1. Popular Music History

2. Spirituals and the Blues

3. Spirituals Originated from enslaved Africans in the U.S.
Expressions of religious faith.
One of the oldest known songs is ‘Swing Low, Sweat Chariot’ by "Uncle Wallace" and "Aunt Minerva" Willis.
Influenced Gospel with Solo Vocal, Choir & Response

4. Blues Origin Black American Music 1865 End of the Civil War.
Slavery Abolished.
Typically used 12 or 16 bar phrases.
Subject matter dealt with trials of life.
Used what is known as a “call and response” between vocals and instruments.

5. Styles of Blues Ragtime Boogie Woogie Country Blues Chicago City Blues
British Rhythm & Blues

6. Ragtime
Descended from jigs & marches from all black bands in North American cities.
Written in 2/4 and 4/4 time signature.
Bass notes played on odd numbered beats and chords on even numbered beats
The most famous Ragtime composers – Scott Joplin, Joseph Lamb and James Scott.
Peaked between
Distributed through sheet music.
Mostly composed for piano.

7. Boogie Woogie Exact origin not known.
Style possibly started by George W Thomas published earliest piece of sheet music.
Influenced by Honky Tonk.
Style of piano Blues.
Extended to 3 pianos at once, guitar, big band & country & western.
Popular during the 1940’s.
Mostly written in 4/4 time signature, using quavers (sometimes known as 8 to the bar).

8. Country Blues Country Blues played in rural areas.
Influenced by Ragtime
Used acoustic guitar, slide techniques.
Spread to the cities with migrating workers.
Artists include: Blind Jake, Robert Johnson, Lightnin Hopkins.

9. Country & City Blues City Blues developed in Chicago, Illinois.
Developed from migration from poor black workers of the South moving to cities in the North.
Amplified electric instruments (Gibson & Les Paul guitars)
Backed with bass, drums, piano and occasionally harmonica.
Artists include - Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolfe, B B King, T Bone Walker.

10. British Rhythm & Blues
During the 60’s urban Blues was discovered by young white American & European musicians.
They used the Blues as a foundation for their music and brought it to young white audiences.
Examples – Cream, Yardbirds, (early) Led Zepplin, Rolling Stones

11. JAZZ MUSIC

12. Jazz Styles DixieLand & Traditional Jazz Big-Band Jazz Bebop Cool Jazz
Avant-garde Jazz
Fusion
Vocal Jazz

13. DixieLand & Traditional Jazz
Earliest style of Jazz Music.
Dated back to the 1920’s.
Created in New Orleans.
Influenced by Ragtime Bands, Blues, Big Bands.
Artists include Louis Armstrong & Joe King Oliver.

14. Big-Band Jazz Very Popular in New York.
The most famous Club to play Big Band Jazz was the Cotton Club. Perhaps the most famous artist to play there was Duke Ellington.
Uses a ‘swing’ style 4/4 beat with ‘swing’ quavers.
More instruments were added including horn & reed rhythm sections.
Artists include Count Basic & Glenn Miller

15. Bebop
Developed in the 1940’s as a reaction to the commercialism of Swing.
Used small bands (cheaper than Big Bands), with solo improvisations.
Upbeat tempo, fast & exciting.
Variations of popular melodies.
Used a polyrhythm (two or more independent rhythms).
Artists include: Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie.

16. Cool Jazz Started in the late 1940’s.
Normally of a mellow and laid back style unlike Bebop.
Used unusual times: Take 5’s 5/4 time signature by Dave Brubeck.
Normally played in Trios or Quartets.
Used instruments not normally associated with Jazz – Flute, Vibraphone.
Artists include Miles Davis, Chet Baker & Lester Young.

17. Avant-garde Jazz Also known as Free Jazz. Appeared in the 1960’s.
Experimental form pushing new boundaries.
Doesn't stick to regular pulse and chord sequences.
Can seem quite chaotic.
Ornette Coleman, Mike Garson, Django Bates & John Coltrane (later period).

18. Fusion Created in the 1970’s.
Developed from a blend of styles including Rock, Folk and Latin music.
Uses electrical technology including keyboards & FX’s.
Became more mellow and melodic during the 80’s with improvisation taking more of a back seat.
Artists include Weather Report, Pat Metheny & Return to Forever.

19. Vocal Jazz 1920’s onwards. Vocalist is the main feature of the music.
Sound personalised to an individual performer.
Common style is ‘Scat’ (Louis Armstrong), very fast vocal melody is almost reduced to nonsense.
Artists include Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby & Bobby McFerrin.

