1. Shaping an Abundant Land
Human Geography of the United States:
Shaping an Abundant Land
The United States has grown both physically and economically. In the 20th century, the U.S. set aside isolationism and became the world’s sole superpower.
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2. Looking at the Earth Physical Geography SECTION 1
History and Government of the United States
SECTION 2
Economy and Culture of the United States
SECTION 3
Subregions of the United States
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3. History and Government of the United States
Section 1
History and Government of the United States
• The United States is a “nation of immigrants,” settled by people from all over the world.
• The United States is the most diverse and highly industrialized and urbanized nation in the world.
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4. History and Government of the United States
SECTION
History and Government of the United States 1
Creating a Nation
Room to Move
• The United States:
- occupies two-fifths of North America
- world’s third largest country in land area,
population
• Rich resources and moderate climate have always attracted immigrants
- constant migration—movement—of peoples
within the country
Continued . . .
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5. Many Peoples Settle the Land
SECTION 1
continued Creating a Nation
Many Peoples Settle the Land
• By 11,000 B.C. Asian nomads spread out, develop different cultures
• Spaniards are first Europeans to arrive in the “New World”
- St. Augustine (Florida) is oldest permanent European settlement (1565)
• In the early 1600s French settlers arrive
- settle northern Atlantic Coast along St. Lawrence River (Canada)
- interested in fisheries and fur trade
Continued . . .
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6. Many Peoples Settle the Land
SECTION 1
continued Creating a Nation
Many Peoples Settle the Land
• About the same time English settlers land
- settle Atlantic Coast from present-day Maine to Georgia
- first permanent English settlement Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
• Displace Native Americans, bring African slaves to work plantations
• Columbian Exchange between Old, New Worlds: plants, animals, disease
Continued . . .
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7. Establishing and Maintaining the Union
SECTION 1
continued Creating a Nation
Establishing and Maintaining the Union
• French and English fight over trade and territory in North America
- English gain control of everything east of Mississippi in 1763
• American Revolution (1775–1783): British colonies form United States
• 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France doubles size of U.S.
- includes plains between Mississippi and Rockies
Continued . . .
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8. Establishing and Maintaining the Union
SECTION 1
continued Creating a Nation
Establishing and Maintaining the Union
• In early 1800s Western European immigrants arrive in large numbers
- settle in Northeast industrial cities, Midwest farmlands
• Sectionalism—loyalty to region over nation—grows, creates tension
- industrial North versus agricultural South and its slave labor
- Civil War fought between North and South from to 1865
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9. An Industrial and Urban Society
SECTION 1
An Industrial and Urban Society
Westward Movement
• Pioneers venture west over rugged terrain during mid- to late 1800s
- Oregon Trail—2,000 miles, 6 months over prairie, desert, mountains
• Government moved Native Americans off land by treaty, force
• Transcontinental railroad completed 1869
• Frontier—free, open land between the Mississippi and the Pacific
- fully settled with about 17 million people by 1890s
Continued . . .
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10. Industrialization and Urbanization
SECTION 1
continued An Industrial and Urban Society
Industrialization and Urbanization
• 14 million European immigrants enter U.S. between 1860 and 1900
- go west or to urban centers like New York,
Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago
• Rather than farm, many work in textile, steel, oil, food processing
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11. World Power and Domestic Change
SECTION 1
World Power and Domestic Change
Looking Beyond Its Borders
• U.S. avoided involvement in foreign affairs during its growth period
- had own resources, food, factories; separated from conflicts by oceans
• Changed by depression and world wars; only strong economy after WWII
Continued . . .
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12. Social Change and Technological Growth
SECTION 1
continued World Power and Domestic Change
Social Change and Technological Growth
• Rapid social change in second half of 20th century
- migration to suburbs—the communities outside
cities
- migration from cold Northeast and Midwest to
warmer South and West
• Immigrants arrive from Latin America and Asia
• Unrest in ’60s and ’70s: civil rights, feminist movement, Vietnam
Living in a Global Society
• Cold War (1945–1991): U.S. leads nations against communism, U.S.S.R.
