1. The Effective Reader by D. J. Henry
PART ONE
Becoming an Effective Reader
PowerPoint by Mary Dubbé
Thomas Nelson Community College
Vocabulary and
Dictionary Skills 2
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Define Vocabulary In this chapter, you will learn to:
Chapter Outline and Learning Outcomes
In this chapter, you will learn to:
Define Vocabulary
Analyze Context Clue: A SAGE Approach
Develop Textbook Skills: Using a
Glossary
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes,
Suffixes 1 2 3
Introduce chapter – Ask students to list seven methods they use to increase their vocabulary. (Seven is just a random number to get them to activate prior knowledge and connect to the subject—accept all answers.)
Activity – Write an unfamiliar word on the board and ask if anyone knows the meaning (cacophonous, for example). Use the word in a sentence with context clues: “The new band students made such a cacophonous sound that I had to cover my ears.” Ask again for a definition. Offer another sentence: “The new band students made a cacophonous sound, but the experienced students played harmoniously.” And, “Crying babies, new band students, and dogs in the pound all make a cacophonous sound.” With each sentence, students will add to and refine their definition. Point out that effective readers can often determine the meanings of new words without consulting a dictionary just by paying attention to the context. 4
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3. Use an Online Dictionary Develop Textbook Skills: Learning
Content Words and Textbook
Definitions
Apply Information Literacy Skills:
Academic, Personal, and Career
Applications of Vocabulary and
Dictionary Skills 5 6 7
Lecture Outline (Provide handouts from the Instructor’s Manual for students to use as a guided note-taking process.)
Words Are Building Blocks
Words are the building blocks of meaning.
A word is the smallest unit of thought.
Words properly joined create meaning.
If you are like most people, by the time you are 18 years old, you know about 60,000 words. During your college studies, you will most likely learn an additional 20,000 words.
Each subject you study will have its own set of words.
There are several ways to study vocabulary.
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4. Vocabulary—all the words used or understood by a person
Define Vocabulary 1 2
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
Vocabulary—all the words used or
understood by a person
A Context Clue—the information that
surrounds a new word and is used to
understand its meaning
Context Clues
Effective readers interact with new words in a number of ways.
One way is to use context clues.
The meaning of a word is shaped by its context.
The word context means “surroundings.”
The meaning of a word is shaped by the words surrounding it—its context.
Effective readers use context clues to learn new words.
Activity: Write a few sentences from various college textbooks on the board. Ask students to identify unfamiliar words. Circle these, then ask students to examine the sentences further for clues to meaning. Underline any clues that students suggest. Point out that astute readers can often discover helpful hints to meaning in the surrounding context. Suggest that students look within the sentence and also read beyond the sentence to find clues that reveal meaning.
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5. Synonyms Antonyms General Context Examples S A G E2
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
Use Context Clues to Study Vocabulary S
Synonyms A
Antonyms G
General Context E
Examples
There are four types of context clues:
Synonyms, Antonyms, General context, and Examples
Notice that, put together, the first letter of each type of context clue spells the word SAGE.
The word sage means “wise.” Using context clues is a wise—a SAGE—reading strategy.
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6. S Synonym Signal Words Parentheses ( ) Dashes --- --- Commas , , Or2
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
Words with the same
meaning
Synonym Signal Words S
Parentheses ( )
Dashes
Commas , , Or
That is
Synonyms
A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word.
Many times, an author will place a synonym near a new or difficult word as a context clue to the word’s meaning.
Usually, a synonym is set off with a pair of commas, a pair of dashes, or a pair of parentheses before and after it.
Prince William’s bride followed the conventions (traditions) of society by wearing a white gown.
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7. Words with the opposite2
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
Words with the opposite
meaning
Antonym Signal Words A
But
However
In contrast
Instead
Unlike
Not
Yet
On the other hand
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word.
Antonyms help you see the shade of a word’s meaning by showing you what the original word is not.
Sometimes antonyms can be found next to the new word. In those cases, commas, dashes, or parentheses set them off.
At other times, antonyms are placed in other parts of the sentence to emphasize the contrast between the ideas.
Cheryl often flouted the rules, unlike her twin who always obeyed them.
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8. G General Context Clues Definition Description Logic Reasoning2
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
Surrounding words
General Context Clues G
Definition
Description
Logic
Reasoning
Prior knowledge
Word pictures
General Context
Often you will find that the author has not provided either a synonym clue or an antonym clue.
In that case, you will have to rely on the general context of the passage to figure out the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
This requires you to read the entire sentence, or to read ahead for a few sentences, for information that will help you understand the new word.
Information about the word can be included in the passage in several ways.
Sometimes a definition of the word may be provided.
Vivid word pictures or descriptions of a situation can provide a sense of the word’s meaning. Sometimes you may need to figure out the meaning of an unknown word by using logic and reasoning skills.