20. Gospel 1930’s to present. Developed in the southern states of the USA.
Influenced by the Spirituals & Blues.
Comprises of mixed vocal choirs.
Often uses a solo singer with the choir working in call-&-response style.
The style still has an African feel (Lady Smith Black Mambazo).
Choir often used today in commercial pop to give a spiritual feel (Madonna ‘Like a prayer’).

21. Traditional Country / Country & Western
Became Popular in the 1930’s
Mixture of American Folk (came from Europe) music & Blues
Acoustic music.
Instruments used include the Fiddle, Pedal Steel.
Like Blues song are about life and sentimental issues.
Slow songs used a 3/4 & 4/4 time signatures.
Artists include: Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Glen Campbell, Jerry Lee Lewis, Billie Jo Spears & Patsy Cline

22. Pedal Steel

23. Traditional Country Artists
Hank Williams
Johnny Cash
Patsy Cline
Glen Campbell

24. Bluegrass Kentucky, 1940’s. Upbeat Country.
Bouncing Rhythms – Barn Dance Feel
Instruments used include: Picked Banjo, Mandolins & Fiddles.
Artists include: Dixie Chicks, Dolly Parton.

25. Bluegrass Artists
Dolly Parton

26. Country Rock (Modern Country)
Developed in the 1970’s
Played by rock artists inspired by Traditional Country (feeling of Soft Rock + Country)
Eagles lead the movement in the 1980’s followed by Garth Brookes in the 1990’s.
Country then started to merge with commercial music and became known as ‘New Country’.
Other artists also include Billy Ray Cyrus, Faith Hill, Bryan Adams, Beck & Shania Twain.

27. Country Rock Artists Billy Ray Cyrus Garth Brooks Shania Twain
The Eagles

28. Rock ‘n’ Roll Developed in the 1950’s
Influenced by Country, Blues, Gospel & Folk.
Often used 3 chords in 12 – 16 bar blues pattern.
Music mostly in a 4/4 time signature with a shuffle rhythm (first pair of notes lengthened, second pair shortened).
Catchy music, easy to dance to – appealed to mass market.
Rebellious lyrics.
Played by white musicians.
Instruments played include bass, drums, guitar & vocals (backing vocals were sometimes used in call & response ).
Great influence on pop music.
Artists include: Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Billy Haley & Gene Vincent.

29. Rock & Roll Artists
Elvis Presley
Gene Vincent
Chuck Berry
Buddy Holly

30. Folk Traditional & Modern Songs.
Instruments played include fiddles, harmonica & accordions.
Simple theme + vocals (religious, rural)
Folk examples:
‘He's got the whole world in his hand’ – Odetta
‘Where have all the flowers gone’ – Pete Seeger
Other artists include Joan Baez & Rod McKuen

31. Folk Artists
Joan Baez
Pete Seeger

32. Electric Folk Combines elements of Folk & Rock music.
Pioneered during the 60’s by Pentangle.
Bob Dylan influenced both American & British scene.
Incorporated traditional British Folk.
Uses electric instruments: Guitars etc.
Became very commercial during the 70’s.
Predominantly white.
Associated with hippies.
Spawned Celtic Rock during the 70’s
Artists include: Bob Dylan, Pentangle, Fairport Convention.

33. Electric Folk
Bob Dylan
Pentangle
Fairport Convention

34. Soul Different types of Soul:
Blue-eyed Soul, mainly performed by white artists Righteous Brothers.
Detroit Soul (Motown), played in Northern America, includes Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross & Jackson 5.
Southern Soul, combination of R&B and Gospel, includes Otis Reading & Carla Thomas.
Memphis Soul, funky sound, includes Al Green.
Neo Soul, mixture of 1970’s vocals and R&B, includes D’Angelo & Lauren Hill
Philadelphia Soul, features string and horn sections giving a smoother sound. Includes The 3 Degrees.
Psychedelic Soul, psychedelic rock and 60’s soul helped contributed to mainstream funk in the 70’s. Includes the Temptations & Sly Stone.

35. Soul Influenced by Gospel/Rhythm/Blues.
Developed in urban centres during the late 50’s.
Uses a full band.
Expressive vocals, strings & brass sections.
Good production – Phil Spector.
Artists include: James Brown, Aretha Franklin, Roberta Flack, Ben.E.King & Otis Reading (Stax Records).

