1. FUNGI

2. FUNGI
COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES:
Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls

3. Key Concepts:
Fungi are heterotrophs
Fungi are the decomposers
Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food
Most fungi are multicellular
Fungal spores develop from hyphae
Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms

4. Characteristics of Fungi
Multicellular
Plant looking
Mushrooms, molds
Single cell
Yeasts
Found in soil, on plants, in humans
Yeast

5. Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment.
Plants
Both
Fungi
Autotrophic (photosynthesize)
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic (absorb and digest from the surface they live on for energy)
Roots
Non-motile/ anchored in soil or structure
Decomposers
1 nucleus per cell
Organelles
Can have 1+ nuclei per cell
Cell wall made of cellulose
Cell Wall
Cell wall made of chitin (carb)

7. 3 Major Features
1.Cell walls
Made of Chitin
The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton.

8. 2. Hyphae
Thin filaments making up the fungus.
Long, thread-like chains of cells.
Grow at the tips and branch…
Mycelium – mass of hyphae

9. 3. Cross-walls
septum - the wall that divides cells (internal cross- walls)

10. Visible
Anatomy of Fungi
hyphae
mycellium
fruiting body
Draw in Lab Journal:
Figure 5-1 p. 553

11. Fungi come in many shapes and sizes.
Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores.

12. 5 Phyla of Fungi Chytridiomycota - Chytrids Zygomycota – Common Molds
Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi

13. 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota
Mostly marine
Mostly saprophytes (lives on dead or decaying organic matter)
Have flagellated spores

14. 2. Phylum Zygomycota Mostly terrestrial. Two types of hyphae:
Stolons – (horizontal) spread across the surface
Rhizoids – (vertical) digs into the surface

15. 3. Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
Most are multicellular (except for yeast)
Most undergo asexual reproduction
Largest phylum of Fungi
Morels
ascoscarp

16. 4. Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped.
Most are edible
reproductive structures called basidia
Include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

17. 5. Phylum Deuteromycota Asexual Reproduction Imperfect Fungi
Do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classification
No sexual structures
Multicellular tissue is similar to the hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi
Erect hyphae with asexual spores similar to sac fungi and club fungi
Ringworm

18. Fungi Slides Lab

19. Fungi Reproduction 3 kinds of fungi reproduction: Budding
Fragmentation
Spore production

20. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding.
Yeasts form asci (sexual spore-bearing cell) during sexual reproduction.

21. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
distinctive reproductive structures
Draw in Lab Journal:
Figure 5-5 p. 556

22. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both
Draw in lab journal – Figure 5-6A p. 557

23. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both
Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-6B page 557

24. All fungi form spores and zygotes.

25. KEY CONCEPT Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

26. Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists.
Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem.
decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals
return nutrients to the soil
can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

27. Fungi can act as pathogens.
human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot
plant diseases include Dutch elm disease
Haustoria – hyphae that penetrate the host so that the parasitic fungus can absorb nutrients

28. Fungi can act as mutualists.
lichens form between fungi and algae
mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

29. Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)
Lichens
Bioindicators – help show when environmental conditions are unsuitable.
Pioneer species – 1st to inhabit an environment.
Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)
foliose
crustose

30. Crustose dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiont and of photobiont)
cortex (outer layer of mycobiont)
photobionts
medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae)
cortex
Crustose

31. Usnea – fructicose Cladonia rangiferina fructicose Old Man’s Beard
Leaf-like - foliose
Erect branching
Lichen
Cladonia rangiferina
fructicose

32. Crustose
foliose
fructicose

33. Fungi can act as mutualists.
relationships form between fungi and some insects

34. Fungi are studied for many purposes.
Fungi are useful in several ways.
as food
as antibiotics
as model systems for molecular biology

35. Fungi and Humans
Bioremediation – help clean the environment.

36. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fungi and Humans
Molds
Penicillium
Penicillin
Camembert and Roquefort cheeses
Aspergillus
Soy sauce
Soft drinks - citric acid
Yeasts
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bread, wine and beer
Candida albicans
Infections

37. Some Pathogenic and Toxic Fungi
Zygomycetes
Rhizopus - Food spoilage
Ascomycetes
Ajeliomyces capsulatus- Histoplasmosis
Aspergillus – sinus, ear, lung infection
Microsporium sp. Various ringworms.
Verticillium sp Plant wilt
Monilinia fructicola-
Brown Rot of Peaches