• U.S. is sole superpower after collapse of European communism in 1991
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13. Governing the People The United States’ Political System
SECTION 1
Governing the People
The United States’ Political System
• Representative democracy—people rule through elected representatives
• Federal republic—powers divided between national, state governments
• Three separate, equal branches:
- executive branch headed by president, carries out laws
- legislative branch makes laws
- judicial branch interprets laws, reviews lower court decisions
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14. Economy and Culture of the United States
Section 2
Economy and Culture of the United States
• The United States has the world’s largest and most diversified economy.
• American products and popular culture are recognized around the world.
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15. Economy and Culture of the United States
SECTION
Economy and Culture of the United States 2
The World’s Greatest Economic Power
The U.S. Leads
• World’s largest economy: agricultural, manufacturing, trade leader
- U.S. accounts for more than 10% of world’s
exports
- exports—goods sold to another country
• Success is due to resources, skilled labor, stable political system
• Free enterprise economy:
- privately owned resources, technology,
businesses
- businesses operate for profit with little
governmental control
Continued . . .
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16. An Agricultural and Industrial Giant
SECTION 2
continued The World’s Greatest Economic Power
An Agricultural and Industrial Giant
• Due to fertile soil, early farm mechanization, U.S. accounts for:
- 40% of world’s corn; 20% of cotton; 10% of wheat, cattle, hogs
• Crop farming in Midwest, South; livestock ranching in West
• Largest industrial output in world includes:
- petroleum, steel, electronics, telecommunications, lumber, mining
• U.S. advances in electronics, computers revolutionize industry
Continued . . .
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17. An Agricultural and Industrial Giant
SECTION 2
continued The World’s Greatest Economic Power
An Agricultural and Industrial Giant
• Industrial centers:
- older: Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes
- newer: urban South, Pacific coast
• Areas become associated with certain products:
- Detroit: automobiles
- Seattle: aircraft
- Silicon Valley (northern California): computers
Continued . . .
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18. A Postindustrial Economy
SECTION 2
continued The World’s Greatest Economic Power
A Postindustrial Economy
• A service industry produces a service rather than a product
- Examples: information processing, transportation, medicine, education
• Postindustrial economy—manufacturing no longer dominant
• U.S. is leading importer and exporter
- exports raw materials, agricultural products,
manufacturing goods
- imports automobiles, electronics, machinery,
apparel
- Canada and Mexico are major trade partners
• Multinationals—corporations that do business all over the world
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19. A Diverse Society The American Melting Pot
SECTION 2
A Diverse Society
The American Melting Pot
• Nation of immigrants; largest ethnic groups include:
- English/Irish/Scot, German, African, French,
Italian, Polish, Mexican
• Europeans ancestry accounts for 70% of population followed by:
- 13% Hispanic, 12% African American, 4% Asian,
1% Native American
Continued . . .
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20. Languages and Religion
SECTION 2
continued A Diverse Society
Languages and Religion
• English is dominant language, Spanish is second most common
• Religious breakdown:
- 85% Christian (56% Protestant, 28% Catholic)
- Jews, Muslims 2% each
Continued . . .
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21. The Arts and Popular Culture
SECTION 2
continued A Diverse Society
The Arts and Popular Culture
• First artists Native Americans: pottery, weaving, carvings
• American styles bloom in 1800s
- literature, landscape painting, architecture (skyscrapers)
• Hollywood is filmmaking center of U.S., supplies movies to the world
• American music developed from various ethnic groups:
- jazz, blues, gospel, and rock ‘n’ roll have African- American origins
- country and bluegrass come from Southern whites of British ancestry
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22. American Life Today Where Americans Live
SECTION 2
American Life Today
Where Americans Live
• U.S. population: 280 million; 80% live in cities or suburbs
• Effective transportation (roads, railroads, airlines) aids mobility
Continued . . .
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23. How Americans Live, Work, and Play
SECTION 2
continued American Life Today
How Americans Live, Work, and Play
• Almost 50% of working-age Americans are employed
- almost half are women; 70% have service industry jobs
• More than 10% of Americans live in poverty
• Kids age 6 to16 are required to attend school
- 90% attend public schools, which are free through secondary school
• U.S. has over 2,300 4-year public and private colleges, universities
• Leisure activities: hobbies, museums, libraries, TV, films, computers
- sports: baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, tennis, skiing
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24. Subregions of the United States
Section 3
Subregions of the United States
• The United States is divided into four major economic and cultural subregions.
