1. Hashem Ahmadzadeh PhD, Middle East Studies hashemahmadzadeh@gmail.com

2. Diaspora and Exile Literature
Anders Olsson, Ordens Asyl: EN inledning till den moderna exillitteraturen, Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, 2011.

3. Exile Being away from your own homeland:
Internal exile: To be resettled inside your own country, usually moved to another remote part of the country.
External exile: Being forced to move outside your own country

4. Exile The Latin Exsilium, which means deportation.
The classical exile was mainly forced and was issued as a punishment.
The Roman poet Ovidius wrote his great work in fifteen books, Metamorfoser.
He was condemned to leave Rome by the Emperor Augustus in year 8 A.C. He was never allowed to come back and visit his wife and Rome again. He died in Exile in 18 A.C.

5. Diaspora (William Safar, 1991)
All migrant groups are not considered as diaspora.
A mythical and collective memory
The true home is the ancestral one
The desire of returning
Commitment to maintaining the homeland
Personal relation and identification
The idea of passing a certain time

6. Diaspora Populations who share common ethnic identity
Having been forced or voluntarily left their homeland
Residing in countries far from their own

7. Exile in different periods of history
The classic
The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
The Modern
The postmodern

8. Ovidius (43 B.C A.D.)
Emperor Augustus banishes him to the island Tomis in 8 B.C.
In exile he wrote two great poems in Latin full of elegies and apologies.
Tristia (Lamentation) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea)

9. Daedalus and Icarus
Deadalus has been condemned to stay in Crete Island by the King Minos.
He constructs wings from feathers and wax in order to fly together with his son, Icaros, from the island.
Daedalus was also the creator of the Labyrinth.

10. The Middle Ages and Renaissance
During these periods the legitimacy of exile as a concept is questionable.
Harry Levin: Culture and education were drawn by Latin as the common and international language.
The cultural elite did not experience the exile as a phenomenon.
The poet Petrarch ( ) travelled between Rome and Avignon
Erasmus ( ) traveled to various cities of Europe

11. Dante Alighieri ( )
The New Life: In Italian not in Latin (five years following Beatrice’s death). The tragic love to Beatrice.
In 1302 he was exiled for life.
Divine Comedy was written in exile.
The Eloquent Vernacular
It is considered as a pioneer work for the Italian language.

12. The Divine Comedy An allegorical work
A man, Dante himself, perhaps, undertakes an ultra mundane journey.
Visiting the souls in Inferno (hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise).
Virgil guides him through the inferno and Purgatorio, and Beatrice, who introduces him to Paradiso.
“The exile of an individual becomes a microcosm of the problems of a country, and it also becomes representative of the fall of man.”
He created “a story out of his pending exile” […] to cope with his personal calamity and to offer suggestions for the resolution of Italy’s troubles”.
“Dante” Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2016, Web. 07 February.

13. The voluntary exile
1920s and the circle of American writers who find Paris a city for their creative and qualitative work
T. S. Eliot
John Dos Passos
Ernest Hemingway
Ezra Pound
E. E. Cumings
Scott Fitzgerald
Hart Crane
Djuna Barnes

14. Betraying or serving their country
. Do the writers who leave their country betray their country?
. Did Joyce betray his country, as the fanatics accused him?
Did the Iraqi Al-Jawahiri betray his country by leaving it?

15. New Technology and Globalisation

16. Dual nationality Dual citizenship Quick movements Dynamic diasporas
Working in different countries

17. Local or Global Globalisation Localisation
Distant localities are getting linked increasingly

18. Diaspora and Exile in the postmodern era
The Idea of the global village
The fast and effective connections
Advanced communications
Social Media

19. Transnationalism
“A process by which migrants, through their daily life activities create social fields that cross national boundaries.” (Basch et al, 1994)

20. Not believing in Exile
I don’t believe in exile, especially not when the word sits next to the word "literature”.
 Roberto Bolano,

21. No exile for “true writers” 
 Books are the only homeland of the true writer, books that may sit on shelves or in the memory. The politician can and should feel nostalgia. It’s hard for a politician to thrive abroad. The working man neither can nor should: his hands are his homeland.
 Roberto Bolano,

22. James Joyce ( )

23. James Joyce A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
It was written in Exile.
The name of the alter ego of the author, Stephen Daedalus, is a return of Ovidius.
The name refers to the mythical figure Daidalos, who was discussed in Metamorfoser.
This myth discusses the question of exile.

