pentium/P6 (microarchitecture)|P6 and the Pentium 4 generations respectively) and forward extendability for future Intel platforms.

X2APIC - Overview The major improvements of the x2apic concern the number of supported CPUs and performance of the interface.

X2APIC - Overview The x2APIC now uses 32 bits to address CPUs, allowing to address up to 2^32-1 CPUs using the physical destination mode. The logical destination mode now works differently and introduces clusters. Using this mode, one can address up to 2^20-16 processors.

X2APIC - Overview The improved interface reduces the number of needed APIC register access for sending Inter-processor interrupts.

X2APIC - More information
More information on the Intel x2APIC Architecture can be found in the Intel 64 and IA-32 [ Architectures Software Developer's Manuals], Intel 64 Architecture x2APIC Specification, freely available on the Intel website.

Mineral trioxide aggregate - Root-end Filling after Apicoectomy
In root canal therapy where an apical infection is persistent, an apicoectomy may be required.

There were several different materials such as amalgam, reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cements (intrim restorative material - IRM, super ethoxy benzonic acid [EBA], glass ionomer cement and composite resin for root-end filling after apicoectomy

1. Glass ionomer cement: It is based on alumino-silicate based bioceramic material. Most cytotoxicity is caused by polyacrylic acid. So current GIC as root-end filling material is reducing the cytotoxic acclerator's concentration. - calcium alumino-silicate - MTA (calcium alumino-silicate) + GIC (alumino-silicate), calcium reinforced glass ionomer cement is developed. It's a promising material.

2. Calcium phosphate cement (hydroxyapatite) bioceramic material: CPC has been studied since 1985 in the US. Bone grafting material, artificial bioceramic CPC is developed for Root-end filling or pilot material in root-end filling and root repair material.

3. Calcium silicate based material - bioceramic material: It was known as bioceramic sealers. But actual bioceramic aggregates are composed of pure medical graded calcium silicate based material.

BioAggregate, Biodentine, EndoSequence RRM and RRM Putty are based on calcium silicate bioceramic material.

4. Calcium aluminate bioceramic material - (alumina cement in minerals, calcium aluminate cements in bioceramics)

Alumina is an initial fast setting element and high compressive strength. It has been used as dental products as luting agent. Calcium aluminate cement (bioceramic) has been developed for dental products and root-end filling material.

These newly developed root-end filling materials are based on bioceramic, chemically bonded ceramic, not by mineral (ceramic in nature) like MTA. Even if mineral shows higher biocompatibility, minerals have potential toxic heavy metals in material. Bioceramic or Bio material|bioMaterial is used for medical and dental products. Biomaterial|BioMaterials can reduce the issues on discoloration and toxic heavy metals' presence initially.

CAPICOM 'CAPICOM' is a discontinued ActiveX control created by Microsoft to help expose a select set of Microsoft Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (CryptoAPI) functions through Microsoft Component Object Model (COM). It was intended to enable every environment that supports ActiveX to use Microsoft Cryptographic technologies, including web pages that are opened with Microsoft Internet Explorer or any other web browser that supports ActiveX.

CAPICOM CAPICOM can be used to digitally sign data, inspect, verify and display their digital signature and/or digital certificate, add or remove certificates to or from the certificate stores, and finally, to encrypt or decrypt data.

CAPICOM CAPICOM Version , the latest and last version of CAPICOM, is officially supported on Windows Vista. However, Microsoft has announced that CAPICOM is discontinued and is no longer being developed. Microsoft suggests replacing CAPICOM with .NET Framework's X509 Cryptographic Classes and a number of other alternatives.

APICS 'APICS', is a not-for-profit international education organization, offering certification programs, training tools and networking opportunities to increase workplace performance. It was founded in 1957 as the 'American Production and Inventory Control Society', and currently has more than 36,000 individual and corporate members in more than 10,000 companies worldwide. In April 2008, the organization relocated to Chicago, Illinois.

APICS APICS defines operations management as the field of study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, use and control of a manufacturing or service organization through the study of concepts from design engineering, industrial engineering, management information systems, quality management, production management, inventory management, accounting, and other functions as they affect the organization.APICS Dictionary, 11th edition

APICS APICS offers several professional designations: APICS CPIM (Certified in Production and Inventory Management), APICS CSCP (Certified Supply Chain Professional) and APICS CFPIM (Certified Fellow in Production and Inventory Management).[ APICS-Website, Certification]

APICS The APICS CIRM (Certified in Integrated Resource Management) program was discontinued in APICS continues to recognize the designation.

APICS Also in 2008, APICS published the APICS Operations Management Body of Knowledge (OMBOK) Framework. The APICS OMBOK Framework defines the scope of the profession and provides a dynamic resource for operations management professionals. Other publications APICS produces for the operations and supply chain management profession are APICS magazine, the Production and Inventory Management Journal, and the APICS Dictionary.[ APICS-Website]

APICS APICS, along with a variety of other operations and supply chain management organizations, provides professional development opportunities that help professionals and their organizations successfully compete in the global economy. Organizations with which APICS is currently aligned include:

* The Supply-Chain Council
APICS * The Supply-Chain Council

* The Association for Manufacturing Excellence
APICS * The Association for Manufacturing Excellence

* The [ http://www.iomnet.org.uk/ Institute of Operations Management]
APICS * The [ Institute of Operations Management]

APICS APICS is represented globally by Channel Partners, such as the Australasian Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS) Australia [ APICS Australia] and SAPICS in South Africa

APICS The Association for Operations Management
* The [ Institute of Operations Management]

APICS The Association for Operations Management
APICS is represented globally by Channel Partners, such as the Australasian Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS) Australia [ APICS Australia] and SAPICS in South Africa

Certified in Production and Inventory Management - APICS CPIM Modules
The APICS CPIM designation is earned upon successful completion of exams covering the following five modules.

'BSCM (Basics of Supply Chain Management)'

The basic concepts in managing the complete flow of materials in a supply chain from suppliers to customers are covered in the Basics module. This module covers manufacturing, distribution, service, and retail industries. This includes the fundamental relationships in the design, planning, execution, monitoring, and control that occur. Knowledge of the material in this module is assumed as a prerequisite for the other APICS CPIM modules, which cover similar topics in much greater depth.

* Understanding basic businesswide concepts, including understanding various supply chain environments

* Managing demand, including markets and customer expectations

* Designing products, processes, and information systems

* Understanding supply issues including inventory costs, functions, and metrics

'MPR (Master Planning of Resources)'

Explore and be able to apply the principles of demand management, sales and operations planning, master scheduling, and distribution planning, and to identify conditions that require action. This module evaluates knowledge of both supply and demand planning for mid- to long-term independent demand.

* Recognizing all demands for goods and services to support the marketplace

* Bringing together all the plans for the business

* Disaggregating the production plan into an executable schedule

* Planning the distribution network and replenishment

Acquire a working knowledge of the tools and techniques for planning of inventory, including planning techniques such as MRP, CRP, lean, TOC, and projects. Understand the effect of using each technique; know standard measurements for inventory, materials, capacity and supplier performance; and recognize when to escalate issues.

* Managing inventory, planning material requirements, planning capacity requirements, and procurement and supplier planning

* Recognizing the importance of supply chain management and deploying supply chain strategies related to scheduling, planning, and sourcing

* Translating product-level plans and schedules generated at the master planning level into requirements that can be procured or produced

* Bridging the master planning area with the execution and control function

* Planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and implementing projects that are used to manage the supply of products and services

'ECO (Execution and Control of Operations)'

Learn to translate plans into operational activities and define and apply techniques in the operations field.

* Comparing actual output to plans and taking appropriate corrective actions

* Communicating ideas in a group setting and instructing others in tasks

* Creating operational solutions in the face of competing resources

* Explaining the release of work and reporting performance through data collection

* Understanding the execution of quality initiatives and continuous improvement plans

* Evaluating trade-offs and participating in design decisions

'SMR (Strategic Management of Resources)'

Move your learning to the next level through the SMR module that includes higher-level thinking or strategic planning and implementation of operations. This includes an understanding of how market requirements drive the resources and processes of an organization.

* Understanding concepts that require a combination of elements and higher thinking within the entire CPIM body of knowledge

* Knowing the relationship of existing and emerging processes and technologies to operations and supply chain functions

* Understanding various business environments

* Knowing how business strategies are developed and how operation strategies are implemented

Beekeeping - World apiculture
*Denmark: beekeeping.com[ Apiservices - Beekeeping - Apiculture - Denmark/Danemark] (1996)

*Arab countries: beekeeping.com[ The Future of Bees and Honey Production in Arab Countries] (1997)

*USA: University of Arkansas National Agricultural Law Center, Agricultural Marketing Resource Center[ Bees] (2006)

Meristem - Apical meristems
Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems (see 'Secondary Meristems' below).

Meristem - Apical meristems
Some Arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower/middle parts of the plant

Meristem - Shoot apical meristems
The source of all above-ground organs. Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region, where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia.

The shoot apical meristem consists of 4 distinct cell groups:

* The immediate daughter cells of the stem cells

* A subjacent organising centre

* Founder cells for organ initiation in surrounding regions

In Arabidopsis thaliana, 3 interacting CLAVATA genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division.Fletcher, J

CLV1 has been shown to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins that are most likely involved in Signal transduction|downstream signalling

10, (4) KAPP is a kinase-associated protein phosphatase that has been shown to interact with CLV1.Stone, J. M. et al. (1998) Control of Meristem Development by CLAVATA1 Receptor Kinase and Kinase-Associated Protein Phosphatase Interactions Plant Physiology 117: KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it.

Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is WUSCHEL (shortened to WUS), which is a target of CLV signalling.Mayer, K. F. X et al. (1998) Role of WUSCHEL in Regulating Stem Cell Fate

in the Arabidopsis Shoot Meristem Cell, Vol. 95, 805–815 WUS is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the Cellular differentiation|differentiation of the stem cells. CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing WUS activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells. STM also acts to prevent the differentiation of stem cells by repressing the expression of Myb genes that are involved in cellular differentiation.

Meristem - Root apical meristems
DOI: /S (10)91003-X It is covered by the root cap, which protects the apical meristem from the rocks, dirt and pathogens

Meristem - Apical dominance
Often several branches will exhibit this behaviour after the removal of apical meristem, leading to a bushy growth.

The mechanism of apical dominance is based on the plant hormone auxin. It is produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the vascular cambium|cambium. If apical dominance is complete, it prevents any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the dominance is incomplete, side branches will develop.

Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed strigolactones. These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with mycorrhizal fungi and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching.

Outline of agriculture - Apiculture (Beekeeping)
*Apiology ndash; scientific study of honey bees

*Bee ndash; flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, and are known for their role in pollination and for producing honey and beeswax. *Beehive ndash; enclosed structure in which some honey bee species of the subgenus Apis live and raise their young.

*Honey ndash; sweet food made by bees using nectar from flowers.

Apicius 'Apicius' is a collection of Roman Empire|Roman cookery recipes, usually thought to have been compiled in the late 4th or early 5th century AD and written in a language that is in many ways closer to Vulgar Latin|Vulgar than to Classical Latin.

Apicius The name Apicius had long been associated with excessively refined love of food, from the habits of an early bearer of the name, Marcus Gavius Apicius, a Roman gourmet and lover of refined luxury who lived sometime in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Tiberius. He is sometimes erroneously asserted to be the author of the book that is Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphically attributed to him.

Apicius Apicius is a text to be used in the kitchen. In the earliest printed editions, it was most usually given the overall title De re coquinaria (On the Subject of Cooking) and attributed to an otherwise unknown Caelius Apicius, an invention based on the fact that one of the two manuscripts is headed with the words API CAE.