We could tell by her indifference to the chocolate cake that she wasn’t a fan of desserts.
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9. Examples can reveal meaning.2
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
Examples can reveal meaning.
Example Signal Words E
Consisting of
Including
Like
Such as
For instance
For example
Colons :
Dashes
Examples
Many times an author will show the meaning of a new or difficult word by providing an example.
Signal words indicate that an example is coming.
Legumes include such vegetables as peas, beans, and lentils.
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10. Glossary – a list of selected terms with their 3
Develop Textbook Skills: Using a Glossary
Glossary – a list of selected terms with their
definitions as used in a specific area of study
Glossary
Adaptors
Nonverbal behaviors that serve some kind of need
Self-adaptors
Movements that usually satisfy a physical need
Alter-adaptors
Body movements you make in response to your current interactions
Object-adaptors
Movements that involve your manipulation of an object
Adaptors satisfy some need and usually occur without conscious awareness; they’re unintentional movements that usually go unnoticed. Self-adaptors usually satisfy a physical need such as scratching your head. Alter-adaptors are the body movements you make in response to your current interactions such as crossing your arms over your chest. Object-adaptors are movements that involve your manipulation of some object. Examples include clicking a ballpoint pen or chewing on a pencil.
—adapted from Devito, The Personal Communication Book, 12th ed., p. 131.
Using a Glossary
Each subject or content area, such as science, mathematics, or English, has its own specialized vocabulary.
Therefore, some textbooks provide an extra section in the back of the book called a glossary that alphabetically lists all the specialized terms with their definitions.
Other textbooks may provide short glossaries within each chapter; in these cases, the glossaries may appear in the margins or in highlighted boxes, listing the words in the order that they appear on the page.
The meanings given in a glossary are limited to the way in which the word or term is used in that content area.
Glossaries provide excellent opportunities to use strategies before and after reading.
Before reading, skim the section for specialized terms (usually these words are in bold or italic print).
Checking the words and their meanings triggers prior knowledge or establishes meaning that will deepen your comprehension.
In addition, you can create vocabulary review lists using glossary terms by paraphrasing or restating the definition in your own words.
These vocabulary lists can be used after reading to review and test your recall of the material.
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11. Use Word Parts to Study Vocabulary4
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes
Use Word Parts to Study Vocabulary
Root – The basic or main part of a word.
Prefix – A group of letters with a specific
meaning added to the beginning of a word
(root) to make a new word.
Word Parts
Just as ideas are made up of words, words are also made up of smaller parts.
Word parts can help you learn vocabulary more easily and quickly.
In addition, knowing the meaning of the parts of words helps you understand a new word when you see it in context.
Many words are divided into the following three parts: roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
Effective readers understand how the three word parts join together to make additional words.
See pages 58–59 of the textbook for commonly used word parts.
Suffix – A group of letters with a specific
meaning added to the end of a word (root)
to make a new word.
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12. Units of Meaning = Words Proclamation4
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes
Units of Meaning = Words
Prefix Root Word Suffix
(beginning) (ending)
Proclamation
pro- =
for
clam =
to cry out
-ation =
the act of
Word Parts 
Root The basic or main part of a word. Prefixes and suffixes are added to roots to make a new word.
Prefix A group of letters with a specific meaning added to the beginning of a word (root) to make a new word.
Suffix A group of letters with a specific meaning added to the end of a word (root) to make a new word.
Effective readers understand how the three word parts join together to make additional words.
(a public announcement)
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13. mittere, mit, mis, mise (to put or send)4
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes
Create word families by using these word parts.
trans-
mittere, mit, mis, mise
(to put or send)
-ion
-ation
re-
-er
ad-
Activity:
On the board, write the combinations of words that students compose from the word parts on this slide. Accept all answers and don’t judge correctness until all answers are exhausted. Ask students to review the words to see if any don’t seem correct. Place a ? beside these words. Ask students to explain the meanings of as many words as possible. Try using them in sentences.
per-
inter-
-ible
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14. mittere, mit, mis, mise (to put or sent)4
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes
Word Families
transmit
transmission
transmitter
permit
permission
permissible
mittere, mit, mis, mise
(to put or sent)
remit
remission
remissible
admit
admission
admissible
After discussing the possible word-part combinations from this slide, explain that root words can form the basis for many word families.
Activity:
Make copies of the root word, prefix, and suffix guides from the Instructor’s Manual. Put students in small groups and give them a time limit to come up with as many definitions of the word part as they can. Provide for access to dictionaries for this activity.
intermit
intermittent
intermission
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15. cog·ni·tion noun \käg-ˈni-shən\ 5
Use an Online Dictionary. 6 5 3
cog·ni·tion noun \käg-ˈni-shən\
: conscious mental activities : the activities of thinking, understanding, learning, and remembering 1 2 4
spelling definitions
pronunciation syllabication
part of speech click to hear word 1 4
Reading the Dictionary
Experts believe that most English-speaking adults know and use between 25,000 and 50,000 words.