24. James Joyce Joyce’s exile is different form Ovidius.
Joyce ahs not been forced to leave his country.
He has left his country in order to get rid of its suffocating condition.
Joyce needed the wings of art to flee not to return home as it was the case of Icarus.
Joyce searched for Dublin, which he passionately liked, outside of Dublin
He leaves Dublin in 1903 and returns there three times during whole his life.

25. Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) “I can’t go on. I’ll go on.”

26. Samuel Beckett ( )
His unique bilingual carrier as a successful author is developed in exile.
Just like Joyce he leaves his country voluntarily.
Waiting for Godot (1953) is originally written in French.
He meets Joyce in Paris in 1928.
In October 1937 he leaves Ireland.
He describes his flee as “coming out of prison in the middle of April”.

27. Samuel Beckett ( )
After leaving Ireland in 1938 he spends his life, except for a couple of years during the war, in Paris.
Becket refused to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in 1969.
He was a brave fighter in the French resistance movement.
Theater of the absurd, human despair, surviving a hopeless world.

28. Gabriel Garcia Marquez
No One Writes to the Colonel was written in exile, Paris.
“Beautiful writing is revolutionary writing.”
Declared once that he would leave Colombia again because he didn't have the tranquillity he needed-not only for writing, but even for "singing" for living with peace of mind: "exile" once again.

29. Najm Wali Iraqi author who lives in Berlin homeland-as-exile
exile-as-homeland
Geographical exile
Homeland exile

30. Mario Vargas Liosa (1936-)
Vargas Llosa knows that he would not have been able to write The Time of the Hero or Conversation in the Cathedral or The Green House if he had not been living in exile in Paris at that time.
Noble Prize 2010.

31. Edward Said ( )
Exile creates the distance that is needed to confront the national origins.
He notices that the exile author enhances the nationalist feelings to fight back the feeling of loss.

32. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) He was born in St. Petersburg.
His first book of poetry was published in 1914.
A Famous butterfly expert. Doing research on entomology.
From a famous and noble family
Lolita, 1955.

33. Vladimir Nabokov 1919 they have migrated to England.
He studied at Cambridge. He studied Zoology and later on the Slavic languages.
1920 they fled to Berlin.
1922 his father was murdered by a Russian monarchist.
Nabokov lived for 15 years in Berlin.
1925 he married to Vera Slonim.

34. Vladimir Nabokov In 1940 he moved to the United State.
1945 his brother died in the Nazi camps in Germany.
1961 he and his wife moved to Swiss to live in a luxury hotel.
He passed away in Palace Hotel in Montreaux.
His memories: Speak, Memory (1951)

35. Iranian Authors Ahmad Shamlu (1925-2000),
Shahrnush Parsipour (1946 -),
Moniru Ravanipour (1952- ),
Roya Hakakian ( )

36. Iranian Authors Ahmad Shamlu (1925-2000)
“I am from here. My light is on here.”

37. Iranian Authors Shahrnush Parsipour (1946 -):
I am in contact with my people and it is not important I am there or not.

38. Moniru Ravanipour (1952- )
By accessing the internet I am better and more in touch with my countrymen compared to the time I lived in Iran. When I was in Iran I was banned and I could not write.
The difficulty of communicating because of the language: I lived in the country of freedom, but I could not speak the language.

39. Roya Hakakian ( )
You need to be outside Iran in order to see and observe it better.
See Exile Hangout: Iran on YouTube!

40. Kurdish diaspora/exile
The survival of the language
The Swedish school of Kurdish literature
The creation of a Kurdish literary genre in exile
Mehmet Uzun ( )

41. Results
Exile has different connotations in different periods of history.
It can differ from author to author and time to time.
While for some critics it is not so crucial regarding the literary creation, some critics evaluate it a determining factor in the qualitative literary production.