Apicius - Organization
The text is organized in ten books, in an arrangement similar to that of a modern cookbook:The Roman Cookery Book, trans. Flower and Rosenbaum, p. 7.

Apicius - Organization
# Epimeles — The Careful Housekeeper

Apicius - Foods A sample recipe from Apicius (8.6.2–3) follows:The Roman Cookery Book, trans

Apicius - Foods * ALITER HAEDINAM SIVE AGNINAM EXCALDATAM: mittes in caccabum copadia. cepam, coriandrum minutatim succides, teres piper, ligusticum, cuminum, liquamen, oleum, vinum. coques, exinanies in patina, amulo obligas. [Aliter haedinam sive agninam excaldatam] a crudo trituram mortario accipere debet, caprina autem cum coquitur accipit trituram.

Apicius - Foods * HOT KID OR LAMB Stew|STEW. Put the pieces of meat into a pan. Finely chop an onion and coriander, pound pepper, lovage, cumin, Garum|liquamen, cooking oil|oil, and wine. Cook, turn out into a shallow pan, thicken with wheat starch. If you take lamb and mutton|lamb you should add the contents of the mortar while the meat is still raw, if goat meat|kid, add it while it is cooking.

Apicius - Alternative editions
Either some text was lost between the time the excerpt was made and the time the manuscripts were written, or there never was a standard Apicius text because the contents changed over time as adapted by readers

Once manuscripts surfaced, there were two early printed editions of Apicius, in Milan (1498)Under the title In re quoquinaria. and Venice (1500). Four more editions in the next four decades reflect the appeal of Apicius. In the long-standard edition of C.T.Schuch (Heidelberg, 1867), the editor added some recipes from the Vinidarius manuscript.

Between 1498 (the date of the first printed edition) and 1936 (the date of Joseph Dommers Vehling's translation and bibliography of Apicius), there were 14 editions of the Latin text (plus one possibly apocryphal edition). The work was not widely translated, however; the first translation was into Italian language|Italian, in 1852, followed in the 20th century by two translations into German language|German and French language|French.

Vehling made the first translation of the book into English language|English under the title Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome. It was published in 1936 and is still in print, having been reprinted in 1977 by Dover Publications. It is now of historical interest only, since Vehling's knowledge of Latin was not always adequate for the difficult task of translation, and several later and more reliable translations now exist.

Apicius - Texts and translations
*Apicii decem libri qui dicuntur De re coquinaria ed. Mary Ella Milham. Leipzig: Teubner, [Latin]

*The Roman Cookery Book: A Critical Translation of the Art of Cooking By Apicius for Use in the Study and the Kitchen. Trans. Barbara Flower and Elisabeth Rosenbaum. London: Harrap, [Latin and English]

*Apicius: A Critical Edition with an Introduction and an English Translation. Ed. and trans. Christopher Grocock and Sally Grainger. Totnes:Prospect Books, ISBN [Latin and English]

*Apicius. Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome. Trans. Joseph Dommers Vehling [English]

*The Roman Cookery of Apicius. Trans. John Edwards. Vancouver: Hartley Marks, [English]

*Nicole van der Auwera Ad Meskens, Apicius. De re coquinaria: De romeinse kookkunst. Trans. Nicole van der Auwera and Ad Meskens. Archief- en Bibliotheekwezen in België, Extranummer 63. Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, [Dutch]

Apicius - Secondary material
*Alföldi-Rosenbaum, Elisabeth (1972). Apicius de re coquinaria and the Vita Heliogabali. In Straub, J., ed., Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium Bonn, Pp.5–18.

*Bode, Matthias (1999). Apicius – Anmerkungen zum römischen Kochbuch. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.

*Déry, Carol. The Art of Apicius. In Walker, Harlan, ed. Cooks and Other People: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery Totnes: Prospect Books. Pp.111–17.

*Grainger, Sally (2006). Cooking Apicius: Roman Recipes for Today. Totnes: Prospect Books.

*Grainger, Sally (2007). The Myth of Apicius. Gastronomica, '7'(2): 71–77.

*Mayo, H. (2008). New York Academy of Medicine MS1 and the textual tradition of Apicius. In Coulson, F. T., Grotans, A., eds., Classica et Beneventana: Essays Presented to Virginia Brown on the Occasion of her 65th Birthday. Turnhout: Brepols. Pp.111–135.

*Milham, Mary Ella (1950). A Glossarial Index to De re coquinaria of Apicius. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin.

High-fructose corn syrup - Apiculture
In Beekeeping|apiculture in the United States, HFCS has become a sucrose replacement for honey bees. In 2009, a study by Leblanc et al. found that at temperatures above HFCS rapidly forms hydroxymethylfurfural, which is toxic to the honey bees being fed HFCS. In 2012, a study by Chensheng Lu et al. found symptoms of colony collapse disorder (CCD) in beehives fed HFCS that the researchers laced with levels of a pesticide hypothesized to have been present in HFCS feed since 2006.

High-fructose corn syrup - Apiculture
A 2013 study by Wenfu Mao and colleagues from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign report that constituents found in honey, including p-coumaric acid, pinocembrin, and pinobanksin|pinobanksin 5-methyl ether, specifically induce detoxification genes

Auxin - Apical dominance
Auxin induces shoot apical dominance; the axillary buds are inhibited by auxin, as a high concentration of auxin directly stimulates ethylene synthesis in lateral buds, causing inhibition of their growth and potentiation of apical dominance

Puerto Lápice 'Puerto Lápice' is a municipality in the province of Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,052.

Sarcophagidae - Principal bibliograpic sources
* Baranov, N. (1925), Neue Dipteren aus Serbien. – Let. Pol. Odl. Kontr. Sta. Topcideru, Belgrad, 1:1-11.

* Baranov, N. (1941), Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Sarcophaga (s.l.). Vet. Arh., 11: [In Croatian and German].

* Becker, T. (1908), Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin, 4:1-180.

* Böttcher, G. (1912), Die männlichen Begattungswerkzeuge der Arten bei dem Genus Sarcophaga Meigen. und ihre Bedeutung für die Abgrenzung der Arten. Dtsch. ent. Z., ,

* Bôttcher, G. (1913), Die männlichen Begattungswerkzeuge der Arten bei dem Genus Sarcophaga Meigen. und ihre Bedeutung für die Abgrenzung der Arten. Dtsch. ent. Z., 1-16, , ,

* Brauer, F. Bergenstamm, J.E., (1889), Die Zweiflügler des Keiserlichen zu Wien. IV. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars I. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 56:

* Brauer, F. Bergenstamm, J.E., (1891), Die Zweiflügler des Keiserlichen zu Wien. V. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars II. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 58:

* Enderlein, G. (1928a), Klassification der Sarcophagiden. Sarcophagiden-Studien I. Arch. klassifik. phylogen. Ent., 1:1-56.

* Enderlein, G. (1928b), Sarcophgiden-Studien II. Konowia, 7:

* Enderlein, G. (1936), 22. Ordnung: Zweiflügler, Diptera. Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Vol. 6, Insekten, Teil III, Abt. 16:1-259.

* FAN ZI-DE (ed.), 1992, Key to the common flies of China. Second dition. Shangai Institute of Entomology, Academia Sinica. 992p + 40 pl.

* Kano, R., Flield, G. Shinonaga, S. (1967), Sarcophagidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna Japonica 7: pls.

* Lehrer, A.Z., (1974), Diptères myiasigènes de la superfamille Sarcophagidea de Roumanie. Acta Rer. Nat. Mus. Nat. Slov., Bratislava, 20:

* Lehrer, A.Z., (2000a). Le système taxonomique des Sarcophaginae afrotropicales (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Entomologica, Bari, 34:41-63.

* Lehrer, A.Z. (2000b), La structure de l’abdomen des Sarcophaginae (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Entomologica, Bari, 34:

* Lehrer, A.Z., (2003a), Revision du genre Wohlfahrtia Brauer Bergenstamm, 1889 de la faune d’Israël (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Entomol. Croat., 7, nr. 1-2:

* Lehrer, A.Z., (2003b), Sarcophaginae de l’Afrique (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Entomologica, Bari, 37 :5-528.

* Lehrer, A.Z., (2005), Nouveaux Sarcophagides afrotropicaux et orientaux (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Entomologica, Bari, 39,:5-59.

* Lehrer, A.Z., 2006, Sarcophaginae et Paramacronychiinae du Proche Orient (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Pensoft,

* Lehrer, A.Z., 2008, Le statut taxonomique des espèces Musca carnaria Linnaeus, 1758 et Sarcophaga carnaria Bottcher, 1912 (Diptera, (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Fragmenta Dipterologica, 13:15-17 [

* Lehrer, A.Z., 2010, Taxonomic Atlas of the postabdominal structures. SARCOPHAGIDAE (Insecta, Diptera), vol. 1, Entomologica, Bari,42 : 3-459, 418 figs.

* Lehrer, A. Z. Fromunda V., 1986, Le développement larvaire du diptèremyiasigène Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Bull. Ann. Soc. r. bege Ent., 122:

* Lehrer A., Lehrer M. Verstraeten C., 1988, Les myiases causées aux moutons de Roumanie par Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Ann. Méd. Vét., 132:

* Lehrer, A. Z. Luciano P., 1980, Sarcophagides (Diptera) parasites de Porthetria dispar (L.) en Sardaigne et leur cartographie dans le reseau U.T.M. Studi Sassaresi, Sez. III, Ann. Fac. Agraria Univ. Sassari, 27:

* Lehrer, A. Z. Verstraeten C., 1991, Expansion parasitologique et géographique de Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) en Roumanie. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux, 26(4):

* Leonide, J. Leonide J.-C. (1986), Les diptères sarcophagidés des orthoptères français – essai biotaxonomie. Université de Provence (Aix-en-Provence),

* Meigen, J.W. (1826), Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekte. Fünfter Teil, Schulz, Hamm., Mihàlyi, F. (1975), Beschreibung vier neuer Sarcophagidae Arten aus Ungarn (Diptera), Acta zool. hung., 21:

* Mihàlyi, F., (1979b), Fémeslefgyek - Húslegyek. Calliphoridae – Sarcophagidae. Fauna Hung., 135:1-152.

* Pape, T. (1987), The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna ent. scand., 19:1-203.

* Pape, T., 1996, Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the World (Insecta:Diptera). Mem. on Entomology, Intern., vol. 8, 558 p.

* Povolny D. Verves, YU.G. (1997), The flesh-flies of Central Europa (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Spixiana. Supplement, München, 24 :1-260.

* Rohdendorf, B.B. (1937), Fam. Sarcophagidae. (P. 1). Faune de l'URSS, 19:1-501 [In Russian with German summary].

* Salem, H.H. (1935), The Egyptian species of the genus Sarcophaga. Publ. Egypt. Univ. Fac. Med., 5:1-61.

* Seguy, E. (1941), Études sur les mouches parasites. 2. Calliphoridae, calliphorines (suite), sarcophagines et rhinophorines de l'Europe occidentale et méridionale, Encycl. ent. (Ser. A), 21:1-436.

* Senior-White, R.A., Aubertin, D. Smart, J. (1940), Diptera. Family Calliphoridae. The fauna of British India, including the remainder of the Oriental Region. Vol. VI. London,

* Thompson, F.C. Pont, A.C., 1993, Systematic Database of Musca Names (Diptera). These Zoologicae, 20, 221 p.

