1. Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Objectives Units of measurement SI system Powers-of-ten notation
Scientific and engineering notations
Symbols used in text

3. The Electrical/Electronics Industry
The reduction in size of virtually all electronic devices is due to advances in integrated circuit (IC) development
The Pentium-4 has 42 million transistors in an area measuring only square inches

4. The Electrical/Electronics Industry
With all of the advancements in electronics, once the fundamental equations are understood, they will not be replaced by other equations as more advanced theory is considered

5. Units of Measurement
Before substituting numerical values into an equation, be sure of the following:
each quantity has the proper unit of measurement as defined by the equation
the proper magnitude of each quantity, as determined by the defining equation, is substituted
each quantity is in the same system of units (or as defined by the equation)

6. Units of Measurement
the magnitude of the result is of a reasonable nature when compared to the level of the substituted quantities
the proper unit of measurement is applied to the result

7. Systems of Units
In 1960, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures adopted the SI (System International) system of units
The SI system was adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) in 1965
This book uses all major units and abbreviations of the SI system

8. Powers of Ten
1 = 100
10 = 101
100 = 102
1000 = 103
numbers greater than 1 have positive powers
1/10 = 0.1 = 10-1
1/100 = 0.01 = 10-2
1/1000 = = 10-3
1/10000 = = 10-4
numbers less than 1 have negative powers

9. Powers of Ten
When adding or subtracting numbers in a powers-of- ten format, be sure that the power of ten is the same for each number
Separate the multipliers, perform the required operation, and apply the same power of ten to the result

10. (A X 10n)(B X 10m) = (A)(B) X 10n+m
Powers of Ten
When multiplying numbers in powers-of-ten format, first find the product of the multipliers and then determine the power of ten for the result by adding the power of ten exponents
(A X 10n)(B X 10m) = (A)(B) X 10n+m

11. Powers of Ten
When dividing numbers in the powers-of-ten format, first find the result of dividing the multipliers, then determine the associated power for the result by subtracting the power of ten of the denominator from the power of ten of the numerator
(A X 10n)/(B X 10m) = A/B X 10n-m

12. Powers of Ten
When finding the power of a number in the powers- of-ten format, first separate the multiplier from the power of ten and determine each separately
Determine the power of ten component by multiplying the power of ten by the power to be determined
(A X 10n)m = Am X 10nm

13. Powers of Ten
Scientific notation and engineering notation make use of powers of ten
Scientific notation requires that the decimal point appear directly after the first digit greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10. A power of ten will appear with the number
Engineering notation requires that all powers of ten must be multiples of 3, and the mantissa must be greater than or equal to 1 but less than 1000

14. Powers of Ten

15. Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten
It is often necessary to convert from one power of ten to another
For instance it may be necessary to convert a reading in kilohertz (kHz) to a corresponding value in megahertz (MHz)
An increase or a decrease in the power of ten must be associated with the opposite effect on the multiplying factor

16. Conversion Within and Between Systems of Units
Set up the conversion factor to form a numerical value of (1) with the unit of measurement to be removed from the original quantity in the denominator
Perform the required mathematics to obtain the proper magnitude for the remaining unit of measurement

17. Symbols

18. Activity 1 Try to do the conversion
0.03 h to seconds
1000 mm to meters
Find the distance in meters that a mass travelling at 600 cm/s will cover in 0.016h.
After 10 minutes, discuss with your partners besides you.
Volunteer to present the answers
Give yourself a mark with max of 5 and submit to your lecturer.

19. Summary
A unit of measurement must be applied to any result to give it full meaning
SI is the system of units applied to the electrical/electronics industry
Powers of ten are employed to make it easier to work with the very small and large numbers that we encounter in the electrical/electronics industry
We will encounter values expressed in Scientific and Engineering notation

20. Summary
When converting from one power of ten to another, remember that if the power increases, the multiplier decreases, and vice-versa
When using calculators, always check to make sure that the result makes sense
With computers, whenever a software program is available that can perform the operations you require, it is usually wise to use the program rather than try to write your own program