36. Soul Artists Otis Reading Smokey Robinson James Brown Ben E King
Aretha Franklin

37. Soul - Motown

38. Motown Developed in the 1960’s. Style of Soul music.
Originates from Detroit.
Instruments played include tambourine, drums, bass, horn & string sections & backing vocals.
Call & Response singing style.
Mainly African American.
Motown Records Inc, also known as Tamala-Motown.
Founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy Jr.
Borrowed $800’s from his family.
Gordy Established the foundation for Motown with the Miracles, Four Tops, Marvelettes, Martha and the Vandellas, Supremes and the Temptations.
The Funk Brothers played on the majority of Motown records in the 60’s.
Artists include: Stevie Wonder, William “Smokey” Robinson, Martha Reeves, Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross & the Supremes.

39. Hitsville
Detroit

40. Motown Artists
Marvin Gaye
Stevie Wonder
Diana Ross and the Supremes

41. Funk Influenced by Jazz & Blues black tradition.
Developed in the 60’s (James Brown)
Most commercial period 1970’s ( George Clinton, Kool & the Gang
Upbeat, dancing music.

42. Funk Instruments played bass, rhythm guitar, horn sections, vocals.
Often uses a slap bass guitar technique.
Uses syncopated rhythms.
Influenced Disco & 80’s & 90’s dance music.
Revived in Acid Jazz & Hip Hop in the 90’s.
Artists include: James Brown, Cool & the Gang, Jackson’s, Parliament.

43. Reggae

44. Mento Jamaican folk music. Greatly influenced Reggae.
Features acoustic instruments – guitar, banjo, hand drums & rhumba box (bass).
Shares similarities with Calypso music.
Influenced by African slaves & European music.
Most popular age of Mento was during the 1950’s

45. Ska
Developed in the 1950’s
Fusion of Jamaican Folk (Mento) & Rhythm & Blues (Afro Caribbean rhythms).
Indigenous original music sound.
Energetic
Big Band Musicians played horns section
Artists include: Ethiopians, Skatalites, The Upsettlers & Tony Tribe.
Revival in the late 70’s
Rudeboys (Black & White suits) – Gang Culture, Violence
Blue Beat Records – Prince Buster

46. Ska Two Tone records formed in 1979 by Jerry Dammers
Mixture of Black and White musicians.
Artists signed include The Specials, The Selector, Madness & The Beat.
Rudeboys – middle class, vespa’s, expensive Black & White suits & shiny shoes.
Skinheads – working class, racists, wore big boots, braces & jeans.
Two groups didn’t mix, regular fights at dance halls.
Due to the trouble bands were blacklisted.
By early 1980’s Ska had died down.
Few bands continued
Bands include: The Specials, Madness, Bad Manners.

47. Ska
Madness
Skatalites
Specials
Bad Manners
Rude Boys
Skin Heads

48. Rock Steady Beat Developed during the 1960’s. Movement from Ska.
Influence of Soul, mellower back beat.
In Rock Steady the guitar only strums on beats 2 & 4, and the bass guitar emphasizes beats 1 & 3.
Bass guitar is used for rhythm instead of drums.
Booming bass line is carried forth to Reggae (also traced back to mento).
Artists include: Desmond Decker & Jimmy Cliff.

49. Rock Steady
Desmond Decker
Jimmy Cliff

50. Reggae Caribbean / Jamaican umbrella term.
Developed in the late 60’s from the Ska & Rock Steady scene’s.
Reggae is closer to the chanting, meditative Nyabinghi sound (musical meditation).
Poltical & social awareness.
Rasta’s (marijuana).
Uses a 4/4 time signature.
Off beat (Skanking) – syncopation.
Rockers Reggae developed in the 70’s – bass drum is played on all 4 beats like 70’s disco.

51. Reggae Instruments played include Brass & Hammond Organ.
Deep bass sound – led to Dub (reverb).
Sunny, easy listening, good time feel.
Influenced: 2 Tone, Specials, Police, Burning Spear & UB40.
Artists include: Bob Marley & the Wailers, Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry & Prince Fari.

52. Reggae
Lee Scratch Perry
Bob Marley
Rastafarians

53. Dub Developed from Reggae & Ska in the 1970’s.
Extensive use of reverb and delay effects.
Emphasis on drums and bass.
Little or no vocals.
Includes sound effects (voices, animals).
Toasting over music at Sound Systems
Played at Jamaican Sound Systems.
Dub means remix – Remix of other reggae music
Treasure Isle Studios – Duke Reid (1968)
Pioneered by Lee ‘Scatch’ Perry, King Tubby, Keith Hudson, Ruddy Redwood

54. Ragga Also known as Raggamuffin. Developed in the mid 80’s.
Primarily consists of electronic music, often sampling.
Grew rapidly during the 90’s
Easier and less expensive to produce than reggae performed on traditional instruments.
Influenced early Drum & Bass & Bhangragga.
Artists include Daddy Freddy, Asher D, Benie Man & Shaggy.