* Verves, YU. G. (1982), 64h. Sarcophaginae. Die Fliegen der plaearktischen Region, Stuttgart, Bd. 11, Lf. 327:

* Verves, YU. G. (1985), 64h. Sarcophaginae. Die Fliegen der plaearktischen Region, Stuttgart, Bd. 11, Lf. 330:

* Zumpt, F. (1972), Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorhapha). Part IV. Sarcophaginae. Explor. Parc nat. Albert, Miss. G.F. de Witte ( ), 101:1-264.

Louis Lapicque A review article was published recently for the centenary of the original Lapicque's 1907 paper - this review also contains an English translation of the original paper).

Carapichea ipecacuanha
'Carapichea ipecacuanha' is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family (biology)|family. It is native to Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Brazil. Its common name, 'ipecacuanha' (), is derived from the Tupi language|Tupi ipega'kwãi, or road-side sick-making plant. The plant has been discussed under a variety of synonym (botany)|synonyms over the years by various botany|botanists. The roots were used to make syrup of ipecac, a powerful emetic.

The part of ipecacuanha used in medicine is the root, which is simple or divided into a few branches, flexuous, and is composed of rings of various size, somewhat fleshy when fresh, and appearing as if closely strung on a central woody cord. The different kinds known in commerce (gray, red, brown) are all produced by the same plant, the differences arising from the age of the plant, the mode of drying, etc. Various other plants are used as substitutes for it.

Ipecacuanha contains the pseudo-tannin ipecacuanhic acid or cephaëlic acid.[ Ipecacuanha on

Ipecacuanha contains the alkaloids emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline.

Carapichea ipecacuanha - History
Ipecacuanha was known to Europe by the mid 17th century

Ipecacuanha has a long history of use as an emetic, for emptying the stomach in cases of poisoning

In the 19th Century, women prisoners at the Cascades Female Factory, Tasmania, were routinely given a grain or so of ipecacuanha as a precaution, especially upon ladies with gross health and fiery temperaments (Daniels 129).

Carapichea ipecacuanha - Similar plants
Ipecacuanha is a slow-growing plant, which reduces its commercial appeal as a crop plant. It is seldom cultivated in South America but it has been cultivated in India and elsewhere.

The following plants have been used as substitutes for ipecacuanha.

*Euphorbia ipecacuanhae, wild ipecacuanha from North America

*Sarcostemma glaucum, a Venezuelan plant of the Apocynaceae family

*Richardsonia pilosa, Richardsonia rosea, Psychotria emetica and various species of Ionidium have been used too

Carapichea ipecacuanha - Appearances in popular culture
*Lord Peter Wimsey's sister takes ipecacuanha to appear sick in the Dorothy Sayers mystery novel Clouds of Witness, 1926.

*Guybrush Threepwood used Ipecacuanha syrup (made by combining a flower from the Ipecacuanha with maple syrup) in order to escape from the giant snake that swallowed him in The Curse of Monkey Island|Monkey Island 3: The Curse of Monkey Island video game.

*The rake Lovelace takes ipecacuanha to feign illness and trick the titular character into caring for him in the novel, Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady, an epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson, published in 1748

APICA 'SDB-001' ('2NE1', 'APICA', 'N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide') is a drug that acts as a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors

Apical consonant An 'apical consonant' is a Phone (phonetics)|phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue. This contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue (which is just behind the tip).

Apical consonant This is not a very common distinction, and typically applied only to fricatives and affricates. Thus many varieties of the English language have either apical or laminal pairs of [t]/[d]. However, some varieties of Arabic, including Hadhrami Arabic, realizes [t] as laminal but [d] as apical.

Apical consonant A distinction between apical and laminal is common in Australian languages for the nasals, plosives and usually also the lateral approximants.

Killer bee - Impact on existing apiculture
As such, despite all the negatives, it is possible that the Africanized honey bee might actually end up being a boon to the apiculture industry.

Apicomplexa Diseases caused by apicomplexan organisms include, but are not limited to:

Apicomplexa The name of the taxon Apicomplexa is derived from two Latin words — apex (top) and complexus (infolds) — and refers to a set of organelles in the sporozoite. The older taxon 'Sporozoa' was created by Schrevel in 1971 and grouped the Apicomplexa together with the Ascetosporea, Microsporidia and Myxosporida. This grouping is no longer regarded as biologically valid and its use is discouraged.

Apicomplexa - Phylogenetic relations
This has rarely been studied at the subclass level. Morrison using molecular date has shown that the haemosporidia are related to the gregarines and that the piroplasms and coccidians are sister groups. Other studies suggest that the haemosporidia and the piroplasma appear to be sister clades and are more closely related to the coccidians than to the gregarines.

Apicomplexa - Phylogenetic relations
Transposons appear to be rare in this phylum but have been identified in the genera Ascogregarina and Eimeria.

Apicomplexa - General morphological features
All members of this phylum have an infectious stage — the sporozoite — which possess three distinct structures in an apical complex. The apical complex consists of a set of spirally arranged microtubules (the conoid), a secretory body (the rhoptry) and one or more polar rings. Additional slender electron-dense secretory bodies (micronemes) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present. It is this structure that gives the phylum its name.

A further group of spherical organelles are distributed throughout the cell rather than being localized at the apical complex and are known as the dense granules. These typically have a mean diameter of about 0.7 micrometers. Secretion of the dense-granule content takes place after parasite invasion and localization within the parasitophorous vacuole and persists for several minutes.

Other morphological findings that are common to all members of this phylum include:

*The nucleus (cell)|nucleus is haploid.

*Flagellae are found only in the motile gamete. These are posteriorly directed and vary in number (usually one to three).

*Basal body|Basal bodies are present. Although hemosporidians and piroplasmids have normal triplets of microtubules in their basal bodies and coccidians and gregarines have 9 singlets.

*The mitochondria have tubular cristae.

*A Golgi apparatus is present.

*Centrioles, chloroplasts, ejectile organelles and inclusions are absent.

*Colourless plastids are present in some species.

*The cell is surrounded by a pellicle (biology)|pellicle of three membrane layers (the alveolar structure) penetrated by micropores.

*Mitosis: usually closed with an intranuclear spindle; in some species it is open at the poles

*Cell division: usually by schizogony

Other features common to this phylum are a lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use of micropores for feeding, movement by body flexion or gliding and the production of oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form.

Apicomplexa - General features
Within this phylum there are three groups — coccidians, gregarines and haemosporidians. The coccidians and gregarines appear to be relatively closely related.

Apicomplexa - General features
Perkinsus while once considered a member of this phylum has been moved to a new phylum — Perkinsozoa.

Apicomplexa - Gregarines
At some point in the apicomplexan life cycle, gametocytes are formed

Apicomplexa - Coccidians
In general, coccidians are parasites of vertebrates. Like gregarines, they are commonly parasites of the epithelial cells of the gut but may infect other tissues.

The coccidian lifecycle involves merogony, gametogony and sporogony

The main difference between the coccidians and the gregarines is in the gamonts. In the coccida these are small, intracellular and without epimerites or mucrons. In the gregarines these are large, extracellular and possess epimerites or mucrons.

A second difference between the coccidia and the gregarines also lies in the gamonts. In the coccidia a single gamonts becomes a macrogametocyte, whereas in the gregarines the gamonts give rise to multiple gametocytes.

Apicomplexa - Haemosporidia
The Haemosporidians have more complex lifecycles that alternate between an arthropod and a vertebrate host

Apicomplexa - Evolution
All members of this phylum are parasitic and evolved from a free-living ancestor. It is presumed that this lifestyle evolved at the time of the divergence of dinoﬂagellates and apicomplexans. Further evolution of this phylum has been estimated to have occurred ~. The oldest extant clade is thought to be the archigregarines.

Many Coccidiomorpha have an intermediate host as well as a primary host, and the evolution of hosts proceeded in different ways and at different times in these groups

Similar strategies to increase the likelihood of transmission have evolved in multiple genera. Polyenergid oocysts and tissue cysts are found in representatives of the orders Protococcidiorida and Eimeriida. Hypnozoites are found in Karyolysus lacerate and most species of Plasmodium; transovarial transmission of parasites occurs in lifecycles of Karyolysus and Babesia.

Horizontal gene transfer appears to have occurred early on in this phylum's evolution with the transfer of a histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20) Histone#Chromatin regulation|modifier, Set8, from an animal host to the ancestor of apicomplexans. A second gene — H3K36 methyltransferase (Ashr3 in plants) — may have also be horizontally transferred.

Apicomplexa - Life cycle
There are many variations on this basic pattern, however, and many Apicomplexa have more than one host.

The apical complex includes Vesicle (biology)|vesicles called rhoptries and micronemes, which open at the anterior of the cell

The presence of alveoli and other traits place the Apicomplexa among a group called the alveolates. Several related flagellates, such as Perkinsus marinus|Perkinsus and Colpodella, have structures similar to the polar ring and were formerly included here, but most appear to be closer relatives of the dinoflagellates. They are probably similar to the common ancestor of the two groups.

Another similarity is that many apicomplexan cells contain a single plastid, called the apicoplast, surrounded by either 3 or four membranes. Its functions are thought to include tasks such as lipid and heme biosynthesis, and it appears to be necessary for survival. In general, plastids are considered to have a common origin with the chloroplasts of dinoflagellates, and evidence points to an origin from red algae rather than green alga|green.

The Apicomplexa comprise the bulk of what used to be called the Sporozoa, a group for parasitic protozoans without flagella, pseudopods, or cilia. Most of the Apicomplexa are motile, however. The other main lines were the Ascetosporea, the Myxozoa (now known to be derived from animals), and the Microsporidia (now known to be derived from fungus|fungi). Sometimes the name Sporozoa is taken as a synonym for the Apicomplexa, or occasionally as a subset.

Apicomplexa - Blood-borne genera
Within the Apicomplexa there are three suborders of parasites.

* suborder Adeleorina — 8 genera

* suborder Haemosporina — all genera in this suborder

* suborder Eimeriorina — 2 genera (Lankesterella and Schellackia)

The Haemosporina includes the malaria parasites and their relatives.

The Eimeriorina — the largest suborder in this phylum — the lifecycle involves both sexual and asexual stages. The asexual stages reproduce by schizogony. The male gametocyte produces a large number of gametes and the zygote gives rise to an oocyst, which is the infective stage. The majority are monoxenous (infect one host only) but a few are heteroxenous (lifecycle involves two or more hosts).

Both the number of families in this later suborder is debated with the number of families being between one and twenty depending on the authority and the number of genera being between nineteen and twenty five. This somewhat unsatisfactory state of affairs awaits resolution with DNA based methods.

Apicomplexa - Disease genomics
One possible target for drugs is the plastid, and in fact existing drugs such as Tetracycline antibiotics|tetracyclines, which are effective against apicomplexans seem to operate against the plastid.

Apicomplexa - Disease genomics
Most apicomplexans have an apicoplast, (a non-photosynthetic plastid) and mitochondrion|mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, although Cryptosporidium species and gregarines are possible exceptions, as they are thought to have lost their plastids after the diverging last common ancestor of apicomplexans.

Apicomplexa - History The first Apicomplexan protozoan was seen by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 saw oocysts of Eimeria stiedae in the gall bladder of a rabbit. The first member of the phylum to be named (by Dufour in 1828) was Gregarina ovata in earwigs. Since then, many more have been identified and named. During the quarter century 1826–1850, 41 species and 6 genera of Apicomplexa were named. In the quarter-century 1951–1975, 1873 new species and 83 new genera were added.

Apicomplexa - Taxonomy
The field of classifying Apicomplexa is in flux and classification has changed throughout the years since it was formally named in 1970.

