1. Attack on Pearl Harbor

2. For 2,000 years Japan had never been defeated.
There was no word for "surrender“ in the Japanese dictionary.

3. Japanese Expansion
Japan had been expanding their power throughout the 1930’s

4. Japanese expansion during 1930’s
Recap
• Invaded Manchuria in 1931
• All-out invasion of China, 1937
(Rape of Nanking)
•Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940
• Took control of French & Dutch colonies after Germany conquered Europe

5. American Response to Japanese Expansion
• Cancelled all trade treaties when Japan invaded China
(’37)
• Banned export of oil & scrap metal to Japan, 1940
– Japan imported 100% of its oil
– 50% of Japan’s oil came from US
– Japanese military viewed embargo as act of war
• US moved large Pacific Fleet to base at Pearl Harbor
– Hawaii is not a state yet
– Only other Naval force in Pacific was Japan

6. The Legend
The United States was minding her own business until the Japanese launched their unprovoked attack dragging reluctant Americans into a terrible world war and obliging the US to shoulder international responsibilities.

7. Reality
The US was deeply involved in Far East affairs and our policies actually provoked the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

8. FDR’s plan
Provoke either Germany or Japan to enter war without upsetting American public.

9. Hitler didn’t bite… Japan did… Freeze Germany’s assets
Ship 50 destroyers to Britain
Depth-charge U-boats
Hitler didn’t bite…
Freeze Japan’s assets
Close the Panama Canal to her shipping
Halt vital exports to Japan
Imply military threats if Tokyo did not alter its Pacific policies
In order to resume trade Japan had to withdraw all troops from China and Indochina
Japan did…

10. Admiral J.O. Richardson
West Coast usual naval fleet base
FDR decided to base the US fleet in Hawaii
Pearl Harbor vulnerable to attack -approachable from any direction
Richardson flew to DC to protest
FDR immediately relieved him of his command

11. Admiral Husband Kimmel
Replaced Richardson
Also informed Washington of Pearl’s vulnerabilities
Per Naval rule when international threat is apparent the fleet puts to sea
Kimmel sent 46 warships including the aircraft carriers safely into the North Pacific to patrol the area without notifying Washington

12. Why would FDR Countermand Admiral Kimmel?
He was concerned that if the fleet encountered the Japanese Task force there would be questions about who fired the first shot.

13. General Walter Short
Concerned with sabotage
Ordered planes to be parked in the middle of the airfield
Made them more vulnerable to aerial attack
Short ordered radar stations installed to watch for aerial attack
Relieved of command after the attack
His rank was reduced to Major General
He retired from active duty in February 28th , days after Pearl

14. Hideki Tojo Japanese Prime Minister
• Believed war with US was inevitable
• On surface, he offered negotiations
• Planned attack on US as soon as he took office
Hideki Tojo

15. Magic
US cryptanalysis project
Allowed US to read Japan’s diplomatic messages

16. Interception
Deciphering
Translation
Evaluation

17. The War Department had been monitoring Japanese diplomatic messages
The War Department had been monitoring Japanese diplomatic messages. It was fully aware of the certainty of an attack. It failed to inform those in charge at Pearl Harbor.

18. JAPANESE STRATEGY
The Japanese government NEVER believed it could defeat the United States, it intended to negotiate an end to the war on favorable terms.
They wanted to negotiate a peace and leave Japan's old order, the emperor and the military government, in power.

19. Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941
– Surprise attack
– Aircraft-carrier based attack force
– Destroyed 70% of US heavy warships
– Aircraft carriers were not in the harbor

20. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Studied at Harvard
Conceived, designed the attack
Cautioned the War Council against a war with the US
Why?
US industrial strength
Material wealth
Temperament of the American people
Japanese War Council underestimated America

21. “In the first six to twelve months of a war with the United States and Britain, I will run wild and win victory after victory. After that, I have no expectation of success.”

22. He was known to have remarked after the attack…
“I feel that all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with terrible resolve.”

23. Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo
31 ship Strike Force
Two tasks
Destroy aircraft carriers
Sink as many other capital ships as possible especially battleships
Criticized
His reasoning : the aircraft carriers were out of port and fighter planes could effectively locate and attack the Strike Force

24. IJN Captain and bomber pilot Lead the first air wave attack
Mitsuo Fuchida
IJN Captain and bomber pilot
Lead the first air wave attack
To Ra To Ra To Ra…
Surprise Achieved
Japanese Footage of the Attack

25. Sunday Morning No warning from Washington
Battleships in port for weekend liberty
Carriers Lexington and Enterprise on way to Midway and Wake Islands
The attack began at 7:55 am Hawaiian Time e

26. Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
“Tora Tora Tora”

33. USS West Virginia, known as the WEE VEE before her attack at Pearl Harbor.

34. Doris "Dorie" Miller General quarters sounded
Headed for his battle station
Because of his physical size he was assigned to carry wounded sailors to safety
Ordered to the bridge to aid the mortally wounded Captain
Manned a 50 caliber anti-aircraft machine gun until he ran out of ammunition and was ordered to abandon ship

35. Cuba Gooding Jr. as Petty Officer Doris Miller from Pearl Harbor

36. USS West Virginia

38. WEE VEE Thought to have taken 5 torpedo hits actually had taken 7
Abandoned, settled to the harbor bottom on an even keel
Patched, pumped out and refloated early May 1942
Spent 1 year in a floating Dry-dock to make sea worthy
66 bodies of sailors who had been trapped below when the ship sank were found
A calendar found with 3 bodies in a store room compartment indicated the sailors had lived through December 23rd!

40. Wee Vee Post Raising

41. WEE VEE

42. WEE VEE Left Pearl Harbor May 1943 for the west coast
Completely rebuilt at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington
She reentered the war in October, 1944

43. The Wee Vee saw action at the Battle for the Philippines, Iwo Jima and Okinawa. She was the lead battleship into Tokyo Harbor at the end of the war.

44. USS Arizona

47. USS Arizona burned for two days after being hit
USS Arizona burned for two days after being hit. The wreck remains at  the bottom of Pearl Harbor as a war memorial. It leaks a quart of oil a day.

48. USS Arizona Memorial 1,177 crew members were killed
Despite conservation efforts, the ship leaks oil
The seeping oil is referred to as "the tears of the Arizona" or "black tears"

49. Gun Turret

50. Japan Attack Losses 366 Japanese planes in the 1st assault
168 planes in the 2nd
Assault
5 Midget Submarines
The attack on Battleship Row began at 7:55 am
By 10 am the last bombs had fallen
Losses
Less then 100 men
29 planes
5 midget submarines

52. Wheeler Field

57. Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them still on the ground. ...

61. Heavy damage is seen on the destroyers, U.S.S. Cassin and the U.S.S. Downes, stationed at Pearl Harbor after the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian island. (AP Photo/U.S. Navy

62. Wreckage, identified by the U. S
Wreckage, identified by the U.S. Navy as a Japanese torpedo plane , was salvaged from the bottom of Pearl Harbor following the surprise attack Dec. 7, (AP Photo)

63. The shattered wreckage of American planes bombed by the Japanese in their attack on Pearl Harbor is strewn on Hickam Field, Dec. 7, (AP Photo)

64. United States Casualties 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians killed
1,178 wounded
18 ships destroyed
(8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels)

65. After Pearl Harbor • The US Fleet was severely crippled
• Panic spread in western US about a Japanese invasion
• Japan attacks in Asia
– took key colonies of Hong Kong & Singapore from UK
– took Philippines from the US

66. By mid-1942 Japan had achieved its goal of
creating a vast, resource-rich Pacific empire
The Japanese ignored the unglamorous target that truly would have crippled the U.S. Navy for perhaps a year or more: the oil tanks next to Pearl Harbor.
Without the ability to refuel at Pearl, the U.S. Navy would have had to retreat to San Diego, San Francisco Bay, and Puget Sound.

67. • • The survival of the US aircraft carriers would
eventually prove to be one of the deciding
factors of the entire War

68. A Day That Will Live in Infamy.” ~ President Franklin D. Roosevelt
declaring War on Japan before the U.S. Congress
December 8, 1941

71. It has been said that the happiest man in the World on the night
of December 7, 1941 was
Winston Churchill.

73. December 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the US
It is the only time that Hitler actually declares war.