• There are both similarities and differences among the subregions of the United States.
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25. Subregions of the United States
SECTION
Subregions of the United States 3
The Northeast
The Region
• New England—six northern states of Northeast:
- Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Mass., Rhode
Island, Connecticut
• Middle Atlantic states: Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey
• Northeast has only 5% of land, but 20% of population
Continued . . .
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26. SECTION 3
continued The Northeast
America’s Gateway
• Europeans settled here first; region served as immigration “gateway”
• Northeast was, and is, U.S. heart of trade, commerce, industry
- Philadelphia, Boston, New York City: international trade centers
- U.S. industrialization fueled by Pennsylvania coal, iron ore, oil
Continued . . .
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27. SECTION 3
continued The Northeast
America’s Gateway
• Today most people are employed in manufacturing, service industries
• Rich farmland in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey
• New England too hilly, rocky for much agriculture
• “Rust belt”: some Mid-Atlantic industry declined, moved south, west
Continued . . .
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28. Growth of the Megalopolis
SECTION 3
continued The Northeast
Growth of the Megalopolis
• Megalopolis—several large cities grow together
- “BoWash:” Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C.
- 500 miles; 1/6 of U.S. population; connected by road, rail, air links
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29. SECTION 3
The Midwest
The Region
• The Midwest—north-central U.S., known as the American Heartland
- 1/5 of U.S. land, 1/4 of population
- early settlers came from Britain, Germany,
Scandinavia
Continued . . .
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30. Agricultural and Industrial Heartland
SECTION 3
continued The Midwest
Agricultural and Industrial Heartland
• Central location, soil, climate make it nation’s “breadbasket”
- corn, wheat, soy beans, meat, dairy; meat-packing, food-processing
• Trade, distribution on Great Lakes, Mississippi, with Chicago as hub
- cities near Great Lakes: Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee
- on rivers: Cincinnati, St. Louis, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Omaha
Continued . . .
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31. Changing Face of the Midwest
SECTION 3
continued The Midwest
Changing Face of the Midwest
• Farm numbers declining, more people working in service industries
• Metropolitan areas expand as people leave cities for suburbs
• People and industries moving to warmer South and West
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32. SECTION 3
The South
The Region
• The South—1/4 of U.S. land, more than 1/3 of population
- 11 states were once part of the Civil War Confederacy
- Texas was in Confederacy, sometimes considered part of Southwest
Continued . . .
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33. The Old South • Virginia was England’s first American colony
SECTION 3
continued The South
The Old South
• Virginia was England’s first American colony
• South’s ethnic mix includes Africans, Hispanics, Cajuns, Creoles
• Once agricultural, rural; now rapidly changing, cities growing
Continued . . .
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34. SECTION 3
continued The South
 The New South
• Agriculture: cotton, tobacco, fruits, peanuts, rice, livestock
• Energy resources and air conditioning boost industry in 1950s
- “Sunbelt” attracts manufacturing, tourists, retirees
- industries: petroleum, steel, chemicals, textiles, electronics
• metropolitan areas—large cities and nearby suburbs, towns
- Atlanta (hub); Miami, New Orleans, Houston, Dallas, San Antonio
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35. SECTION 3
The West
The Region
• The West—from Great Plains to Pacific, plus Alaska and Hawaii
- 1/2 of U.S. land, 1/5 of population
- people settle where climate and landforms are
most favorable
Continued . . .
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36. Developing the West • California is most populous state
SECTION 3
continued The West
Developing the West
• California is most populous state
- Los Angeles the West’s cultural, commercial center
• Rapid 20th-century growth due to air conditioning, irrigation
- Colorado River water diverted to Las Vegas, Tucson, Phoenix
• Economy: foreign trade with Asia; varied industries
- farms, ranches, logging, fish, mines, oil, tourism, film, computers
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