Apicomplexa By 1987 a comprehensive survey of the phylum was completed: in all, 4516 species and 339 genera had been named. They consisted of:

Apicomplexa Although there has been considerable revision of this phylum (the order Haemosporidia now has 17 genera rather than 9), it seems likely these numbers are still approximately correct.

Apicomplexa - Jacques Euzéby (1988)
Jacques Euzéby in 1988 created a new class Haemosporidiasina by merging subclass Piroplasmasina and suborder Haemospororina.

** Suborder Adeleorina (the adeleorins)

** Suborder Eimeriorina (the eimeriorins)

*Subclass Haemosporidiasina

The division into Achromatorida and Chromatorida although proposed on morphological grounds may have a biological basis as the ability to store haemozoin appears to have evolved only once.

Apicomplexa - Roberts and Janovy (1996)
Roberts and Janovy in 1996 divided the phylum into the following subclasses and suborders (omitting classes and orders):

** Suborder Haemospororina (the haemospororins)

*Subclass Piroplasmasina (the piroplasms)

These form the following five taxonomic groups:

# The adeleorins are one-host parasites of invertebrates or vertebrates, or two-host parasites that alternately infect haematophagous (blood-feeding) invertebrates and the blood of vertebrates.

# The eimeriorins are a diverse group that includes one host species of invertebrates, two-host species of invertebrates, one-host species of vertebrates and two-host species of vertebrates. The eimeriorins are frequently called the coccidia. This term is often used to include the adeleorins.

# Haemospororins often known as the malaria parasites, are two-host Apicomplexa that parasitize blood-feeding dipteran flies and the blood of various tetrapod vertebrates.

# Piroplasms where all the species included are two-host parasites infecting ticks and vertebrates.

Apicomplexa - Perkins (2000)
This scheme is taken from Perkins et al. It is outdated as the Perkinsidae have since been recognised as a sister group to the dinoflagellates rather that the Apicomplexia. The remainder of the scheme appears to be valid:

:::Macrogamete and microgamete develop separately. Syzygy does not occur. Ookinete has a conoid. Sporozoites have three walls. Heteroxenous: alternates between vertebrate host (in which merogony occurs) and invertebrate host (in which sporogony occurs). Usually blood parasites, transmitted by blood-sucking insects.

***Order Eugregarinorida

****Suborder Adeleorina

***Order Eucoccidiorida

Voiceless dental sibilant - Comparison with the Spanish apico-alveolar sibilant
Astur-Leonese linguistic group|Astur-Leonese, Catalan language|Catalan, Basque language|Basque, Galician language|Galician, Portuguese language|Portuguese and Spanish language|Spanish) have a so-called voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant which lacks the strong hissing of the described in this article, but rather has a duller, more grave sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a voiceless retroflex sibilant

(for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson claim that English can be pronounced apical, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque, In addition, Adams asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the apico-alveolar sibilant of northern Iberia.

Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in tongue shape. Adams describes the northern Iberian sibilant as retracted. Ladefoged and Maddieson appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as , and some phoneticians (e.g. J. Catford) have characterized it as sulcal (which is more or less a synonym of grooved), but in both cases there is some doubt about whether all and only the hissing sounds in fact have a grooved or sulcal tongue shape.

Chocapic 'Chocapic' is a chocolate-flavoured whole-grain breakfast cereal distributed by Nestlé in most of Europe, the Middle-East and Latin America.Official website: [

Chocapic - About In later advertisements he is seen with a child preventing several thieves from stealing the cereal and explaining the origin of Chocapic (the most usual explanation being that a balloon filled with chocolate burst and landed in a field, creating the choco petals).

Chocapic - About A new product related to this cereal, Chocapic Duo, has been recently created, which features the usual chocolate petals with white chocolate one, creating a new product.

Chocapic - Similar Products
Similar in flavor and texture to Chocapic is KoKo Krunch, produced and marketed by Nestlé throughout Asia.

Most of the focus on CCD has been toward environmental factors
Colony collapse disorder - Selective commercial breeding and lost genetic diversity in industrial apiculture Most of the focus on CCD has been toward environmental factors

Colony collapse disorder - Selective commercial breeding and lost genetic diversity in industrial apiculture Industrial apiculture has adopted simple breeding programs[ ] for uniform desired traits, and seasonal transportation of colonies over vast distances causes increased infectious exposures from mixing of these domestic and residual displaced wild populations.

Intel VT - Interrupt virtualization (AMD AVIC, Intel APICv)
In 2012, AMD announced their Advanced Virtual Interrupt Controller (AVIC) targeting interrupt overhead reduction in virtualization environments.Wei Huang, [ Introduction of AMD Advanced Virtual Interrupt Controller], XenSummit 2012 This technology has yet to materialize in hardware and (as announced) does not support x2APIC.

Intel VT - Interrupt virtualization (AMD AVIC, Intel APICv)
Also in 2012, Intel announced a similar technology for interrupt and Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC virtualization, which did not have a brand name at its announcement time. Later, it was branded as APIC virtualization (APICv) and it became commercially available in the Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)|Ivy Bridge EP series of Intel CPUs, which is sold as Xeon E5-26xx v2 (launched in late 2013) and as Xeon E5-46xx v2 (launched in early 2014).

Marcus Gavius Apicius Gavius Apicius apparently owed his cognomen (his third name) to an earlier Apicius (1st century BC)|Apicius, who lived around 90 BC, whose family name it may have been: if this is true, Apicius had come to mean gourmand as a result of the fame of this earlier lover of luxury.

Marcus Gavius Apicius Evidence for the life of M. Gavius Apicius derives partly from contemporary or almost-contemporary sources but is partly filtered through the above-named work by Apion, whose purpose was presumably to explain the names and origins of luxury foods, especially those anecdotally linked to Apicius. From these sources the following anecdotes about M. Gavius Apicius (hereafter called 'Apicius') survive: to what extent they form a real biography is doubtful.

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Sejanus (20 BC – 18 October 31), afterwards well known as the minister and confidant of the emperor Tiberius, had in his youth sold his body to Apicius: Tacitus, Annals (Tacitus)|Annals [ 4.1].

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Apicius dined with Maecenas (70 – 8 BC), Augustus's adviser: Martial, Epigrams It is possible that Martial drew this idea from a facile comparison made by Seneca the Younger|Seneca between Maecenas, cultural adviser, and Apicius, gastronomic adviser.

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Julius Caesar Drusus|Drusus (13 BC - 14 September 23|AD 23), son of Tiberius, was persuaded by Apicius not to eat cymae, cabbage tops or cabbage sprouts, because they were a common food: Pliny the Elder, Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History [ ].

Marcus Gavius Apicius *The consuls of AD 28, Junius Blaesus and Lucius Antistius Vetus, dined luxuriously at Apicius' house: Claudius Aelianus|Aelian, Letters nos Domingo-Forasté .

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Tiberius saw a big red mullet in the market and wagered that Apicius or Publius Octavius would buy it. Both men began bidding for it and Octavius won: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Apicius lived at Minturnae (Campania). Having heard of the boasted size and sweetness of the shrimps taken near the Libyan coast, Apicius commandeered a boat and crew, but when he arrived, disappointed by the shrimps he was offered by the local fishermen who came alongside in their boats, he turned round and returned to Minturnae without going ashore: Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae [ 1.7a].

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Apicius was born to enjoy every extravagant luxury that could be contrived. He advised that red mullet were at their best if, before cooking, they had been drowned in a bath of fish sauce made from red mullet: Pliny, Natural History [ 9:30].

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Apicius advised that flamingo's tongue was of superb flavour: Pliny, Natural History '[ 10:133]

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Based on existing methods of producing goose liver (foie gras), Apicius devised a similar method of producing pork liver. He fed his pigs with dried ficus|figs and slaughtered them with an overdose of Ancient Roman cuisine#Alcoholic drinks|mulsum (honeyed wine): Pliny, Natural History

Marcus Gavius Apicius *Having spent a fortune of 100 million sestertii on his kitchen, spent all the gifts he had received from the Imperial court, and thus swallowed up his income in lavish hospitality, Apicius found that he had only 10 million sestertii left. Afraid of dying in relative poverty, he poisoned himself: Seneca, Consolatio ad Helviam 10.

Marcus Gavius Apicius Several recipes were named after Apicius, and probably M. Gavius Apicius is the person intended:

Marcus Gavius Apicius *A method of cooking cabbage, marinading in oil and salt and using soda to retain greenness: Pliny, Natural History

Marcus Gavius Apicius *A kind of cake: Chrysippus of Tyana quoted by Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 647c.

*Seven recipes in the Apicius cookbook .
Marcus Gavius Apicius *Seven recipes in the Apicius cookbook .

Marcus Gavius Apicius The first such reference may be that in the Scholia on Juvenal (4.22), which assert that Apicius wrote about how to arrange dinners, and about sauces.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul
'Apichatpong Joe Weerasethakul' (;; ; born July 16, 1970)[ Pronunciation in Thai] (Forvo) is a Thailand|Thai independent film|independent film director, screenwriter, and film producer

Apichatpong Weerasethakul
Themes reflected in his films (frequently discussed in interviews) include dreams, nature, sexuality (including his own homosexuality),Creating His Own Language: An Interview With Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Holger Romers (author)|Romers, H

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Early life
Apichatpong was born in Bangkok, Thailand and he is of Chinese ethnic roots. His parents were both physicians, and worked in a hospital in Khon Kaen Province|Khon Kaen, Thailand.Rithdee, Kong (July 28, 2006). [ Everything is illuminated], Bangkok Post (retrieved July 28, 2006).

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Early life
Apichatpong attended Khon Kaen University and received a bachelor's degree in architecture in He made his first short film, Bullet, in He attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and received a master's degree in fine arts in filmmaking in 1997.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Career
Apichatpong's feature-length debut, Dokfa nai meuman (Mysterious Object at Noon) is a documentary and was conceptually based upon the exquisite corpse game invented by surrealists

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Blissfully Yours, Tropical Malady
Apichatpong's 2002 in film|2002 film Sud Sanaeha (Blissfully Yours) was his debut narrative feature film and was awarded the Un Certain Regard prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. His 2004 Sud Pralad (Tropical Malady) won a Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)|Jury Prize from the same festival.

When asked about the film in May 2013, Apichatpong said: I have had enough of Iron Pussy for now

Along with his features, Apichatpong is also known for his short films, videoworks and installations. For the 2005 Jeonju International Film Festival, he was commissioned to contribute to the Three Digital Short Films project, alongside two other Asian directors. His film was called Worldly Desires, while Japanese filmmaker Shinya Tsukamoto made Vital, Bullet Ballet and Song Il-gon from South Korea created Magician(s).

In 2005 Apichatpong served as the consultant on the Tsunami Digital Short Films, a series of 13 films commissioned by the Thailand Culture Ministry's Office of Contemporary Art and Culture as a memorial tribute to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and the resulting tsunami that struck Thailand. His contribution was the film Ghost of Asia.

The Thai Office of Contemporary Art and Culture also honoured Apichatpong with its 2005 Silpathorn Award for filmmaking. The annual award is given to living contemporary artists in various disciplines.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Syndromes and censorship
In 2006, Apichatpong released a feature film, Syndromes and a Century, that was commissioned by Peter Sellars for the New Crowned Hope Festival in Vienna to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's birth. It premiered at the 63rd Venice Film Festival and screened at numerous film events, such as the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival.