That seems like a large number, yet the English language has over a million words.
Effective readers use a dictionary to understand new or difficult words.
Most dictionaries provide the following information:
Spelling (how the word and its different forms are spelled)
Syllabication (the word divided into syllables)
Pronunciation (how to say the word) Discuss accent marks.
Part of speech (the type of word)
Definition (the meaning of the word, with the most common meaning listed first)
Synonyms (words that have similar meanings) are sometimes listed.
Online Dictionaries are easy to use and offer a wide range of learning resources.
Activity: Project pages with pronunciation practice from the Instructor’s Manual on the screen. Discuss the information with students. Let them work out the “Phonetic Analysis Practice” as a group. 2 5 3 6
Source: (adapted) Used by permission from Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Feb <
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16. Let’s Review!
Assess your comprehension of the terms and concepts included in this chapter.
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17. B. all of one’s past experiences
Vocabulary is best defined as _______.
A. the words surrounding unknown words
B. all of one’s past experiences
C. terms that are associated with a subject
D. all the words used or understood by a person
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18. Vocabulary is best defined as _______.
A. the words surrounding unknown words
B. all of one’s past experiences
C. terms that are associated with a subject
D. all the words used or understood by a person
Define Vocabulary 1
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19. Effective readers use _______ to increase their
vocabulary by paying attention to surrounding words.
A. context clues
B. prior knowledge
C. general context
D. vocabulary
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Effective readers use _______ to increase their
vocabulary by paying attention to surrounding words.
A. context clues
B. prior knowledge
C. general context
D. vocabulary
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach 2
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21. A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning of another word is a(n) _______.
A. simile
B. synonym
C. antonym
D. homonym
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22. Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning of another word is a(n) _______.
A. simile
B. synonym
C. antonym
D. homonym
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach 2
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23. 4. Words such as however, but, or yet often signal a context clue that is a(n) _______.
A. synonym
B. antonym
C. general context
D. example
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24. Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
4. Words such as however, but, or yet often signal a context clue that is a(n) _______.
A. synonym
B. antonym
C. general context
D. example
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach 2
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25. 5. The words for example, for instance, including, and like signal which type of context clue?
A. Synonyms
B. Antonyms
C. General Context
D. Examples
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26. Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach
5. The words for example, for instance, including, and like signal which type of context clue?
A. Synonyms
B. Antonyms
C. General Context
D. Examples
Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach 2
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27. 6. The smaller units of meaning in a word are called _______.
A. context clues
B. context
C. synonyms
D. word parts
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28. 6. The smaller units of meaning in a word are called _______.
A. context clues
B. context
C. synonyms
D. word parts
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes 4
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29. 7. A(n) ________ is a list of selected terms with their definitions as used in a specific area of study.
A. index
B. glossary
C. context clue
D. word part
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30. Develop Textbook Skills: Using a Glossary
7. A(n) ________ is a list of selected terms with their definitions as used in a specific area of study.
A. index
B. glossary
C. context clue
D. word part
Develop Textbook Skills: Using a Glossary 3
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31. 8. Use context clues to define the underlined word.
Although he was often reckless while driving with his friends, he was very circumspect when his parents were in the car.
Circumspect means _______.
A. careless
B. quiet
C. cautious
D. rude
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32. 8. Use context clues to define the underlined word.
Although he was often reckless while driving with his friends, he was very circumspect when his parents were in the car.
Circumspect means _______.
A. careless
B. quiet
C. cautious
D. rude
Analyze Context Clues: a SAGE Approach 2
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33. 9. Use the word parts to define the underlined word.
Prefix: intro- (into) Root: spect (look)
Sometimes we need to be introspective and examine the choices we have made.
A. looking ahead to the future
B. thoughtless
C. looking out for others
D. thinking deeply
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34. 9. Use the word parts to define the underlined word.
Prefix: intro- (into) Root: spect (look)
Sometimes we need to be introspective and examine the choices we have made.
A. looking ahead to the future
B. thoughtless
C. looking out for others
D. thinking deeply
Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes 4
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35. 10. What type of context clue helps the effective reader
10. What type of context clue helps the effective reader determine the meaning of the underlined word?
The backpack was cumbersome, and she had to stop and rest several times from carrying the heavy weight.
A. synonym
B. antonym
C. general context
D. examples
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36. Analyze Context Clues: a SAGE Approach
10. What type of context clue helps the effective reader determine the meaning of the underlined word?
The backpack was cumbersome, and she had to stop and rest several times from carrying the heavy weight.
A. synonym
B. antonym
C. general context
D. examples
Analyze Context Clues: a SAGE Approach 2
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37. For more practice, connect to
See The Effective Reader, 4th edition, for specific activities related to Chapter 2.
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