1. Russian Revolution Lenin Stalin

2. Russia Weaknesses: little industry inefficient agriculture
serfs (80%) tied to land- uneducated, poor, no incentive to work
stern rule of czar
political tension between nationalities
1800’s attempt to expand Pan-Slavism
gain access to Mediterranean

3. Decembrist Revolt Alexander I dies- army officers revolt
Officers had contact with West (Napoleonic Wars)
Goal: written constitution (Western-style rights)

4. Repression and Nicholas I
1825 Decembrist Revolt crushed
Russification- force Russian language, culture and subject nations
Destroy nationalism and revolts
Serfdom not abolished- needed support of the wealthy
500 peasant revolts crushed
Westernization hampered

5. Repression and Nicholas I
“Fight revolutionary spirit”
Limited education
Books and newspapers censored
Secret police
Crimean Wars lost- Russia behind

6. Reforms and Alexander II
Reform needed for Westernization
1861 Serfdom abolished
1/2 land remained for nobles
1/2 mirs (village commumities)- SOLD money for govt.
Peasants still tied to land (not allowed to leave, others would have to pay more)

7. Mir

8. Alexander II

9. Execution in St. Petersburg

10. More Reforms Zemstvos- people gain some control over affairs
local councils- nobles, townspeople, peasants
More schools
Court system modernized
Army reformed
Economic development encouraged with building of railroads and factories

11. 1863 Polish Revolt ***Reform ended*** Russification pushed in Poland
led to more Polish nationalism

12. 1870 Will of the People Russian nationalists officials murdered
bomb kills Czar Alexander in 1881

13. Repression and Alexander III
Russia becomes a police state to end revolutionary activity
power of zemstvos reduced
persecution of Jews- pogroms
Russification- Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationalism
Nationalism still grows
Industrialization continues
Russia still behind rest of world

14. Alexander III

15. Russia under Nicholas II
Nicholas II- Romanov family
Czar in 1894 at age 26
Did NOT want to become czar
Ruled as autocrat

16. Nicholas II

17. Attempts at Modernization
Russia was weak and undeveloped
Sergei Witte- czar’s minister
1900 worked for industrialization
Foreign experts brought in
Trans-Siberian RR completed
Increased taxes
Borrowed money from foreigners

18. Unrest Develops from Urbanization
Peasants left farms for factories
Workers unhappy with low standard of living and little political power
Upper-class resented power of foreign companies
Critics look to a new form of government

19. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin- studied Marx
Brother was executed for plot against the czar
1895 Lenin was arrested and sent to Siberia for political activities then left Russia for 17 years
In Europe Lenin continued his anti-czarist activities

20. Lenin

21. Lenin Statues

22. Russian Marxists Split
Both groups agreed Russia was not industrialized or capitalist
Mensheviks – “minority”
Socialist revolution needed to wait until proletariat grows
Bolsheviks – “majority”
Form secret group to help workers revolt
Secret group would rule until proletariat ready

23. Revolution of 1905 1905- Russia defeated in Russo-Japanese War
1905- Workers in St. Petersburg revolt
Soviets formed- representative council for the people
October Manifesto- Czar gives constitution
Duma- first parliament, czar had veto power

24. WWI Russia interested in Balkans brings her into war
1915- Nicholas goes to front to rally troops
Alexandra left to rule with Rasputin
“Holy man” who could control Alexis’ hemophilia
1916 Nobles kill Rasputin- felt their power threatened

25. Rasputin

26. Rasputin

27. Rasputin
and the
Romanvos

28. The March Revolution Causes:
Defeats of war
Discontent (food, fuel shortage)
Weaknesses of autocracy
Strike led by women textile workers in Petrograd
Soldiers turn on officers, not people

29. Results of March Revolution
Nicholas II abdicates
Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky est.
Russia stays in WWI
Western-style parliamentary govt.
People unhappy

30. Romanovs

31. Alexandra

32. Anastasia

33. Alexei

34. Petrograd Soviet Competes with Provisional Govt. for control
Favored withdrawal from WWI
Favored radical social reform for workers and peasants
Actually held more power than Provisional Govt.