The film's Thai release, originally slated for April 19, 2007, was indefinitely delayed after the Censorship in Thailand|Thai Censorship Board demanded the removal of four scenes. Apichatpong refused to recut the film and said he would withdraw the film from domestic circulation. He explained his reasons for doing so in an article in the Bangkok Post:

The censors refused to return the print unless the requested cuts were made.Weerasethakul, Apichatpong

The censorship of the film came about as a Motion picture rating system#Thailand|motion picture ratings system was being considered by the Council for National Security|junta-appointed National Assembly of Thailand|National Legislative Assembly

Nobody goes to see films by Apichatpong

The filmmakers sought a self-regulation approach, with the founding of an independent body run by film professionals. Apichatpong had written in a commentary earlier in the year:

This way, the film industry will be liberated from the state's shackles and begin to have a dialogue with the public.Weerasethakul, Apichatpong

A protest against the draft ratings law was held outside the Parliament building in Bangkok, at which Apichatpong and fellow Thai directors Wisit Sasanatieng and Pen-Ek Ratanaruang held banners that read: No Freedom. No Democracy. No Peace[ คนรักหนังขอเปลี่ยนม้วน ‘พ.ร.บ.ภาพยนตร์’ ฉบับ โลกแคบ-ใจแคบ], Prachatai; retrieved The ratings law, with the cut-and-ban categories left intact, was passed on December 20, 2007.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Tomyam Pladib
Apichatpong presented the Apichatpong On Video Works session as part of the Tomyam Pladib art exhibition that featured both Thai and Japanese artists who produced works regarding the coexistence of traditional and modern cultures. The filmmaker's presentation consisted of three short films: Ghost Of Asia, and The Anthem. Apichatpong also answered questions from the audience to conclude the presentation.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Tomyam Pladib
This first English-language book on Apichatpong was published in March James Quandt is the editor and author of the analytical career overview that introduces the book. Other contributors include the cultural and political theorist Benedict Anderson, filmmaker Mark Cousins, art curator Karen Newman, critics Tony Rayns and Kong Rithdee, and the Academy Award-winning actress and cinephile Tilda Swinton.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Primitive, Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives and Mekong Hotel
Primitive, Apichatpong's first solo exhibition—composed of a two-channel video installation, seven single-channel videos, and two giclée prints—was first shown at Haus der Kunst in February 2009

In 2010 Apichatpong's feature film, Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. The film was also selected as the Thai entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist.

In March 2013, Apichatpong and fellow Kick The Machine artist Chai Siri received the Sharjah Biennial Prize at the 2013 Sharjah Biennial 11 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), alongside five other artists, including Magdi Mostafa and Fumito Urabe. Apichatpong was also awarded Japan's Fukuoka Art and Culture Prize in June, alongside India|Indian visual artist Nalini Malani, worth 3,000,000 yen (United States dollar|US$30,530).

In March 2014, it was announced that Apichatpong will feature among 32 directors from four continents, including Vincent Gallo and Gaspar Noé, to direct Short Plays, a soccer-themed omnibus production shot around the world. Apichatpong's short is set in his home town, features 22 shots of its lake, almost the only recognizable feature from his childhood, which are arranged like players in a soccer game.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Perspectives
In a May 2013 interview for the Encounter Thailand journal, Apichatpong stated that all of his films are personal in nature and he does not consider himself a cultural ambassador for Thailand. In relation to the concept of queer, he explained: For me, the word queer means anything’s possible.

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Short films and installations
* Like the Relentless Fury of the Pounding Waves (1996)

* 100 Years of Thai Cinema (for Thai Film Foundation, 1997)

* The Lungara Eating Jell-O (for World Artists for Tibet, 1998)

* Haunted Houses Project: Thailand (for Istanbul Biennial, 2001)

* Narratives: Masumi Is a PC Operator / Fumiyo Is a Designer / I Was Sketching / Swan's Blood (for Intercross Creative Center, 2001)

* It Is Possible That Only Your Heart Is Not Enough to Find You a True Love: True Love in Green / True Love in White (for Busan Biennial, 2004)

* Worldly Desires (for Jeonju International Film Festival, 2004)

* Ghost of Asia, co-director (for Tsunami Digital Short Films project, 2005)

* Waterfall (for Solar Cinematic Art Gallery/Curtas Vila do Conde International Film Festival, 2006)

* The Anthem (for LUX/Frieze Art Fair, 2006)

* Luminous People (in The State of the World (film)|The State of the World, 2007)

* Meteorites (for Short Films for the King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 80th Birthday, 2007)

* The Palace (for National Palace Museum, 2007)

* Vampire (for Louis Vuitton, 2008)

* Mobile Men (in Stories on Human Rights (film)|Stories on Human Rights, 2008)

* Phantoms of Nabua (for Toronto International Film Festival, 2009)

* The Importance of Telepathy (for Documenta, 2012)

* Cactus River (for Walker Art Center, 2012)

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Further reading
* Hunt, Matthew (May 2013). [ Exclusive Interview With Apichatpong Weerasethakul].

* Lim, Li Min (November 2, 2006). [ A Thai director's elliptical view of the world], International Herald Tribune

* Pansittivorakul,Thunska (May 19, 2006). [ A Conversation with Apichatpong Weerasethakul].

* Quandt, James (ed.) [ Apichatpong Weerasethakul.] Wallflower Press (August, 2009).

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Contributions
*2008 [ Life on Mars], the 2008 Carnegie International

Apichatpong Weerasethakul - Contributions
*2011 [ For Tomorrow For Tonight], Irish Museum of Modern Art

List of Regular Show characters - Capicola Gang
The 'Capicola Gang' is a group of evil anthropomorphic animatronic animals from The Fun Fun Zone, a restaurant that became corrupted after The Park workers won a pair of fuzzy dice (which, unbeknownst to them, had diamonds in them) for Pops' birthday in the episode Fuzzy Dice

List of Regular Show characters - Capicola Gang Leader
The 'Capicola Gang Leader' (voiced by John Cygan) is an unnamed robot bear who is the leader of the Capicola Gang.

Apiculture 'Beekeeping' (or 'apiculture', from bee) is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in beehive|hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollination|pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or bee yard.

Apiculture Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago

Apiculture - History of beekeeping
650 BCE), depicting pouring honey in jars and cylindrical hives.[ Apiculture in Egypt, Dr Tarek Issa Abd El-Wahab] Sealed pots of honey were found in the grave goods of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun.

There was an unsuccessful attempt to introduce bees to Mesopotamia in the 8th century BC|8th century BCE by Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Mari, Syria|Mari and Suhu. His ambitious plans were detailed in a stele of 760 BCE:

British Archaeological Reports, Oxford

Archaeological finds relating to beekeeping have been discovered at Rehov, a Bronze Age|Bronze and Iron Age archaeological site in the Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley, Israel.[ Oldest known archaeological example of beekeeping discovered in Israel] (September 1st, 2008) Thirty intact hives, made of straw and unbaked clay, were discovered by archaeologist Amihai Mazar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in the ruins of the city, dating from about 10th century BC|900 BCE

In ancient Greece, aspects of the lives of bees and beekeeping are discussed at length by Aristotle. Beekeeping was also documented by the ancient Rome|Roman writers Virgil, Gaius Julius Hyginus, Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro, and Columella.

The art of beekeeping appeared in History of China#Ancient China|ancient China for a long time and hardly traceable to its origin. In the book Golden Rules of Business Success written by Fan Li (or Tao Zhu Gong) during the Spring and Autumn Period there are some parts mentioning the art of beekeeping and the importance of the quality of the wooden box for bee keeping that can affect the quality of its honey.

Apiculture - Origins Beekeeping, or apiculture, is concerned with the practical management of the social species of honey bees, which live in large colonies of up to 100,000 individuals

Apiculture - Origins All of the Apis mellifera sub-species are capable of inter-breeding and Hybrid (biology)|hybridizing

Apiculture - Wild honey harvesting
Collecting honey from wild bee colonies is one of the most ancient human activities and is still practiced by aboriginal societies in parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America

Apiculture - Study of honey bees
It was not until the 18th century that European natural philosophers undertook the scientific study of bee colonies and began to understand the complex and hidden world of bee biology

Apiculture - Study of honey bees
Following Réaumur's design, Huber built improved glass-walled observation hives and sectional hives that could be opened like the leaves of a book

Apiculture - Invention of the movable comb hive
Early forms of honey collecting entailed the destruction of the entire colony when the honey was harvested

During the medieval period abbeys and monastery|monasteries were centers of beekeeping, since beeswax was highly prized for candles and fermented honey was used to make alcoholic mead in areas of Europe where vines would not grow. The 18th and 19th centuries saw successive stages of a revolution in beekeeping, which allowed the bees themselves to be preserved when taking the harvest.

Intermediate stages in the transition from the old beekeeping to the new were recorded for example by Thomas Wildman in 1768/1770, who described advances over the destructive old skep-based beekeeping so that the bees no longer had to be killed to harvest the honey.Thomas Wildman, A Treatise on the Management of Bees (London, 1768, 2nd edn 1770)

However, the forerunners of the modern hives with movable frames that are mainly used today are considered the traditional basket top bar (movable comb) hives of Greece, known as “Greek beehives”

The 19th century saw this revolution in beekeeping practice completed through the perfection of the movable comb hive by the American Lorenzo Langstroth|Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth

The invention and development of the movable-comb-hive fostered the growth of commercial honey production on a large scale in both Europe and the USA (see also Beekeeping in the United States).

Apiculture - Evolution of hive designs
Langstroth's design for movable comb hives was seized upon by apiarists and inventors on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic and a wide range of moveable comb hives were designed and perfected in England, France, Germany and the United States

The differences in hive dimensions are insignificant in comparison to the common factors in all these hives: they are all square or rectangular; they all use movable wooden frames; they all consist of a floor, brood-box, honey super, crown-board and roof. Hives have traditionally been constructed of Cedrus|cedar, pine, or cypress wood, but in recent years hives made from injection molded dense polystyrene have become increasingly important.

Hives also use queen excluders between the brood-box and honey supers to keep the queen from laying eggs in cells next to those containing honey intended for consumption. Also, with the advent in the 20th century of mite pests, hive floors are often replaced for part of (or the whole) year with a wire mesh and removable tray.

Apiculture - Pioneers of practical and commercial beekeeping
The 19th century produced an explosion of innovators and inventors who perfected the design and production of beehives, systems of management and husbandry, stock improvement by selective breeding, honey extraction and marketing. Preeminent among these innovators were:

'Petro Prokopovych', used frames with channels in the side of the woodwork, these were packed side by side in boxes that were stacked one on top of the other. The bees travelling from frame to frame and box to box via the channels. The channels were similar to the cut outs in the sides of modern wooden sections[ History of British Standards in Beekeeping] (1814).

'Jan Dzierżon', was the father of modern apiology and apiculture. All modern beehives are descendants of his design.

'L. L. Langstroth', revered as the father of American apiculture, no other individual has influenced modern beekeeping practice more than Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth. His classic book The Hive and Honey-bee was published in 1853.

'Moses Quinby', often termed 'the father of commercial beekeeping in the United States', author of Mysteries of Bee-Keeping Explained.

'Amos Root', author of the A B C of Bee Culture, which has been continuously revised and remains in print. Root pioneered the manufacture of hives and the distribution of bee-packages in the United States.

'A. J. Cook (beekeeper)|A. J. Cook', author of The Bee-Keepers' Guide; or Manual of the Apiary, 1876.

'Dr. C.C. Miller' was one of the first entrepreneurs to actually make a living from apiculture. By 1878 he made beekeeping his sole business activity. His book, Fifty Years Among the Bees, remains a classic and his influence on bee management persists to this day.

