BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

SUBJECTS DRAWING BASICS ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MACHINE DRAWINGS

Basic Blueprint Reading
DRAWING BASICS

Objectives Define basic industrial drawing structure Define line types Define types of drawings Note: refer to the Core Curriculum Training Guide for more detailed information concerning the subject matter of this presentation.

Purpose of Drawings Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as: Architectural building layouts Electrical wiring Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts Location of equipment How to assemble equipment Details of equipment

Types of Drawings Civil Architectural Structural Mechanical Plumbing Piping Pneumatic/Hydraulic Electrical This is a general list of types of drawings that can be created. The following slides will define the purpose of the drawing type what that type of drawings contains.

Engineering Drawings A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts. 1. Title block 2. Grid system 3. Revision block 4. Notes and legends 5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

Drawing Sizes Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typical Metric sizes A – (letter) 8 ½ by 11inches A4 (210 x 297) A3 (297 x 420) A2 (420 x 594) B - 11 by 17inches A1 (594 x 841) C - 17 by 22 inches A0 (841 x 1189) D - 22 by 34 inches There are also European sizes, such as A4, which need not be discussed here. E - 34 by 44 inches F - 28 by 40 inches

Title Blocks Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information. XYZ COMPANY Title blocks are typically located in the lower right corner of a drawing. While contents from manufacturer to manufacturer may vary Title Blocks typically contain the following: Drawing Title: identification of what the drawing contains Company name: the company that created the drawing or manufactured the items drawin Drawing scale: the scale the drawing was drawn in to the real world size of the item How many sheets to the drawing there are: some drawings, especially wiring drawings and assembly drawings require many sheets to detail the item drawin Which sheet this drawing is: what is the sheet you are currently looking at. Designer name or initials: who designed the item Who drew the drawing, name or initials Who checked the drawing, name or initials Date drawing was created Revision block to list changes to the drawing.

Revision Blocks The revision block notes any changes made to a drawing Portions of a typical revision block are: REV: the revision usually listed alphabetically with the first revision starting at A DATE: the date the revision was made DESCRIPTION: a short description of the change made BY: the initials of the person making the change CHKD BY: the initials of the person who checked the change Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as: A

Parts Lists Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is Bill of Material lists usually include the following: ITEM: a numerical list of the items QTY: The quantity of this item number used. MANUF: The manufacturer of the item DESCRIPTION: a brief description of what the item it PART NUMBER: the part of number of the item, usually the one supplied by the manufacturer of the item.

Scales Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item. For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for feet) of the real world item. Add some more examples here of typical scaling here. Scaling a drawing varies from Architectural to Engineering preferences. For some examples see the table below: Mechanical Engineer 1 = full size ¼ (1/2, 1/8, etc.) 2 (3, 4, etc) True size of part ¼ of true size 2 times true size Architect 12” = 1’- 0” 6” = 1’– 0” 3” = 1’– 0” Its true size ½ true size ¼ true size Civil Engineer 1” = 1’ 1” = 10’ 1” = 2 miles 1/12 true size 1/120 of true size 1/63,360 true size

Grid System A drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipment on a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run is continued on a second drawing. To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, most drawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings, have a grid system. The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around the drawing B C This point on the drawing is B-3

Basic Lines Object lines Hidden lines Cutting plane lines Centerlines Extension lines Dimension lines Leaders line Phantom lines The following slides will detail the purpose each basic line type.

Object Line The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.

Hidden Line The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.

Center Line The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.

Dimension Line / Extension Line
Basic Blueprint Reading Dimension Line / Extension Line Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension. Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object. Extension Line Dimension Line

Phantom Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part. The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part Phantom

Leader A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it 1 Grind Surface

Cutting Plane Line Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing. A A

Break Lines Break lines are uses to terminate a view to conserve drawing space and avoid congestion. Short Break Line Break lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections

Break Lines Example The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space. 3” 250 feet

Section Lines Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view. The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

Dimensioning Systems Different systems of dimensioning are generally used Fractional inch Decimal inch SI Metric

Fractional Inch Dimensioning
Basic Blueprint Reading Fractional Inch Dimensioning 2 Dia 21/32 Dia 3/16 1/2 1 9/16 Dia This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in architectural drawings. Tight tolerances are difficult to achieve in the fractional inch dimensioning methods.