74. Suggested Movies

75. Hawaii Declared a war zone Martial law imposed
Writ of habeas corpus suspended

76. Martial Law Habeas Corpus
Rule by military authority in times of emergency
Civil authority is temporarily suspended
Prisoner must be brought to court to determine whether or not they have been lawfully imprisoned and whether they should be released from custody

77. Question:
Hawaii was the site of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and had the largest concentration of Japanese Americans in the country. Yet no mass incarceration took place on the islands.
Why?
They were a large part of Hawaii's labor force, and some leaders were concerned that Hawaii's economy would collapse if all Japanese Americans were removed.

78. Martial Law In Hawaii 157,000 Japanese living in Hawaii
Major workforce for Sugar Cane and Pineapple Plantations
Japanese in Hawaii had much closer ties to Japan than those on the mainland
Lasted three years

79. Martial Law In Hawaii The Islands became one large military base
Military courts replaced civil courts
Blackouts, curfews, rationing, censorship of news and mail, fingerprinting of all civilians
Japanese businesses were shut down
Certain Japanese, German, and Italian civilians were arrested as “suspicious” and placed in detention centers

80. United States Executive Order 9066
Early February, 1942
Authorized the Secretary of War to designate certain areas as military zones
Justification for relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps

81. First Generation immigrants from Japan Nisei
Issei
First Generation immigrants from Japan
Nisei
2nd Generation Japanese born in the United States
Sansei
Third generation

82. Mainland Japanese
Posed a much smaller risk compared to their Hawaii counterparts
Over half had American citizenship
Still interned

83. Labor
The potential for economic gain was a major factor leading to the incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry.
Japanese immigrants to the continental U.S. performed manual labor in industries including railroads, lumber, canneries, mining and fishing.

84. Agriculture
Japanese farmers were pioneers in West Coast agriculture, clearing land unwanted by whites and introducing labor-intensive techniques that yielded abundant harvests from small plots of land.
Anti-Japanese Organizations
Japanese owned most of the early California vineyards, all of which they lost
Forced to sell their on the $1

85. Internment on the US Mainland
Forced relocation and internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along the Pacific coast
"War Relocation Camps”
Officials, including FDR referred to the centers as “concentration camps”
They did lose their liberty as well as their property—their homes, businesses, and other belongings
Japanese Americans were not killed or tortured

91. Korematsu v. United States
Fred Korematsu
23 years old
US citizen of Japanese descent
Defied the order to be relocated
Arrested, and convicted
Supreme Court Case to challenge the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066
Decision upheld
National security supersedes Individual rights

92. Loyalty Test
1943
All internees over the age of 17 were given a loyalty test.
Only asked two questions:
1. Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered? (Females were asked if they were willing to volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps or Women's Army Corps.)
2. Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other foreign government, power or organization?

93. 442nd 33,000 Japanese Americans served
13,000 Japanese Americans served in the 442nd in Europe and 3,000 served in the Pacific Theater
100th Battalion of the "442nd " included Hawaiians of Japanese descent and Japanese-American mainlanders

94. Daniel Inouye
Second-generation Japanese-American living in Honolulu, Hawaii
Fought in the 442nd
Medal of Honor, Bronze Star, Purple Heart United States Senator (D) from Hawaii
President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 2010 until his death in 2012
The highest-ranking Asian American politician in U.S. history

95. Japanese American Women
Most were assigned to the Pacific Military Intelligence

96. After the War Used as many were assigned as Translators and intermediaries during the Occupation of Japan under General MacArthur

97. Public Proclamation Number 21
Became effective in January 1945 It allowed internees to return to their homes.

98. A Japanese family returns home to find their garage vandalized with graffiti and broken windows in Seattle, on May 10, 1945.

99. Civil Liberties Act- HR442
1988
Legislation passed apologizing for the internment on behalf of the US government
Forced internment blamed on “race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership”
President Ronald Reagan signed this legislation
60,000 survivors of internment camps
$20,000 each to compensate them for their lost liberty and property.