'Major Francesco De Hruschka' was an Italian military officer who made one crucial invention that catalyzed the commercial honey industry

'Walter T. Kelley' was an American pioneer of modern beekeeping in the early and mid-20th century. He greatly improved upon beekeeping equipment and clothing and went on to manufacture these items as well as other equipment. His company sold via catalog worldwide and his book, How to Keep Bees Sell Honey, an introductory book of apiculture and marketing, allowed for a boom in beekeeping following World War II.

In the U.K. practical beekeeping was led in the early 20th century by a few men, pre-eminently 'Brother Adam' and his Buckfast bee and 'R.O.B. Manley', author of many titles, including Honey Production in the British Isles and inventor of the Manley frame, still universally popular in the U.K. Other notable British pioneers include William Herrod-Hempsall and Gale.

'Dr

In India, R

Apiculture - Fixed comb hives
A fixed comb hive is a hive in which the combs cannot be removed or manipulated for management or harvesting without permanently damaging the comb. Almost any hollow structure can be used for this purpose, such as a log gum, skep or a clay pot. Fixed comb hives are no longer in common use in industrialized countries, and are illegal in some places that require inspection for problems such as varroa and American foulbrood.

Apiculture - Fixed comb hives
In many developing countries fixed comb hives are widely used and, because they can be made from any locally available material, are very inexpensive. Beekeeping using fixed comb hives is an essential part of the livelihoods of many communities in poor countries. The charity Bees for Development recognizes that local skills to manage bees in fixed comb hives are widespread in Africa, Asia, and South America.

Apiculture - Movable frame hives
In the United States, the Langstroth hive is commonly used

Apiculture - Top-bar hives
A growing number of amateur beekeepers are adopting various top-bar hives similar to the type commonly found in Africa

Some of the most well known top-bar hives are the Kenyan Top Bar Hive with sloping sides, the Tanzanian Top Bar Hive with straight sides, and Vertical Top Bar Hives, such as the Warre or People's Hive designed by Abbe Warre in the mid-1900s.

The initial costs and equipment requirements are far less. Scrap wood or #2 or #3 pine can often be used build a nice hive. Top-bar hives also offer some advantages to interacting with the bees and the amount of weight that must be lifted is greatly reduced. Top-bar hives are being widely used in developing countries in Africa and Asia as a result of the Bees for Development program. Since 2011, a growing number of beekeepers in the U.S. are using various top-bar hives.

Apiculture - Protective clothing
While knowledge of the bees is the first line of defense, most beekeepers also wear some protective clothing. Novice beekeepers usually wear gloves and a hooded suit or hat and veil. Experienced beekeepers sometimes elect not to use gloves because they inhibit delicate manipulations. The face and neck are the most important areas to protect, so most beekeepers wear at least a veil.

Defensive bees are attracted to the breath, and a sting on the face can lead to much more pain and swelling than a sting elsewhere, while a sting on a bare hand can usually be quickly removed by fingernail scrape to reduce the amount of venom injected.

The protective clothing is generally light colored (but not colorful) and of a smooth material. This provides the maximum differentiation from the colony's natural predators.

'Stings' retained in clothing fabric continue to pump out an Alarm pheromones|alarm pheromone that attracts aggressive action and further stinging attacks. Washing suits regularly, and rinsing gloved hands in vinegar minimizes attraction.

Smoke is the beekeeper's third line of defense
Apiculture - Smoker Smoke is the beekeeper's third line of defense

Apiculture - Smoker Smoke is of questionable use with a swarm, because swarms do not have honey stores to feed on in response. Usually smoke is not needed, since swarms tend to be less defensive, as they have no stores to defend, and a fresh swarm has fed well from the hive.

Apiculture - Smoker Many types of fuel can be used in a smoker as long as it is natural and not contaminated with harmful substances

Apiculture - Smoker Some beekeepers are using liquid smoke as a safer, more convenient alternative. It is a water-based solution that is sprayed onto the bees from a plastic spray bottle.

Apiculture - Smoker Torpor may also be induced by the introduction of chilled air into the hive - while chilled carbon dioxide may have harmful long-term effects.

Apiculture - Effects of stings and of protective measures
Some beekeepers believe that the more stings a beekeeper receives, the less irritation each causes, and they consider it important for safety of the beekeeper to be stung a few times a season

Apiculture - Effects of stings and of protective measures
The entry of venom into the body from bee-stings may also be hindered and reduced by protective clothing that allows the wearer to remove stings and venom sacs with a simple tug on the clothing. Although the stinger is barbed, a worker bee is less likely to become lodged into clothing than human skin.

Apiculture - Natural beekeeping
The natural beekeeping movement believes that modern beekeeping and agricultural practices, such as crop spraying, hive movement, frequent hive inspections, artificial insemination of queens, routine medication, and sugar water feeding, weaken bee hives.

Practitioners of 'natural beekeeping' tend to use variations of the top-bar hive, which is a simple design that retains the concept of movable comb without the use of frames or foundation

The most popular vertical top-bar hive is probably the Warré hive, based on a design by the French priest Abbé Émile Warré (1867–1951) and popularized by Dr. David Heaf in his English translation of Warré's book L'Apiculture pour Tous as Beekeeping For All.

Apiculture - Urban or backyard beekeeping
Urban apiculture has undergone a renaissance in the first decade of the 21st century, and urban beekeeping is seen by many as a growing trend; it has recently been legalized in cities where it was previously banned

Apiculture - Urban or backyard beekeeping
Some have found that city bees are actually healthier than rural bees because there are fewer pesticides and greater biodiversity. Urban bees may fail to find forage, however, and homeowners can use their landscapes to help feed local bee populations by planting flowers that provide nectar and pollen. An environment of year-round, uninterrupted bloom creates an ideal environment for colony reproduction.

Apiculture - Castes *a queen bee, which is normally the only breeding female in the colony;

Apiculture - Castes *a large number of female worker bees, typically 30,000–50,000 in number;

Apiculture - Castes *a number of male Drone (bee)|drones, ranging from thousands in a strong hive in spring to very few during dearth or cold season.

Apiculture - Castes The queen is the only sexually mature female in the hive and all of the female worker bees and male drones are her offspring

Apiculture - Mating of queens
The queen emerges from her cell after 15 days of development and she remains in the hive for 3–7 days before venturing out on a mating flight

Apiculture - Mating of queens
Mating takes place at some distance from the hive and often several hundred feet in the air; it is thought that this separates the strongest drones from the weaker ones, ensuring that only the fastest and strongest drones get to pass on their genes.

Apiculture - Worker bees
Almost all the bees in a hive are female worker bees. At the height of summer when activity in the hive is frantic and work goes on non-stop, the life of a worker bee may be as short as 6 weeks; in late autumn, when no brood is being raised and no nectar is being harvested, a young bee may live for 16 weeks, right through the winter. During its life a worker bee performs different work functions in the hive, largely dictated by the age of the bee.

Apiculture - Structure of a bee colony
A domesticated bee colony is normally housed in a rectangular hive body, within which eight to ten parallel frames house the vertical plates of honeycomb that contain the eggs, larvae, pupae and food for the colony. If one were to cut a vertical cross-section through the hive from side to side, the brood nest would appear as a roughly ovoid ball spanning 5-8 frames of comb. The two outside combs at each side of the hive tend to be exclusively used for long-term storage of honey and pollen.

Within the central brood nest, a single frame of comb typically has a central disk of eggs, larvae and sealed brood cells that may extend almost to the edges of the frame

Apart from the honey stored within the central brood frames, the bees store surplus honey in combs above the brood nest

Apiculture - Annual cycle of a bee colony
The development of a bee colony follows an annual cycle of growth that begins in spring with a rapid expansion of the brood nest, as soon as pollen is available for feeding larvae

Apiculture - Annual cycle of a bee colony
The key factor in this is the prevention or skillful management of the swarming impulse

Apiculture - Colony reproduction: swarming and supersedure
All colonies are totally dependent on their queen, who is the only egg-layer

All the time that the queen is fertile and laying eggs she produces a variety of pheromones, which control the behavior of the bees in the hive

At this juncture, the bees produce one or more queen cells by modifying existing worker cells that contain a normal female egg. However, the bees pursue two distinct behaviors:

# Supersedure: queen replacement within one hive without swarming

# Swarm cell production: the division of the hive into two colonies by swarming

Different sub-species of Apis mellifera exhibit differing swarming characteristics that reflect their evolution in different ecotopes of the European continent. In general the more northerly black races are said to swarm less and supersede more, whereas the more southerly yellow and grey varieties are said to swarm more frequently. The truth is complicated because of the prevalence of cross-breeding and hybridization of the sub species and opinions differ.

Supersedure is highly valued as a behavioral trait by beekeepers because a hive that supersedes its old queen does not swarm and so no stock is lost; it merely creates a new queen and allows the old one to fade away, or alternatively she is killed when the new queen emerges. When superseding a queen, the bees produce just one or two queen cells, characteristically in the center of the face of a broodcomb.

In swarming, by contrast, a great many queen cells are created—typically a dozen or more—and these are located around the edges of a broodcomb, most often at the sides and the bottom.

Once either process has begun, the old queen normally leaves the hive with the hatching of the first queen cells

Apiculture - Factors that trigger swarming
It is generally accepted that a colony of bees does not swarm until they have completed all of their brood combs, i.e., filled all available space with eggs, larvae, and brood

Another important factor in swarming is the age of the queen. Those under a year in age are unlikely to swarm unless they are extremely crowded, while older queens have swarming predisposition.

Beekeepers monitor their colonies carefully in spring and watch for the appearance of queen cells, which are a dramatic signal that the colony is determined to swarm.

When a colony has decided to swarm, queen cells are produced in numbers varying to a dozen or more

This swarm looks for shelter. A beekeeper may capture it and introduce it into a new hive, helping meet this need. Otherwise, it returns to a feral state, in which case it finds shelter in a hollow tree, excavation, abandoned chimney, or even behind shutters.

Back at the original hive, the first virgin queen to emerge from her cell immediately seeks to kill all her rival queens still waiting to emerge. Usually, however, the bees deliberately prevent her from doing this, in which case, she too leads a second swarm from the hive. Successive swarms are called 'after-swarms' or 'casts' and can be very small, often with just a thousand or so bees—as opposed to a prime swarm, which may contain as many as ten to twenty-thousand bees.

A small after-swarm has less chance of survival and may threaten the original hive's survival if the number of individuals left is unsustainable. When a hive swarms despite the beekeeper's preventative efforts, a good management practice is to give the reduced hive a couple frames of open brood with eggs. This helps replenish the hive more quickly and gives a second opportunity to raise a queen if there is a mating failure.

Each race or sub-species of honey bee has its own swarming characteristics. Italian bees are very prolific and inclined to swarm; Northern European black bees have a strong tendency to supersede their old queen without swarming. These differences are the result of differing evolutionary pressures in the regions where each sub-species evolved.

Apiculture - Artificial swarming
When a colony accidentally loses its queen, it is said to be queenless

Apiculture - Artificial swarming
Beekeepers use the ability of the bees to produce new queens to increase their colonies in a procedure called splitting a colony

Apiculture - Diseases The common agents of disease that affect adult honey bees include Fungus|fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses, parasitism|parasites, and poisons

Apicoplast An 'apicoplast' is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, but not in others such as Cryptosporidium. It originated from an alga (there is debate as to whether this was a green or red alga) through secondary endosymbiosis. The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes within the outermost part of the endomembrane system.

Apicoplast - Significance
Furthermore, herbicides may be able to specifically target the parasite's plant-like apicoplast and without any noticeable effect on the mammalian host's cells.