35. St. Petersburg

36. Winter Palace

37. St. Petersburg

38. Three Government Choices
Russia lost faith in govt, Lenin is returned by Germans
1. Parliamentary Govt- order through Democratic reform (Provisional)
2. Military Dictatorship- restore order by armed force

39. Three Govt. Choices cont…
3. Rule by workers’ and soldiers’ soviets
Petrograd Soviet controlled by Lenin and Bolsheviks
Offered: land, food, and self-determination to non-Russians
People wanted real change: Who would they favor and why?

40. Fall 1917… “All power to the soviets” Bolshevik Revolution
Nov. 7- Leon Trotsky, leading Lenin’s supporters, seized government
Provisional Govt. officials arrested
Communists come to power

41. Trotsky
kills
Capitalist
dragon

42. Trotsky

43. Trotsky

44. October
Revolution

45. 50th Anniversary of Bolshevik Revolution

46. 50th Anniversary of Bolshevik Revolution

47. Lenin Billboard

48. Lenin

49. State-building under Lenin
Chaos worsened under Bolsheviks
No effective govt. or army
No food, commerce, or industry
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
Bolsheviks/Communists decide to eliminate ALL opposition

50. Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Signed with Germany
Lost Finland, possessions in Poland, Baltic States, Ukraine
Treaty cancelled when Germany lost war
Finland, Baltic States gained independence

51. Civil War Breaks Out “Whites”- opponents of Bolsheviks, aided by West
Parliamentary Govt. supporters
Czarist defenders
Moderate Socialists
“Reds”- Communists
“Greens”- Ukrainian peasants
Want independence

52. Communist Dictatorship
Terror Tactics
Economic Policy
Kronstadt Rebellion
Centralized Govt.
Soviet Union
Religious persecution
Propaganda

53. Terror Tactics “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
Secret police used to kill and suspected opponents of govt.

54. Economics= War Communism
Nationalization of industry, banks, foreign trade
Draft used for labor and army
Strikes forbidden
Food taken from peasants and given to cities and armies
***Russia continues to decline***

55. Kronstadt Rebellion March 1921 Sailors rebel
Results: Lenin switches to NEP
New Economic Policy
Only important industries under state control
Some free enterprise

56. Centralized Government
Govt. moved to Kremlin- Moscow
Politburo led new govt.
unity stressed (thrown out)
political parties banned
only 1% of population was Communist (500,000)
Decisions made at top (like czar)
Party ran unions

57. Red Square

58. St. Basils, Red Square

59. St. Basils

60. Lenin's grave

61. Lenin's Tomb

62. State and Party Linked Soviets elected locally but led by Party
district, regional, republic level
Supreme Soviet- highest govt. authority
Council of Ministers- Party members who made up executive branch

63. The Soviet Union Formed in 1922 by Communists
15 Republics based on nationalities
Identical constitutions
Controlled by Party
Limited self-rule
Self-determination in writing only

64. Religious Persecution
Religion was threat
State schools taught God did NOT exist
Church seen as possible tool of control
Land and property seized

65. Propaganda Govt. controlled and censored information
Lenin tried to isolate USSR from West
Party ideology enforced
Marxism-Leninism

66. Literacy Campaign

67. Long
Live
Stalin

68. Lenin’s Hopes for Communism
Govt. was responsible for workers’ problems
1919 Comintern- Communist Third International
bring Communists together and help Soviet foreign policy
Goal: strengthen Soviets not world revolution

69. Lenin's body

70. Lenin's Mourners

71. Lenin's Mourners

72. Stalin v. Trotsky Lenin wanted Trotsky to be successor
Stalin uses position of Secretary General to gain power

73. Stalin

74. Stalin