55. Ragga
Shaggy
Bennie Man

56. Rock

57. Psychedelia Psyche Rock/Acid Rock Loud distorted sound.
Experimental use of electronics (strange sounds and samples).
Hippy era – Drug related / LSD / Marijuana.
Artists include: Hendrix, Pink Floyd, Beatles (Sgt Peppers), Jefferson Airplane.

58. Psychedelia Artists
Beatles
Hendrix
Jefferson Airplane
Pink Floyd

59. Rock 1960’s
Influenced by Cream, The Who, Rolling Stones – British Rhythm and Blues
Electric Guitar based, 4 piece combos.
Loud, big sound.
Led Zepplin started riffs and solos on guitar, pioneering Metal
Pete Townsend ‘Wind Mill’ strum – smashing up instruments.
Eric Clapton experimenting with effects and distortion
Jim Marshall designing bigger louder amps
Led to Metal, Grunge, Soft Rock, Punk, New Metal, Britpop, Indie.
Artists include: The Who, Iggy Pop, Led Zepplin, Steppenwolf, Thin Lizzy.

60. Rock Artists
Iggy Pop
The Who
Led Zepplin

61. Glam Rock Combination of Rock, Metal & Popular songs.
Effeminate looking,
Makeup
Platform Shoes
Lots of Satin
Presentation very important.
Music light hearted pop.
Artists include: T Rex, The Sweet, Slade, Bowie, Ziggy Stardust, Gary Glitter.

62. Glam Rock Artists
T Rex
Slade
Gary Glitter
Bowie

63. Progressive Rock / Art Rock
Classical Forms, Long extended structures.
Unusual time signatures.
Classical theme at times.
Instrumental VITUOSITY.
Large solo improvisations.
Artists include: Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Pink Floyd, Genesis.

64. Progressive Rock / Art Rock Artists
Pink Floyd
Genesis
Emerson, Lake & Palmer

65. MOR/Easy Listening/Soft Rock
Very inoffensive
Smooth mellow arrangements
Overly slushy vocals
Included string sections at times
Bland sound!
Artists include: Barry Manilow, Carpenters, Bacharach, Dionne Warwick.

66. MOR Artists
Barry Manilow
Dionne Warwick
Carpenters

67. Disco Developed in the 1970’s
Dance culture grew from gay bars in – USA, Chicago, Detroit.
Saturday Night Fever 1977.
Studio 54 / Drug induced party culture.
4/4 time signature, beat very strong.
Lush productions – Strings, Brass Sections, Electronic – Synths, Drums.
Lyrics about partying,
Artists include: Jackson 5, Donna Summer, Bee Gees, Sister Sledge, Village People, Earth, Wind & Fire, Gloria Gaynor, ABBA.

68. Disco
Bee Gees
Village People
Sister Sledge
Saturday Night Fever

69. Punk Late 70’s reaction to Prog Rock, Disco, lack of social Realism
Politics
Monarchy
High unemployment
Poverty
Socially aware, angry, raw, shock, abusive – 2 fingers to society.
Embraced by far right.
Artists include: Sex Pistols, Buzzcocks, Stiff Little Fingers, Stranglers, The Clash.

70. Punk
Sex Pistols
Stiff Little Fingers
Stranglers

71. Metal Started in the 1960’s - now.
Pioneered by Deep Purple, Black Sabath, Led Zepplin
Van Halen – finger tapping technique
Many sub-genres –
Thrash Metal/Speed Metal- Shredding on guitar – faster , harsher – Metallica, Anthrax, Mega Death
Death Metal/Black Metal – disturbing lyrics& themes
Industrial Metal - electronics of dance music fused with metal.
Distorted guitar, fast, riff-based.
Lead guitar virtuosity + solos (lengthy).
Heavy – rhythmic drumming.
Vocals upper register, shouting, screaming.
White teenage males – “Cock Rock”
Artists include: Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Megadeth, Motorhead, Metallica, Marilyn Manson.