Decimal Inch Dimensioning
Basic Blueprint Reading Decimal Inch Dimensioning 2.00 Ø .656 Ø .19 .50 1.56 Ø This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in mechanical drawings since it allows more accuracy and tighter tolerances. Most measuring tools, like dial calipers are scaled in decimal.

Metric Dimensioning Ø 50 Ø 16.5 5 13 Ø 40 The metric system is similar to the decimal system in accuracy and is used in almost all drawing outside of the United States.

Abbreviations Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing. BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING INV INVERT PP POWER POLE

Drawing Legends Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.

Isometric Drawings Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.

Perspective Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them. Note: as shown in the example drawing this method distorts the image of the box. The next method of viewing, called orthographic projection is used to remove this distortion Vanishing point

Orthographic Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading Orthographic Drawings Orthographic projection shows the drawn object from different views Top view Left side Right side Bottom Front Rear The three views normally drawn are: Top, which is sometimes called the plan view Front, or front elevation Right side, or right elevation Projection view

Single Line Drawings The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols. By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader. These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

Civil Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas. Civil drawings are sometimes called: site plans plot plans survey plans. They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.

Contour Lines Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line. 180 160 140 120 110

Architectural Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project. They include items such as: Working drawings Structural drawings Floor plans Elevation drawings Section drawings Flow diagrams See 5.2 Working drawings: have much of the information the architects design drawing contains, but is much more detailed and are used by the builders for erection of a building. The are fully dimensioned and can include specific drawings for utilities, lighting, plumbing. Structural drawings: these drawings will include the framework of a building, the foundations, the supporting columns. Floor Plans: these layouts show the arrangement and location of different pieces of machinery, offices and any other objects. Elevation drawings: are related to floor plans and show the vertical views of a building. Section drawings: sections are cutaway drawings that show details of construction and areas. Flow diagrams: these are used when a pattern of product flow needs to be documented and are intended to show how material may flow through a plant.

Gridlines Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing. A B C 1 2 3 Column A-1 Column symbol

Mechanical Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as: Exploded view Detail Assembly

Example Mechanical Detail
Basic Blueprint Reading

Example Assembly Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading

An Exploded View Basic Blueprint Reading

Plumbing/Piping These types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics. TEE PIPELINE TANK 36.00 40.00 Valve Single Line Plumbing Example

Single Line Drawing A Single line plumbing drawing example TEE PIPELINE TANK 36.00 40.00 Valve

Orthographic Piping Drawing
Basic Blueprint Reading Orthographic Piping Drawing

P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Drawings These drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material. All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.

Example P&ID CS CONTACTOR FRESH CIS TANK PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.) SLUG CATCHER TEST SEPARATOR H.P. BULK SEPARATOR FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2) FILTER SEPARATOR COALESCING FILTER NO. 1 FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2)

Electrical Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment. They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram. Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.

Example Ladder Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a “rung” to the ladder. L1 L2 Pushbutton L Pilot Light 115 VAC

Example Wiring Diagram
Basic Blueprint Reading Example Wiring Diagram Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.

Electrical Schematics
Basic Blueprint Reading Electrical Schematics Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit. L1 C1 R1 Q1 D1 C2 R3 Q2 T1 + R4 R2 C3 VGG - Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.

Summary Review Objectives Question and Answer Session RETURN TO MAIN MENU

Basic Line Symbols 1 2 3 12 10 Line Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical Dashed Pilot control, bleed, filter Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit Chain Line Electrical line Spring 14

Circle Shapes Circles energy conversion units measuring instrument mechanical link roller 10

Squares and Rectangles
Basic Blueprint Reading Squares and Rectangles control component connections perpendicular to sides Square conditioning apparatus connections to corners Square at 45o Rectangle cylinders and valves

Squares and Rectangles
Basic Blueprint Reading Squares and Rectangles Rectangles piston certain control methods

Basic Symbols rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation Semi-circle pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle Capsule Double line mechanical connection piston rod, lever, shaft 13