Apicoplast - Evolutionary origin
Evidence suggests that the apicoplast is a product of secondary endosymbiosis, and that the apicoplast may be homologous to the secondary plastid of the closely related dinoflagellate algae. An ancient cyanobacterium was first engulfed by a eukaryotic cell but was not digested. The bacterium escaped being digested because it formed a symbiotic relationship with the host eukaryotic cell; both the eukaryote and the bacterium mutually benefited from their novel shared existence.

Apicoplast - Evolutionary origin
During the reorganization of the plastid the apicoplast lost its ability to photosynthesize

Apicoplast - Architecture and distribution
Within the apicoplast's membrane is a 35 kb long circular DNA strand that codes for approximately 30 proteins, tRNAs and some RNAs

Apicoplast - Function The functions of apicoplasts have not been conclusively defined. However, it has been established that the apicoplast is a vital organelle to the parasite's survival.

Apicoplast - Fatty Acid Synthesis
The destruction of the apicoplast does not immediately kill the parasite but instead prevents it from invading new host cells. This observation suggests that the apicoplast may be involved in lipid metabolism. If unable to synthesize sufficient fatty acids the parasite is unable to form the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) that is imperative to a successful invasion of host cells. This conclusion is supported by the discovery of Type II Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) machinery in the apicoplast.

Apicoplast - Isoprenoid Synthesis
The apicoplast is also thought to have a role in isoprenoid synthesis, which are prosthetic groups on many enzymes and also act as precursors to ubiquinones (involved in electron transport) and dolichols (involved in glycoprotein formation). The apicoplast contains the DOXP pathway for isoprenoid synthesis and is the sole site for synthesis in the Plasmodium genome.

Apicoplast - Heme synthesis
The apicoplast has also been implicated with heme synthesis and amino acid synthesis. It is also suggested to have a role in cell development. These functions, however, are merely postulations and are not yet conclusively supported by experimentation.

Apicoplast - Iron-sulphur cluster synthesis
Various iron-sulphur cluster biosynthetic enzymes including SufB or Orf470 have been identified in the apicoplast genome.

Periapical abscess In a periapical abscess, usually the origin is a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft, often dead, Pulp (tooth)|pulp of the tooth

Periapical abscess A dental abscess is a type of odontogenic infection, although commonly the latter term is applied to an infection which has spread outside the local region around the causative tooth.

Periapical abscess - Classification
* Periapical abscess: The result of a chronic (medicine)|chronic, localized infection located at the tip, or Dental anatomy#Surfaces|apex, of the root of a tooth.

* Gingival abscess: involving only the gum tissue, without affecting either the tooth or the periodontal ligament (see: periodontal abscess)

* Pericoronal abscess: involving the soft tissues surrounding the crown of a tooth (see: Pericoronitis)

* Combined periodontic-endodontic abscess: a situation in which a periapical abscess and a periodontal abscess have combined (see: Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions).

Periapical abscess - Signs and symptoms
The pain is continuous and may be described as extreme, growing, sharp, shooting, or throbbing. Putting pressure or warmth on the tooth may induce extreme pain. The area may be sensitive to touch and possibly swollen as well. This swelling may be present at either the base of the tooth, the gum, and/or the cheek, and sometimes can be reduced by applying ice packs.

An acute abscess may be painless but still have a swelling present on the gum. It is important to get anything that presents like this checked by a dental professional as it may become chronic later.

In some cases, a tooth abscess may perforate bone and start draining into the surrounding tissues creating local facial swelling. In some cases, the lymph glands in the neck will become swollen and tender in response to the infection. It may even feel like a migraine as the pain can transfer from the infected area. The pain does not normally transfer across the face, only upwards or downwards as the nerves that serve each side of the face are separate.

Severe aching and discomfort on the side of the face where the tooth is infected is also fairly common, with the tooth itself becoming unbearable to touch due to extreme amounts of pain.

Periapical abscess - Diagnostic approach
In order to diagnose a dental abscess thorough medical and dental histories must be taken, extraoral and intraoral examinations performed and radiographic images obtained. A periodontal abscess may be difficult to distinguish from a periapical abscess. Indeed sometimes they can occur together. Since the management of a periodontal abscess is different from a periapical abscess, this differentiation is important to make. The following factors may help to this:

* Similarly, in a periodontal abscess pus most likely discharges via the periodontal pocket, whereas a periapical abscess generally drains via a parulis nearer to the apex of the involved tooth.

* In periodontal abscesses, the swelling usually precedes the pain, and in periapical abscesses, the pain usually precedes the swelling.

* A history of toothache with sensitivity to hot and cold suggests previous pulpitis, and indicates that a periapical abscess is more likely.

* If the tooth which gives normal results on pulp sensibility testing, is free of dental caries and has no large restorations; it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess.

* A dental radiograph is of little help in the early stages of an dental abscess, but later usually the position of the abscess, and hence indication of endodontal/periodontal etiology determined. If there is a sinus, a gutta percha point is sometimes inserted before the x-ray in the hope that it will point to the origin of the infection.

* Generally, periodontal abscesses will be more tender to lateral percussion than to vertical, and periapical abscesses will be more tender to apical percussion.

A way to differentiate periapical abscesses from cemento-osseous dysplasia is to use percussion and/or a vitality test to determine the presence of an abscess

• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma can occur in the oral cavity and can present clinically as a dental abscess. If patients fail to respond to conventional therapies, such as endodontic procedures, then the clinician needs to be on alert for a differential diagnosis. Not taking a biopsy could result in a delay in treatment of a neoplastic condition. This in turn could influence the overall prognosis and outcome.(9)

• Plasmacytomas exhibit bucco-palatal swelling, expansion, well-defined margins and a smooth surface; the swelling can cause nasal obstruction and epistaxis

Periapical abscess - Treatment
Successful treatment of a dental abscess centers on the reduction and elimination of the offending organisms.

This can include treatment with antibioticshttp:// and drainage. If the tooth can be restored, root canal therapy can be performed. Non-restorable teeth must be tooth extraction|extracted, followed by curettage of all apical soft tissue.

Unless they are symptomatic, teeth treated with root canal therapy should be evaluated at 1- and 2-year intervals after the root canal therapy to rule out possible lesional enlargement and to ensure appropriate healing.

* Inadequate root canal therapy

* Vertical root fractures

* Penetration of the maxillary sinus

Following conventional, adequate root canal therapy, abscesses that do not heal or enlarge are often treated with surgery and filling the root tips; and will require a biopsy to evaluate the diagnosis.

Periapical abscess - Untreated consequences
If left untreated, a severe tooth abscess may become large enough to perforate bone and extend into the soft tissue eventually becoming osteomyelitis and cellulitis respectively. From there it follows the path of least resistance and may spread either internally or externally. The path of the infection is influenced by such things as the location of the infected tooth and the thickness of the bone, muscle and fascia attachments.

External drainage may begin as a boil which bursts allowing pus drainage from the abscess, intraorally (usually through the gum) or extraorally. Chronic drainage will allow an epithelial lining to form in this communication to form a pus draining canal (fistula). Sometimes this type of drainage will immediately relieve some of the painful symptoms associated with the pressure.

Internal drainage is of more concern as growing infection makes space within the tissues surrounding the infection

Depending on the severity of the infection, the sufferer may feel only mildly ill, or may in extreme cases require hospital care.

Periapical abscess - Society and culture
In 2011, Kyle Willis died from an untreated dental abscess in Cincinnati, as did fashion designer Hugo Boss (fashion designer)|Hugo Boss, in

Apical meristem A 'meristem' is the biological tissue|tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells ('meristematic cells'), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.

Apical meristem The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, while the root apical meristem (RAM) provides the meristematic cells for the future root growth

Apical meristem The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik.Galun, Esra (2007)

Apical meristem In general, differentiated plant cells cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, mitosis|cell division in the meristem is required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body.

Apical meristem Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all cellular differentiation|differentiated, and are capable of continued cellular division (youthful)

Apical meristem Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.

Apical meristem Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth.

Apical meristem At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.

Apical meristem Meristems also are induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobium

Apical meristem - Root apical meristem
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY.15(5): doi: /nrm3790 Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root, and in the new lateral primordium in the case of secondary roots.

Apical meristem - Intercalary meristem
In angiosperms, intercalary meristems occur only in monocot (in particular, grass) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades

Apical meristem - Floral meristem
When plants begin the developmental process known as flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the familiar sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower.

In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some exflorescence meristems, floral meristems are responsible for determinate growth, the limited growth of the flower to a particular size and form

Through the years, scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economics reasons. An example is the mutant tobacco plant Maryland Mammoth. In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. Maryland Mammoth is peculiar in this sense that it grows much faster than other tobacco plants.

Apical meristem - Diversity in meristem architectures
Is the mechanism of being indeterminate conserved in the SAMs of the plant world? The SAM contains a population of stem cells that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates

Apical meristem - Role of the KNOX-family genes
Genetic screens have identified genes belonging to the KNOX (genes)|KNOX family in this function

Apical meristem - Role of the KNOX-family genes
The KNOX family has also been implicated in leaf shape evolution (See below for a more detailed discussion)

Apical meristem - Primary meristems
* 'Protoderm': lies around the outside of the stem and develops into the Epidermis (botany)|epidermis.

* 'Procambium': lies just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem

* 'Ground meristem': develops into the Cortex (botany)|cortex and the pith. Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.

Apical meristem - Secondary meristems
There are two types of secondary meristems, these are also called the lateral meristems because they surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (i.e., larger in diameter).

* Vascular cambium, which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem. This is a process that may continue throughout the life of the plant. This is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called arborescent. This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth (known as herbaceous plants).

* Cork cambium, which gives rise to the periderm, which replaces the epidermis.

Apical meristem - Indeterminate growth of meristems
Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants.

Apical meristem - Indeterminate growth of meristems
The growth of nitrogen fixing nodules on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate

Apical meristem - Cloning
Under appropriate conditions, each shoot meristem can develop into a complete new plant or cloning|clone. Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem. Root apical meristems are not readily cloned, however. This cloning is called 'asexual reproduction' or 'vegetative reproduction' and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass-produce plants of a desirable genotype. This process is also known as mericloning.

Apical meristem - Cloning
Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells. This explains why basal 'wounding' of shoot-borne cuttings often aids root formation.

Daesitiates - Messapic
These tribes (Iapygian or Messapic tribes) did not dwell in Illyria, but in the heel of southern Italy. They could have had Illyrian originsThe Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower, ISBN , 2003, page 431 or some sort of link with Illyria.

Daesitiates - Messapic
*Peucetii linked to the Liburnian Peucetias

Postalveolar - Point of tongue contact (laminal, apical, subapical)
Apical and subapical articulations are always tongue-up, with the tip of the tongue above the teeth, while laminal articulations are often tongue-down, with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth.

Furthermore, the apical-laminal distinction among palato-alveolar sounds makes little (although presumably non-zeroThe Toda language consistently uses a laminal articulation for its palato-alveolar sibilants

Alveolar retroflex sounds tend to be apical (so-called Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant|apico-alveolar sibilants), which are well-known from their occurrence in northern Iberia, like in Astur-Leonese linguistic group|Astur-Leonese, Basque language|Basque, Castilian Spanish, Catalan language|Catalan, Galician language|Galician and Portuguese language|Northern Portuguese

Dental radiography - Periapical view
The periapical view is taken of both Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry|anterior and posterior teeth

It can be used in case of detection hyperdontia (supernumerary teeth) impacted teeth.

The name periapical is derived from the Greek peri, which means around, and apical, which means tip.

