1. Trials of Modernity: Nineteenth-Century Precursors of Modernism Realism Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary (1857) and Sentimental Education (1869) Gustave Courbet Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, George Eliot Charles Baudelaire, Flowers of Evil (1857) Naturalism Emile Zola, Thérèse Raquin (1867) Decadence Joris Karl Huysmans, Against Nature (À Rebours; 1884) Symbolism Stéphane Mallarmé, LAprès-Midi dun Faune (1876; later, music by Claude Debussy) Impressionism Edouard Manet, inspiration to the impressionists Edgar Degas, older contemporary of the impressionists Claude Monet Henry James (1843-1916) Claude Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, performed by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra

2. Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867)

3. Claude Monet, Saint-Lazare Train Station (1887)

4. Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers (1850)

5. Edouard Manet, Street Pavers in the Rue Mosnier (1878)

6. Gustave Courbet, Hunter on Horseback Recovering the Trail (1864) Yale University Art Gallery

7. The artist in his work should be like God in the universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere. Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)

8. She repeated, I have a lover! a lover! delighting at the idea as if a second puberty had come to her. So at last she was to know those joys of love, that fever of happiness of which she had despaired! She was entering upon a marvelous world where all would be passion, ecstasy, delirium. From Madame Bovary

9. Jane Austen (1775-1817)

10. Edouard Manet, Olympia (1863)

11. Edouard Manet, Portait of Emile Zola (1868)

12. Gustave Courbet, The Painter's Studio: A Real-Life-Allegory of the Last Seven Years of My Life (1855), with Baudelaire at far right Baudelaire and his successors Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898) Joris Karl Huysmans (1848-1907) Painters Edouard Manet (1832-1883) Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Claude Monet (1840-1926) Composers Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

13. Edgar Degas, Absinthe (1876)

14. Gustave Moreau, Salomé Dancing Before Herod (1876)

15. Edouard Manet, Portrait of Stéphane Mallarmé (1876)

16. Edgar Degas, The Ballet Class (1874)

17. Claude Monet, Boulevard des Capucines (1873-4)

18. Edouard Manet, Déjeuner sur lHerbe (Luncheon on the Grass; 1863)

19. Edouard Manet, Young Woman Reclining in Spanish Costume (1862-63) Yale University Art Gallery

20. Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise (1872)

21. John Singer Sargent, sketch for a portrait of Henry James Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library