Functional Elements Direction and nature of fluid, open pneumatic or filled hydraulic Triangle Spring Long sloping indicates adjustability Arrow 15

Functional Elements Arrows Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device Tee Closed path or port Restriction 15

Functional Elements Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion clockwise from right hand end Shaft rotation both Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors 16

Functional Elements Temperature Indication or control size to suit Opposed solenoid windings Operator M Prime mover M Electric motor 16

Fittings If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer. Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends Pipe Line Without Flanges Pipe Going Away Pipe Coming Towards Rear view flange Front view flange

Single Line example ELBOW TEE COUPLING (JOINT) CHECK VALVE REDUCER 45° ELBOW GLOBE VALVE CROSS PLUG UNION GATE VALVE Y-FITTING CAP Note: see pictorial drawing of this circuit in the following slides

Pictorial Drawings Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.

Pictorial example Orthographic Pipe Drawing ELBOW TEE COUPLING (JOINT) GLOBE VALVE CHECK VALVE PLUG CROSS UNION GATE VALVE CAP Y-FITTING 45° ELBOW REDUCER Refer back to the previous single line drawing and compare the single line diagram to the orthographic view.

Common Piping Symbols Comparison
Basic Blueprint Reading Common Piping Symbols Comparison Pictorial Symbol 90° Elbows Straight Tee Reducing Tee Sanitary Tee P-Trap Gate Valve

Valves Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE CHECK VALVE CONTROL VALVE See 1016v1 for symbols PLUG VALVE BALL VALVE BUTTERFLY VALVE

P&ID’s The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.

Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s
Basic Blueprint Reading Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s These process flow diagrams include: Pipe line numbers and directions Pipe specifications and line sizes All equipment All valves All Instrumentation with controlling devices

Lines MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE MINOR PROCESS LINES PROCESS TUBING HYDRAULIC LINES ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL ELECTRICAL LEADS The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a P&ID diagram drawing may illustrate instrument signals and electrical wiring as well as piping. PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR) INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING

Valve Symbols Valve Normally Open Valve Normally Closed Needle Valve Normally Open Needle Valve Normally Closed Ball Valve Normally Open Ball Valve Normally Closed Globe Valve Normally Open Globe Valve Normally Closed Gate Valve Normally Closed Gate Valve Normally Open Two Valve Manifold Butterfly Valve Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to it Blind Flanged Generic Valve N.C.

Balloon Labeling A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve. The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example: F = flow T = temperature L = level P = pressure H = hand (manually operated valve FC Flow Control Valve

CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
Basic Blueprint Reading CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

Objectives Define Topographical Maps Define Contour Maps Define Geology and Mining Terms Define Site Plans Drawings Define Floor Plans Define Elevation Drawings Define Structural Drawings and symbols

Topographical Maps Maps which describe in detail local features of the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earth’s surface.

Contours Most topographical maps are drawn as contours. Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..

Example Contours Map Control Points Contours Relative Elevations Profile

Contours Continued Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide. Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares

Example Grid Contour Map
Basic Blueprint Reading Example Grid Contour Map Contour Elevation Grid

Topographical Map Symbols
Basic Blueprint Reading Topographical Map Symbols Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples. Highway Highway Bridge Railroad Railroad Bridge Telephone Line Suspension Bridge Power Line Dam

Site or Layout Drawings
Basic Blueprint Reading Site or Layout Drawings Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings. T They provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.

Example Site Drawing Basic Blueprint Reading

Example Symbols Earth-rough grade Concrete Paving Gravel Earth-finish grade

Floor Plans Floor plans includes: thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor the widths and locations of door and window openings the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms the types and locations of utility installations

Floor Layout Example Window Symbol Door Symbol

Elevation Drawings Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building. These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls. Front Elevation Side Elevation

Structural Drawings Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.

Beams A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot Top Front End S or Symbols Top End Front

Channels A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot Top Front End C or Symbols Top End Front

Angles The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2. Top Front End L Top Symbol Front End

Tees A structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST. Top Front End ST T or Top Symbols Front End

Members The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.

Vertical Members Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure. The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.

Horizontal Members A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

Trusses A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles. Trusses

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