72. Predominant Instruments
Electric guitar Lead – Solo’s licks fills/
Rhythm –accompany lead/ share riffs
Effects – Distortion pedals / overdriven amps
Bass Guitar – low end crucial part / low pedal note/ root notes – possible 5/6 string
Drums – Loud/ constant/ double bass drum/ double pedal/ extra cymbals/ cowbell
Keyboard sometimes – Loud/ distorted – Type Hammond Organ / 80’s + synths

73. Metal
Motorhead
Deep Purple
Ozzy Osbourne
Marilyn Manson

74. Hip Hop Developed in the 1970’s from Soul & R&B. NYC Rap Style.
Rhythmic improvisation of vocals over music.
Political & Social Commentary
Ghetto, Drugs, Gun Culture, Black Politics, Violence, Abuse of Women, Police Brutality, Homophobic.
Associated with Technics 1210’s decks.
Use of sampling & scratching.
Artists include: Sugar Hill Gang, Run DMC, Ice T, Cypress Hill, Beastie Boys, Snoop Dogg, Big ‘E’ Smalls, Tribe Called Quest, De La Soul.

75. Hip Hop
Run DMC
Beastie Boys
Snoop Dogg
DeLa Soul

76. New Romantics Early 80’s pop. Influenced by Glam Rock. Very commercial
Used synthesisers.
Commercial pop sound, melodies, soft sound.
Songs 3 ½ minutes long.
Artists include: Duran Duran, Ultra Vox, Spandau Ballet, Human League.

77. New Romantics
Ultra Vox
Human League
Duran Duran
Spandau Ballet

78. 80’s Electronica/Pop
Influenced by the likes of Gary Numan and Kraft Werk from the 70’s.
Used electronic instruments.
Heavily synth based music.
Used sequencers and samplers – programmed loops.
Stock Aitken & Waterman – Hit Factory & Trevor Horn famous producers of the time.
Artists include: Kylie Minogue, Rick Astley, Pet Shop Boys, Erasure, Art of Noise, Dead or Alive (Pete Burns).

79. Other forms of Metal Developed in the late 90’s
Alternative Metal
Chilli Peppers – Funk influenced, Rage Against the Machine – Punk influenced
Nu Metal
Developed in the late 90’s
Limp Bizkit, Linkin Park – Metal / Hiphop Rap
New Bands from the late 90’s
Audio Slave – Chris Cornel
Velvet Revolover - Slash

80. 80’s Electronica/Pop Stock Aiken Waterman Erasure Kylie Pete Burns
Pet Shop Boys

81. New Wave Developed from punk rock. Popular during the 80’s.
Name created by Seymour Stein of Sire Records for newly signed bands.
More experimental than punk.
Dark sound groups were know as post punk.
Developed a more pop sound as it grew.
Artists include: Talkin Heads, New Order (Joy Division), Devo.

82. Grunge Developed in Seattle during the 1980’s.
Influenced by Metal & Punk.
Form of rock music.
Features dark, muddy guitar sounds, heavy drumming.
Uses distortion & feedback on guitars.
Morose, angst-ridden lyrics.
During the early 90’s turned commercial (Nirvana).
At gigs fans would stage dive, head banging & crowd surf.
Bands include Nirvana, U Men & Alice in Chains.

83. Indie
Name originally given to small independent record labels of the 80’s & 90’s.
Reaction to synth & sample based dance music.
Sound can be traced back to 60’s roots of bands like the Beatles, Kinks & the Yardbirds.
Normally guitar based music featuring catchy hooks.
The Brit Pop period of the late 80’s & 90’s took Indie main stream.
The big the scene became the more larger record companies that got involved.
Bands include Oasis, Blur, Cold Play, Radiohead & Pulp, Artic Monkeys.

84. Dance Music Dance Music has many sub genres.
House music developed during the 80’s.
Kept disco’s 4/4 time signature.
Uses deep bass lines, sampled beats & synthesisers.
Repeated loops.
Faster tempo than Disco.
Sampled vocals, repeating lyrics (Ride on time – Black Box).

85. Dance Music
Techno was influenced by funk & soul of the 70’s combined with electronic music (Kraft Werk, Tangerine Dream).
Tempo normally ranges from 115 – 160 Bpm
Sub genres of Techno are Hardcore (high Bpm) Ambient (low Bpm) & Jungle/Drum & Bass (Uses polyrhythms, fast breakbeat & dub).
Other form include:
Acid house (Roland TB303)
Trance - Synth based, hypnotic sounds.
Garage - Deep base lines (Artful Dodger, Mr Ozio).
Triphop - Real & Electronic Instruments combined (Massive Attack, Portishead, Air, DJ Shadow ).

86. Dance Music Electronic Instruments include: Synthesisers Drum machines
Samplers - Akai/Emu Samples used include loops/sounds/drums etc
Midi Sequencers – Cubase/Logic Used for composition & programming drum patterns.