Periapical cyst The 'periapical cyst' (also termed 'radicular cyst', and to a lesser extent 'dental cyst') is the most common odontogenic odontogenic cyst|cyst. It is caused by Pulp (tooth)|pulpal necrosis secondary to dental caries or dental trauma|trauma. The cyst lining is derived from the cell rests of Malassez. Usually, the periapical cyst is asymptomatic, but a secondary infection can cause toothache|pain. On radiographs, it appears a radiolucency (dark area) around the apex of a tooth's root.

Periapical cyst Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cystic lesion of inflammatory origin. It is also known as periapical cyst, apical periodontal cyst, root end cyst or dental cyst. It arises from epithelial residues in periodontal ligament as a result of inflammation. The inflammation usually follows death of dental pulp. Radicular cysts are found at root apices of involved teeth. These cysts may persists even after extraction of offending tooth; such cysts are called residual cysts.

Periapical cyst - Definition
It is defined as an odontogenic cyst of Inflammatory origin that is preceded by a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of cell rests of malassez present in the periodontal membrane.

Periapical cyst - Classification
1) Periapical Cyst: These are the radicular cysts which are present at root apex.

2) Lateral Radicular Cyst:- These are the radicular cysts which are present at the opening of lateral accessory root canals of offending tooth.

3) Residual Cyst:- These are the radicular cysts which remains even after extraction of offending tooth.

Periapical cyst - Causes
This inflammation leads to the formation of reactive inflammatory (scar) tissue called periapical granuloma further necrosis and damage stimulates the Malassez epithelial rests, which are found in the periodontal ligament, resulting in the formation of a cyst that may be infected or sterile (The epithelium undergoes necrosis and the granuloma becomes a cyst)

Periapical cyst - Etiology
A Radicular Cyst presupposes physical, chemical or bacterial injury resulting in death of pulp followed by stimulation of epithelial cell rests of malaseez which are present normally in periodontal ligament.

Periapical cyst - Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Radicular Cyst is conveniently considered in 3 Phases, which are as follows

Periapical cyst - Phase of Initiation
* Respiratory epithelium of Maxillary sinus when periapical lesion communicates with sinus wall.

* Oral epithelium from fistulous tract.

* Oral epithelium proliferating apically from periodontal pocket.

The mechanism of stimulation of epithelial cells to proliferate is not clear. It may be due to inflammation in periapical granuloma or some products of dead pulp may initiate the process and at same time it evokes an inflammatory reaction. There is also evidence of local changes in supporting connective tissue which may be responsible for activating the cell rests of malaseez.

Periapical cyst - Phase of Cyst Formation
It is a process by which cavity becomes lined by proliferating epithelium.

* Most widely accepted theory suggests that initial reaction leading to cyst formation is a proliferation of epithelial rests in periapical area involved by granuloma

* The another theory suggest that a cyst may form through proliferation of epithelium to line a pre-existing cavity formed through focal necrosis and degeneration of connective tissue in periapical granuloma. But the finding of epithelium or epithelial proliferation near an area of necrosis is not common.

Periapical cyst - Phase of Cyst Enlargement
Experimental work provided evidence that osmosis makes contribution to increase in size of cyst. Investigators found that fluids of Radicular cysts have Gamma Globulin level High by almost more than half to patient’s own serum. Plasma protein exudate Hyaluronic acid as well as products of cell breakdown contribute to high osmotic pressure of cystic fluid on cyst walls which causes resorption of bone and enlargement of cyst.

Periapical cyst - Microbiology
Cyst may or may not be infected. Whenever an infection is present, Actinomyces organisms have been isolated from radicular cyst.

Microorganisms mainly found in root canal are 75% Gram +ve 24% Gram –ve, among which Streptococci are predominant’ also other Gram +ve organisms like Staphylococci, Cornybacterium, yeast and others are found. Gram -ve organisms are Spirochetes, Nesseria, Bacteroids, fusobacterium, pseudomonas and others.

In Periapical lesions like Radicular cysts Obligate anaerobes are found.

Additionally in long-standing cases of periapical pathology a- hemolytic and non hemolytic streptococci are found along with obligate anaerobes.

Medias used for Culture of Root Canal Materials - - -

Brain Heart Infusion Broath with 0.1% Agar

Glucose Ascitis Broath

Periapical cyst - Clinical features
Expansion of the cyst causes erosion of the floor of the maxillary sinus. As soon as it enters the maxillary antrum the expansion starts to occur a little faster because there is space available for expansion. Tapping the affected teeth will cause shooting pain. This is virtually diagnostic of pulpal infection.

A) Frequency:- It is most common cystic lesion of jaw comprising approximately 52.3% of jaw cystic lesions

B) Age:- Large no. of cases are found in 4th 5th decades of life after which there is gradual decline.

C) Sex:- It is more common in males comprising about 58% in females comprising about 42%.

D) Race:-White patients are involved with a frequency of about twice that of Black patients.

E) Site:- It occurs with frequency of 60% in Maxilla. Though it may occur in all tooth bearing areas of both the jaws but preferably it occurs in maxillary anterior region. Upper lateral Incisors and dens in dente are usually the offending teeth. It occurs most commonly at apices of involved teeth. They may however be found at lateral accessory root canals.

Periapical cyst - Gross Features
Gross Specimen may be spheroidal or ovoid intact cystic masses, but often they are irregular and collapsed. The walls vary from extremely thin to a thickness of about 5mm. The inner surface may be smooth or corrugated yellow mural nodules of cholesterol may project into the cavity. The fluid contents are usually brown from breakdown of blood and when cholesterol crystals are present they impart an orange gold or straw colour.

Periapical cyst - Clinical Presentation
Smaller radicular cysts are usually symptomless and may be discovered when intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs are taken of non-vital teeth.

Larger lesions show slowly enlarging swelling. At first the enlargement is bony hard but as cyst increases in size, the covering bone becomes very thin, despite subperiosteal deposition and swelling exhibits springiness, only when cyst has become completely eroded, the bone will show fluctuation.

In Maxilla, there may be buccal and palatal enlargement Whereas in mandible it is usually labial or buccal and only rarely lingual.

Pain infection are other clinical features of some radicular cysts. These cysts are painless unless infected. However, complain of pain is also observed in patient without any evidence of infection.

Occasionally, a sinus may lead from cyst cavity to the oral mucosa

Quite often there may be more than one radicular cyst. Scientists believe that there are cyst prone individuals who show particular susceptibility to develop radicular cysts.

Radicular cysts arising from deciduous tooth are very rare.Deciduous tooth which had been treated endodontically with materials containing Formecresol which in combination with tissue protein is antigenic and may elicit a humoral or cell-mediated response like rapid buccal expansion of cyst. [The sentence structure doesn't make sense]

Rarely, parasthesia or pathologic jaw bone fracture may occur.

Radiographically it is virtually impossible to differentiate granuloma from a cyst. If the lesion is large it is more likely to be a cyst. Radiographically both granuloma and cyst appear radiolucent, associated with the apex of non vital tooth.

Intra Oral Peri Apical Radiographs i.e. IOPAs are common radiographs which are used as diagnostic aid from radiological point of view.

Radiographically, Radicular Cysts are round or ovoid radiolucent areas surrounded by a narrow radio-opaque margin, which extends from Lamina Dura of involved tooth. In infected or rapidly enlarging cysts, radio-opaque margins may not be seen. Root resorption is rare but may occur.

It is often difficult to differentiate radiologically between radicular cysts and apical granulomas.

Radiologic presentation of Radicular Cyst is given in detail as follows:

Periphery Shape--- Periphery usually have a well defined cortical border. If Cyst is secondarily infected, the inflammatory reaction of surrounding bone may result in loss of this cortex or alteration of cortex into more sclerotic border. The outline of radicular cyst usually is curved or circular unless it is influenced by surrounding structures such as cortical boundaries.

Internal structure--- in most cases, internal structure of radicular cyst is radiolucent. Occasionally, dystrophic calcification may develop in long standing cysts appearing as sparsely distributed, small particulate radio-opacities.

Effects on surrounding structures--- If a radicular cyst is large, displacement and resorption of roots of adjacent teeth may occur

Histopathological Features:-

The gross specimen may be spherical or ovoid intact cystic masses, but often they are irregular and collapsed. The walls vary from extremely thin to a thickness of about 5mm. The inner surface may be smooth or corrugated. The histopathological studies shows following features ---

The only exception to this is in those rare cases of periapical lesions of Maxillary Sinus

2) Rushton’s Hyaline Bodies:- In approximately 10% of cases of radicular cysts, Rushton's Hyaline bodies are found in epithelial linings. Very rarely they are found in Fibrous capsule. The hyaline bodies are tiny linear or arc shaped bodies which are amorphous in structure, eosinophillic in reaction and Brittle in nature.

3) Cholesterol Clefts:- Deposition of Cholesterol crystals are found in many radicular cysts, slow but considerable amount of cholesterol accumulation could occur through degeneration and disintegration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages taking part in inflammatory process, with consequent release of Cholesterol from their walls.

4) Fibrous Capsule:- Fibrous Capsule of Radicular Cyst is composed of mainly condensed parallel bundles of collagen fibres peripherally and a loose connective tissue adjacent to epithelial lining.

5) Inflammatory Cells:- Acute inflammatory cells are present when epithelium is proliferating. Chronic inflammatory cells are present in connective tissue immediately adjacent to epithelium.

6) Mast cells, Remnants of Odontogenic Epithelium occasionally Satellite microcysts are also present. Some cysts are markedly vascularised. Various kinds of Calcifications are also present.

Periapical cyst - Differential Diagnosis
Traumatic Bone Cyst

Periapical cyst - Differential Diagnosis
Periapical Cemento-osseous dysplasia

Periapical cyst - Treatment
The source (i.e., necrotic pulp) should be removed by full pulpectomy (i.e., root canal therapy) or tooth extraction|extraction of the offended tooth, and the cyst should be Enucleation (surgery)|enuclated.

Peripheral lesions including radicular cysts are eliminated by body once the causative agents are removed. Majority of radicular cysts can undergo resolutions following Root Canal Treatment don't require surgical intervenation. It is suggested that insertion of file or other root canal instrument beyond the apical foramen (for 1-2mm) produces transitory acute inflammation which may destroy epithelial lining of radicular cyst and convert it into granuloma. Thus, leading to its resolutions.

a) Enucleation- The affected tooth is extracted or preserved by root canal treatment with apicocetomy. A mucoperiosteal flap over cyst is raised and a window is opened in the bone to give adequate access. The cyst is carefully separated from its bony wall. The entire cyst is removed intact. the edges of bony cavity are smoothened off, free bleeding is controlled and cavity is irrigated to remove debris. Mucoperiosteal flap is replaced back and sutured in place.

b) Marsupialisation- The cyst is opened essentially as for enucleation but the epithelial lining is sutured to mucous membrane at margins of opening

Prognosis depends on particular tooth, the extent of bone destroyed and accessibility for treatment.

1) Carcinomatous/Neoplastic Changes:-

Squamous Cell Carcinoma or Epidermoid Carcinoma may occasionally arise from epithelial lining of Radicular Cyst.

2) Pathologic Jaw Fracture:-

If Cyst have completely eroded the bone specially if it is present in posterior region which is very rare in case of Radicular Cyst it may cause pathologic jaw bone fracture.

Cyst may get secondarily infected and create further complications.

Bužim - Apiculture Apiculture should be given more attention because honey as the main bee product is irreplaceable in nutrition

Bužim - Apiculture No application has been submitted for subvention for honey production, because for submission of the application, pursuant to the Law on Primary Agricultural Production Support, it was necessary to submit the receipt of purchase or sale together with other necessary receipts.

Bužim - Apiculture The guidelines for development of apiculture are as follows: to enable selling of bee products both in and out of the country, pursue activities to increase the production of honey, pollen and other bee products.

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